Index

A C Absolute electrode potentials, 333 Calcium chloride melts, sealed Ag|AgCl Accuracy, 22 reference electrode, 213 Acids, 145 Calcium oxide (CaO), 229, 274 Acrylate hydrogels, 55 Calomel electrodes, 106 Ag|AgBr, 61, 98 Carbon fibre nanoelectrode, 293 Ag|AgCl, 80, 86, 163, 213 Cd/Cd2+ reference electrode, 166 Ag|AgCryp(22)þ reference electrode, 161 Cell Ag|AgI, 100 diagram, 3 Ag|AgNO3, 156 reaction, 6 Ag|Ag2O, 132, 135 voltage, 3 Ag|Agþ reference electrodes, 28, 159, 201 Cellulose gel, 55 Ag|Ag2S, 101 Chloride baths, Ag|AgCl reference Agar, 55 electrode, 214 – Agarobiose, 55 Cl |Cl2 reference electrode, chloride Agaropectin, 55 melts, 215 Agarose, 55 Cobaltocene/cobaltocenium (Cc|Ccþ), Al3+|Al reference electrode, eutectic 13, 27, 209 chlorides, 215 Compensation method, 16 Alcohols, 145 Compensators, 18 Alkaline fuel cell (AFC), 248 Complete micro-reference electrode, 294 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis Condensed ionic systems, LJP, 45 (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, 64 Conducting polymer (CP), 305 Al2O3|Al reference electrode, cryolite, 216 films, anionic/cationic sensitivity, 311 Amides, 145 Conducting polymer reference electrodes Amines, 146 (CPRE), 315 As|As2O3, 135 Cryolite, 216

B D

Bi|Bi2O3, 135 Densified bath inverted (DBI) design, BIMEVOX, 266 217, 218 Bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium Diaphragms, 49 perchlorate (BTPPA-ClO4), 319 Diffusion potential, elimination, 41 Bis(biphenyl)chromium(I) tetraphenylborate Distillable ionic liquids, 220 (BCr), 27, 30, 36, 210 du Bois-Reymond–Poggendorff compensation Bro¨nsted acidic ionic liquids, 218 method, 16

G. Inzelt et al. (eds.), Handbook of Reference Electrodes, 341 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 342 Index

E Indium tin oxide electrode (ITO), 318 Electrochemical cells, 3 Iodine–iodide electrode, 121 Electrochemical converters, 247 Ion exchange, inhibition, 313 Electrodes, 2 Ionic liquids (IL), 27, 57, 93, 190, 286 asymmetry, 251 room temperature (RTILs), 34 miniaturized, 96 Ionic liquid salt bridges (ILSB), 57 potential, 5 dissolution of water, 64 thermodynamics, 6 gelation, 68 reaction, kinetics, 13 liquid junction potential, 60 Electromotive force, 5 Ionic transport, 243 Equilibrium electrode potential, 5 Ion-selective membrane (ISE), 279 Ethers, 146 Ion-to-electron transducer/coupling, 281 ISFET, 298

F FcPVC, 285 K þ Ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc|Fc ), 13, 27, 35, KCl-based salt bridge (KClSB), 57 168, 206 Kelvin probe technique, 333 Formal potentials, 10 Ketones, 146 Fuel cells, 247, 259, 338

L G LAMOX, 266 Gas electrolyzers 247 Lewis acidic/basic ionic liquids, 219 Gas pumps, 247 Lewis–Sargent cells, 39 Gel reference electrodes, 93 LiCl–KCl eutectics, 212 Gel-solidified internal electrolyte, 92 Li|Liþ reference electrodes, 166, 204, 214 Gibbs energy, 6, 26, 58, 157, 174, 176 Liquid ammonia, 171 Ground-joint diaphragm, 50 Liquid electrolytes, thermodynamic measurements, 272 Liquid junction (LJ), 67 H potential (LJP), 26, 33 Half-cell, 2 Low-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 190 Harned cell, 81 Luggin capillary, 50 Henderson equation, 39 Heptadecafluorodecyltrioctylphosphonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) M phenyl]borate, 65 Magnesium oxide (MgO), 229 Hexamethylthiophosphoric triamide Membranes, 46 (HMTPA), 152 Mercury electrodes, 105 Hg|Hg2Cl2, 106 Mercury/mercury(I) bromide electrode, 112 Hg|HgO, 127 Mercury/mercury(I) chloride (calomel) þ H2|H reference electrodes, 204 electrode, 106 Hydrogen electrodes, 29, 77 Mercury/mercury(I) sulfate electrode, 112 purity, 84 Mercury/mercury(I) sulfide electrode, 115 Hydroquinone/quinone redox system, 285 Mercury(II) oxide, 127 Hydroxyethyl cellulose, 55 Mercury–mercury(II) oxide electrode, 127 Metal/metal oxide electrodes, 235 Methacrylate hydrogels, 55 I Methyl acetate (MA), 152 ILSB|W interface, 62 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis Immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES), 46 (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, 68 Immiscible liquids, 46 Microelectrodes, 289 Index 343

Miniaturized electrodes, 96 Potentiometric sensors, 267 M(Hg)/M(MX)-type reference electrodes, 167 Potentiostats, 19, 20, 64, 114, 222, 308 Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), 248 Protic ionic liquids (PILs), 194 Molten salts, 190 Protonic conductors, 244 reference electrodes, 212 Pseudo-reference electrodes, 28, 331 Monolayer-protected nanocluster (MPC), 286 miniaturised lab-on-chip systems, 292 Multipotentiostats, 21 Pt/Cuþ–Cu2þ reference electrodes, 171 – – Pt/I –I3 reference electrodes, 160, 169 PVDF-HFP, 68 N PVFc, 313 Nanoparticles, 286 NASICON, 243, 267 Nernst equation, 11 Q Nickel-based reference electrodes, 215 Quasi-reference electrodes, 205 Ni–Ni(II), 215 polypyrrole films, 313 Nitriles, 146 Nitrobenzene (NB), 62 Normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), 77 R Rbþ|Rb, 26 Redox couple, soluble, 197 O Redox reference electrodes, 168, 206 Open-circuit conditions, 16 Redox systems, 26 Operational amplifiers (OPAs), 19 Reference electrodes, aqueous solutions, Oxidic glass melts, 229 77, 172 Oxygen-anion conductors, 244 bridge, 28 Oxygen-indicating electrodes, 239 conducting polymer, 305 Oxygen partial pressure, 271 disposable, 296 electrochemical potential distribution, 256 ILSB-coated, 69 P ionic liquids, 189 Partial oxidation of methane (POM), 248 Kelvin probe technique, 333 PEDOT–SSA film, 308 mercury, 105 pH meters, 19, 20 miniaturized, 291 Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), 248 molten salts, 189 Platinum black, 78 nonaqueous solutions, 145, 173 Platinum hydrogen cell (Harned cell), 81 oxidic glass melts, 229 Platinum hydrogen electrode, 80 polymer membranes, 301 Poggendorff compensation circuit, 17 screen-printed, disposable, 325 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), solid contact, 279, 286 286, 308 Reference redox systems, 26 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 285 REFETs, 298, 326 Poly(octylthiophene) (POT), 285 Reversible hydrogen electrodes (RHE), 78 Poly(3-methylthiophene) films, 311 Room temperature ionic liquid reference Poly-2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate electrodes, 201 (p-HEMA), 55 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), 248 S Polymer/solution interface, inhibition of ion Salt bridges, 42, 49, 57 exchange, 313 diaphragms, 49 Polypyrrole (PPy), 94, 106, 286, 311, 318 gels, 54 films, overoxidized, 315 ionic liquid (ILSB), 57 Hg|Hg2Cl2, 306 KCl-based (KClSB), 57 Potential measurement, accuracy, 22 Saturated calomel electrode (SCE), 23 344 Index

Sb|Sb2O3, 135 Thallium electrode, 119 Screen-printing technology, 325 Thermal expansion coefficients (TECs), 263 Sensors, 267 Thermal liquid junction potential (TLJP), 44 Silver electrodes, 86 Thorium carbides, 275 Silver–silver bromide electrode, 61, 98 TiO2|Na2TiO3, 137 Silver–silver chloride electrode, 80, 86, 163 TlCl/Tl(Hg), 120 Silver–silver cryptate reference electrodes, 160 Triiodide ion, 169 Silver–silver iodide electrode, 100 Triple-phase boundary (TPB), 249 Silver–silver ion reference electrodes, 156 Two-electrode electrochemical cells, Silver–silver oxide electrode, 132 conducting polymers, 316 Silver–silver sulfide electrode, 101 SnO2|Na2SnO3, 136 Sodium cryolite (Na3AlF6), 216 U Solid contact (SC), 279 Ultra-micro-reference electrode, 294 ionselective electrodes (SC ISEs), 279 reference electrodes (SC REs), 279 Solid electrolytes, 243 V membranes, 247 Voltage follower (VF), 21 thickness, 251 Voltmeters, 19, 20 Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), 248 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), 244, 248 Solvated-electron reference electrodes, 171 W Solvents, nonaqueous, 145 Wetted molybdenum hook (WMH), 217 Solvent–solvent interactions, 179 Standard electrode potential, 5 Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), 29, 77 Y pressure dependency, 82 Yttria (Y2O3), 229 Standard potentials, 9 Yttria-doped zirconia, 233 Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 263

T Tetra(phenyl)borates, 284, 286 Z Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, 314 Zirconia electrode/tube reference electrode, Tetrafluoroborate, 284 230