Workers’ Compensation Law

larson workers comp final pages.indb 1 1/22/18 10:52 AM larson workers comp final pages.indb 2 1/22/18 10:52 AM Workers’ Compensation Law

Cases, Materials, and Text

sixth edition

Lex K. Larson

Thomas A. Robinson

Arthur Larson (1910–1993)

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

larson workers comp final pages.indb 3 1/22/18 10:52 AM Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved LCCN 2017957022 ISBN 978-1-5310-0808-6 eISBN 978-1-53100-809-3

Carolina Academic Press, LLC 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

larson workers comp final pages.indb 4 1/22/18 10:52 AM Contents

Preface to the Sixth Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Biography xxv Table of Cases xxvii Part 1 The Nature and History of Workers’ Compensation Chapter 1 · Basic Features of Compensation 3 § 1.01 Introduction 3 § 1.02 Typical Compensation Act Summarized 3 § 1.03 Unique Character of the American System 4 § 1.04 Compensation Contrasted with Tort 5 [1] Introduction 5 [2] The Test of Liability: Work Connection Versus Fault 5 [3] Under­lying Social Philosophy 6 [4] Significance of Difference in Defenses 7 [5] Nature of Injuries and Ele­ments of Damage Compensated 8 [6] Amount of Compensation 9 [7] Owner­ship of the Award 9 [8] Significance of Insurance 9 Problems­ 10 § 1.05 American System Distinguished from Social Insurance 10 [1] Introduction 10 [2] Private Character of the System 11 [3] Allocation of Burden, and Relation of Hazard to Liability 12 [4] Qualification for and Mea­sure of Benefits 13 [5] Retroactive Unilateral Employer Liability 13 Problems­ 14 Chapter 2 · Historical Development of Workers’ Compensation 15 § 2.01 Common-Law­ Background 15 [1] Introduction 15 [2] Primitive Law 15 [3] 1000–1837 16 [4] 1837–1880: Contraction of Workers’ Remedies 17

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[5] Judicial Efforts to Cut Down Common-­Law Defenses 18 [6] Precompensation Legislation 19 § 2.02 Origins of Workers’ Compensation in Eu­rope 21 § 2.03 Origins of Workers’ Compensation in the United States 24 New York Central Railroad Com­pany v. White 26 § 2.04 Growth of Workers’ Compensation in the United States 27 [1] 1910–1969 27 [2] 1970–1985 27 [3] 1986–Pres­ ent­ 28 Part 2 “Arising Out of the Employment” Chapter 3 · General Princi­ples and Doctrines 33 § 3.01 Summary of Statutory Provisions 33 § 3.02 The Five Lines of Interpretation of “Arising” 34 [1] Introduction 34 [2] Peculiar-­Risk Doctrine 35 [3] Increased-­Risk Doctrine 35 [4] Actual-­Risk Doctrine 36 [5] Positional-­Risk Doctrine 36 § 3.03 The Categories of Risk 37 [1] Introduction 37 [2] Risks Distinctly Associated with the Employment 37 [3] Risks Personal to the Claimant 37 [4] Neutral Risks 38 [5] Mixed Risks 38 § 3.04 Acts of God and Exposure 39 [1] Introduction 39 [2] Lightning, Tornadoes, Windstorms, etc. 39 Whetro v. Awkerman 39 Problems­ 42 [3] Exposure to Heat and Cold 43 Hughes v. Trustees of St. Patrick’s Cathedral 43 Hanson v. Reichelt 43 § 3.05 The Street-­Risk Doctrine 47 Katz v. A. Kadans & Co. 47 Problems­ 49 § 3.06 Positional and Neutral Risks 49 [1] Introduction 49 [2] Bombs and Terrorist Attacks 50 Problem­ 51 [3] Unexplained Accidents 52 Coomes v. Robertson Lumber Co. 52

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Problems­ 54 [4] Current Ac­cep­tance of Positional Risk Doctrine 54 Chapter 4 · Assaults 57 § 4.01 Introduction 57 § 4.02 Workplace Assaults: Personal Motivation 57 Martin v. J. Lichtman & Sons 57 Dodson v. Dubose Steel, Inc. 60 Dodson v. Dubose Steel, Inc. 69 Problems­ 69 § 4.03 The Aggressor Defense 71 Stewart v. Chrysler Corp. 71 Problems­ 74 § 4.04 Assaults by Strangers 74 White v. Atlantic City Press 74 Problems­ 78 Jordan v. Farmers State Bank 78 Problems­ 80 § 4.05 Assaults Stemming from Labor­ Dispute 81 Meo v. Commercial Can Corp. 81 Chapter 5 · Risks Personal to the Employee 87 § 5.01 Introduction 87 § 5.02 Internal Weakness Causing Fall 88 George v. ­Great Eastern Food Products, Inc. 88 Problems­ 90 Leon County School Board v. Grimes 90 § 5.03 Preexisting Weakness Aggravated by Employment 92 Fragale v. Armory Maintenance 92 Problems­ 94 Cowart v. Pearl River Tung Co. 94 Problem­ 95 § 5.04 Imported Danger Cases 96 Kendrick v. Peel, Eddy & Gibbons Law Firm 96 Note on Imported Danger 98 Problems­ 99 Chapter 6 · Range of Compensable Consequences 101 § 6.01 Introduction 101 § 6.02 Original Compensable Injury Causing Subsequent Injury 101 State Compensation Insurance Fund v. Industrial Accident Commission 104 Problems­ 106 § 6.03 Subsequent Aggravation of Original Injury 108 Klosterman v. Industrial Commission of Arizona 108

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§ 6.04 Refusal of Reasonable Surgery 111 Couch v. Saginaw Malleable Iron Plant 111 Wilcut v. Innovative Warehousing 112 Problems­ 115 Part 3 Course of Employment Chapter 7 · Time and Place 119 § 7.01 Meaning of “Course of Employment” 119 § 7.02 Going to and from Work 120 [1] Introduction 120 [2] Going­ to Work 121 Price v. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board 121 Problems­ 126 [3] Leaving Work 127 Harris v. Sears, Roebuck & Com­pany 127 Illinois Bell Telephone Com­pany v. Industrial Commission 129 Problems­ 133 [4] Meal Breaks and the Like 133 Pallotta v. Foxon Packaging Corporation 133 Problem­ 134 Western Greyhound Lines v. Industrial Accident Commission 135 Problem­ 137 Gibberd v. Control Data Corporation 137 Problems­ 142 § 7.03 Journey Itself Part of Ser­vice 142 Winn-­Dixie Stores v. Smallwood 143 Problems­ 146 § 7.04 Employer’s Conveyance 146 [1] Introduction 146 [2] General Rule Covering Trips in Employer’s Conveyance 146 [3] Employers in the Transportation Business 147 Problems­ 147 § 7.05 Dual-Purpose­ Trips 148 Marks’ Dependents v. Gray 149 Powers v. Lady’s Funeral Home 150 § 7.06 Working at Home 153 Joe Ready’s Shell Station & Cafe v. Ready 153 Wythe County Community Hospital v. Turpin 156 Sandberg v. JC Penney Co. Inc. 158 Problems­ 164 § 7.07 Deviations 165 Bush v. Parmenter, Forsythe, Rude & Dethmers 166 Problems­ 170

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Chapter 8 · Activity 171 § 8.01 General Test of Work-­Connection as to Activity 171 § 8.02 Personal Comfort Doctrine 172 Clark v. U.S. Plywood 173 Problems­ 176 B & B Cash Grocery Stores v. Wortman 177 Problems­ 179 § 8.03 Recreational and Social Activities 180 Fidelity & Guaranty Insurance Underwriters, Inc. v. La Rochelle 180 Beauchesne v. David London & Co. 182 Problem­ 185 § 8.04 Horseplay­ 186 Prows v. Industrial Commission of Utah 186 Problems­ 190 § 8.05 Resident Employees 191 Doe v. St. Michael’s Medical Center of Newark 192 § 8.06 Traveling Employees 194 Cauble v. Soft-­Play, Inc. 195 Silver Engineering Works, Inc. v. Simmons 197 Problems­ 199 § 8.07 Injuries after­ Quitting or Before Formal Hiring 199 Nails v. Market Tire Com­pany, Inc. 199 § 8.08 Acts Outside Regular Duties 203 Howell v. Kash & Karry 204 Problems­ 205 § 8.09 Acts in Emergency 206 Boggan v. Abby Finishing Com­pany 207 O’Leary v. Brown-­Pacific-­Maxon, Inc. 207 Problems­ 210 § 8.10 “Delayed-Action”­ Injuries 210 Graybeal v. Board of Supervisors of Montgomery County 210 Problem­ 212 Thornton v. Chamberlain Manufacturing Corp. 213 Problem­ 216 Part 4 Accidental Injury and Disease Chapter 9 · “Personal Injury by Accident” 219 § 9.01 Meaning of “Personal Injury” 219 § 9.02 Meaning of “by Accident” 220 [1] Introduction 220 [2] Summary of Statutory “By Accident” Provisions 220 [3] Component Ele­ments of the “by Accident” Concept 221 [4] Accident and Disease 223

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Winn v. Hormel & Co. 224 § 9.03 Injury from Usual Exertion or Exposure 229 Guidry v. Sline Industrial Paint­ers, Inc. 231 Problems­ 233 § 9.04 Definite Time Versus Gradual Injury: Cumulative Trauma 234 [1] Introduction 234 [2] Repeated Exposure to Harmful Substances 234 Marquez v. Industrial Commission 234 [3] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Other Repetitive Motion Injuries 237 Peoria County Belwood Nursing Home v. The Industrial Commission of Illinois 237 Problems­ 242 Chapter 10 · Disease 243 § 10.01 Infectious Disease as an “Accident” 243 Connelly v. Hunt Furniture Co. 244 Problem­ 247 § 10.02 Occupational Disease 247 [1] Introduction 247 [2] Summary of Occupational Disease Statutes 247 [3] Background of Occupational Disease Legislation 248 [4] Definition of “Occupational Disease” 249 Wildermuth v. B. P. O. Elks Club (Lodge 621) 250 Booker v. Duke Medical Center 251 [5] Individual Allergy and Occupational Disease 259 Schober v. Mountain Bell Tel. 259 Problems­ 261 § 10.03 Special Prob­lems of Certain Respiratory Diseases 262 [1] Introduction 262 [2] The Black Lung Act 262 [3] Asbestos-­Related Diseases 263 Halverson v. Larrivy Plumbing & Heating Co. 263 [4] Byssinosis 266 Rutledge v. Tultex Corp./Kings Yarn 266 Problem­ 272 Chapter 11 · Mental and Ner­vous Injury 273 § 11.01 Introduction 273 § 11.02 The California Experience 273 § 11.03 Statutory Developments in Other States 274 § 11.04 Physical Trauma Producing ­Mental Injury 276 Watson v. Melman, Inc. 276 Problems­ 278 § 11.05 Mental Trauma Producing Mental­ Injury 279 Seitz v. L & R Industries, Inc. 279

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Candelaria v. General Electric Com­pany 285 Problems­ 292 Part 5 Statutory Coverage Chapter 12 · Employment Status 297 § 12.01 “Employee” Defined 297 Ceradsky v. Mid-­America Dairymen, Inc. 297 § 12.02 Contractor Distinction: Right to Control Details 305 Caicco v. Toto Brothers,­ Inc. 305 Hanson v. BCB, Inc. 309 Problem­ 312 § 12.03 Contractor Distinction: Relative Nature of Work 312 RE/MAX of New Jersey, Inc. v. Wausau Insurance Companies 313 Problems­ 317 § 12.04 Deliberate Avoidance of Employment Relation 319 § 12.05 Necessity for “Contract of Hire” 319 [1] Introduction 319 [2] Reason for “Contract” and “Hire” Requirements 319 [3] Lack of Voluntary Bilateral Contract of Hire 321 Polk County v. Steinbach 321 [4] Necessity for Payment 323 Charlottesville Music­ Center, Inc. v. McCray 323 [5] Illegal Employment 325 Bowers v. General Guaranty Insurance Com­pany 325 Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood 327 Farmer Brothers­ Coffee v. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board (Ruiz) 332 Problems­ 337 § 12.06 Lent Employees and Dual Employment 338 Antheunisse v. Tiffany & Com­pany, Inc. 338 Ruble v. Arctic General, Inc. 341 Problems­ 345 Chapter 13 · Specific Inclusions or Exemptions 347 § 13.01 “Statutory Employees” 347 Problem­ 349 § 13.02 Nonbusiness Employments 349 [1] Introduction 349 [2] Summary of Categories Exempted by Statute 349 [3] General Nonbusiness Exemptions 350 Fincham v. Wendt 350 [4] Domestic Servants 355 Griebel v. Industrial Commission of Arizona 355

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§ 13.03 Casual Employment Not in Course of Usual Business 360 Problems­ 360 § 13.04 Minimum Number of Employees 360 § 13.05 Farm Labor­ 362 Hinson v. Creech 363 Problems­ 367 § 13.06 Executives and Partners 368 Fraternal Order of Ea­gles v. Kirby 368 Hays v. Workers’ Compensation Division 370 Part 6 Benefits Chapter 14 · Disability: Wage Loss Versus Medical Incapacity 377 § 14.01 Introduction 377 § 14.02 Kinds and Ele­ments of Disability 378 [1] Basic Princi­ples 378 [2] Earning Impairment Versus Physical Impairment 379 [3] The Competing Theories of Disability Defined 380 [4] Historic Centrality of the “Wage-­Loss Princi­ple” 381 [5] Meaning and Origin of the “Schedule Princi­ple” 381 [6] Gradual Erosion of the Wage-­Loss Princi­ple Through Expansion of the Schedule Princi­ple 384 [7] Express Adoption of Physical-­Impairment Theory by Minority of States 386 [8] Practical Prob­lems Attending Physical Impairment Theory 387 [a] Introduction 387 [b] Fallacy of Basing Amount of a Non-­Earning-­Capacity Award on Prior Earnings 387 [c] Impossibility of Rationally or Fairly Rating “Disability” When the Tie With Earning Capacity Is Severed 387 [d] Physical-­Impairment Awards Carried to Their “Logical” Conclusions 389 § 14.03 Earnings as Creating Presumption of Earning Capacity 389 Olson v. Manion’s Inc. 389 § 14.04 Rebutting Presumption Based on Earnings 392 Maxey v. Major Mechanical Contractors 392 § 14.05 The “Odd-­Lot” Doctrine 396 Guyton v. Irving Jensen Com­pany 396 § 14.06 Inability to Get Work Because­ of Injury as Disability 401 Powers v. District of Columbia Department of Employment Ser­vices 401 Problems­ 403 Chapter 15 · Schedule Benefits 405 § 15.01 Introduction 405

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§ 15.02 Nature of Schedule Benefits 405 § 15.03 Exclusiveness of Schedule Allowances 406 Van Dorpel v. Haven-­Busch Com­pany 406 Chapter 16 · Successive Disabilities 415 § 16.01 Introduction 415 § 16.02 Full-Responsibility­ Rule 415 Ford Motor Com­pany v. Hunt 416 § 16.03 Second Injury Funds 420 § 16.04 Effect of Successive Injuries on Maximum Amount Allowable 422 Dennis v. Brown 422 Chapter 17 · Calculation of Benefit Amounts 427 § 17.01 Introduction 427 § 17.02 The Concept of “Average Weekly Wage” 427 Problems­ 429 § 17.03 Wage Basis in Concurrent Employment 429 American Uniform & Rental Ser­vice v. Trainer 429 Problem­ 433 § 17.04 Maximum and Minimum Limits on Weekly Benefits 434 § 17.05 Time as of Which Legislative or Automatic Benefit Increases Apply 434 § 17.06 Cost of Living Adjustments in Existing Benefits 435 Chapter 18 · Medical Benefits and Rehabilitation 437 § 18.01 Introduction 437 § 18.02 Hospital and Medical Benefits 438 [1] In General 438 [2] What Are Medical Ser­vices? 438 Kushay v. Sexton Dairy Com­pany 438 Vialpando v. Ben’s Automotive Servs. 441 Problems­ 447 [3] Choice of Medical Provider 447 Problem­ 448 § 18.03 Rehabilitation 448 [1] Introduction 448 [2] What Is Rehabilitation? 448 Grantham v. Cherry Hospital 448 Problem­ 453 [3] Prosthetic Devices, Modified Vans, and the Like 454 Strickland v. Bowater, Inc. 454 Chapter 19 · De­pen­dency and Death Benefits 457 § 19.01 Statutory Categories of Relationship 457 [1] Introduction 457

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[2] Classification of De­pen­dency Statutes and Problems­ 458 [3] Establishment of Statutory Relationship to Deceased 458 Heather v. Delta Drilling Com­pany 458 [4] Conclusive Presumption of Spouse’s or Child’s De­pen­den­cy 465 Wengler v. Druggists Mutual Insurance Co. 465 Problems­ 470 [5] What Constitutes “Living With” Deceased 471 McDonald v. Chrysler Corporation 471 Problem­ 471 § 19.02 Depen­ dency­ in Fact 472 Williams v. Cypress Creek Drainage 472 State Compensation Insurance Fund v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Asher) 473 § 19.03 Death Benefits 476 Part 7 Effect of Misconduct Chapter 20 · Misconduct of Employee 481 § 20.01 General Irrelevance of Employee Fault 481 Hawk v. Jim Hawk Chevrolet-­Buick, Inc. 482 § 20.02 Misconduct Apart from Statutory Defenses 486 Hoyle v. Isenhour Brick & Tile Co. 487 § 20.03 Statutory Defense of Wilful Misconduct 493 Problems­ 494 § 20.04 Statutory Defense of Failure to Obey Safety Rules 494 Problem­ 495 § 20.05 Intoxication 495 Flavorland Industries, Inc. v. Schumacker 496 Haynes v. R. B. Rice, Division of Sara Lee 499 Thomas v. Helen’s Roofing Com­pany, Inc. 502 Problems­ 503 § 20.06 Violation of Statute or Commission of Crime 504 [1] Introduction 504 [2] Vari­ e­ ties­ of Law-Violation­ Problems­ 504 [3] Violation of Statute in Absence of Statutory Defense 504 [4] Violation of Statute as Wilful Misconduct 505 [5] Statutory Defense of Violation of Statute or Commission of Crime 506 Richardson v. Fiedler Roofing, Inc. 507 § 20.07 Suicide or Intentional Self-­Injury 511 Kahle v. Plochman, Inc. 512 Problems­ 517 § 20.08 Employee Fraud 517

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Chapter 21 · Misconduct of Employer 521 § 21.01 Intentional Injury by Employer or Employer’s Agent 521 Kittell v. Vermont Weatherboard, Inc. 521 Woodson v. Rowland 523 Problems­ 537 Sitzman v. Schumaker 537 Jett v. Dunlap 540 § 21.02 Nonphysical-Injury­ Torts 542 [1] Introduction 542 [2] Fraud and Conspiracy 542 Johns-­Manville Products Corporation v. Contra Costa Superior Court (Rudkin) 542 Problems­ 549 [3] Sexual Harassment 550 Accardi v. Superior Court of California 550 Prob­lems 555 [4] Intentional and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 555 Livitsanos v. Superior Court 555 Nordstrom v. Gab Robins North America, Inc. 563 [5] Retaliatory Termination of Employment 566 Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. 566 Gauthier v. Keurig Green Mt., Inc. 570 Problems­ 585 § 21.03 Statutory Provisions on Employer’s Misconduct 585 Part 8 Exclusiveness of Compensation Remedy Chapter 22 · Noncompensable Injuries or Elements of Damage 589 § 22.01 Introduction 589 § 22.02 Coverage of Injury versus Compensability of Damage 589 § 22.03 Disfigurement 591 § 22.04 Degree of Disability Not Compensated 592 § 22.05 Antidiscrimination Laws and the Exclusivity Defense 592 [1] Sexual Harassment and Other Sex Discrimination Claims 592 Problem­ 593 [2] Claims under­ the Americans With Disabilities Act and Similar Statutes 594 Problem­ 594 Chapter 23 · Exclusiveness as to Persons Other Than Employee 595 § 23.01 Introduction 595 § 23.02 Exclusive-­Remedy Provisions Classified 595 § 23.03 Actions by Spouses, Parents, or Children­ 596

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Snyder v. Michael’s Stores, Inc. 596 Problems­ 607 Chapter 24 · Uninsured or Nonelecting Employers 609 § 24.01 Introduction 609 § 24.02 Action against Nonelecting Employer 609 Vasquez v. Dillards, Inc. 610 § 24.03 Action against Uninsured Employer 618 § 24.04 Election of Remedies by Employee 619 § 24.05 Uninsured Employer Funds 621 § 24.06 Percentage Increase in Compensation as Penalty for Noninsurance 621 Part 9 Third-­Party Actions Chapter 25 · Theory of Third-­Party Actions 625 § 25.01 Introduction 625 § 25.02 Reaching the Ultimate Wrongdoer 625 § 25.03 Avoiding Double Recovery 626 [1] Introduction 626 [2] Specific Double-­Recovery Situations 626 § 25.04 Double Recovery Apart from Subrogation Statute 627 Chapter 26 · Who Are “Third Persons”? 629 § 26.01 Introduction 629 § 26.02 Employer Alone Immune 630 § 26.03 Employer and Coemployees Immune 631 [1] Summary of Coemployee Immunity Statutes and Decisions 631 [2] Necessity that Coemployee Be Acting in Course of Employment 631 [3] Who Are “Persons in the Same Employ”? 632 [4] Kinds of Action Barred 632 [5] The “Intentional Wrongs” Exception to Coemployee Immunity 633 § 26.04 Every­one in “Common Employment” Immune 634 [1] “Statutory Employer” as Third Party 634 [2] Subcontractor on Same Proj­ect 635 Chapter 27 · Subrogation 637 § 27.01 Introduction 637 § 27.02 The Five Types of Subrogation Statute 637 [1] The Five Types of Statute Summarized 637 [2] Merits of the Five Types of Subrogation Statute 638 [3] Conflict of Interest of Carrier 639 [4] Necessity for Employer’s Consent to Employee’s Settlement 639 § 27.03 Acts Effecting Assignment 640 § 27.04 Distribution of Proceeds of Third-­Party Action 641

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[1] Summary of Reimbursement Statutes 641 [2] Calculating Amount of Lien for Future­ Liability 641 [3] ­Whether Lien Attaches to Recovery for Medical Expenses, Pain and Suffering, and Punitive Damages 642 § 27.05 Sharing Attorneys’ Fees in Employee’s Third-­Party Recovery 642 Chapter 28 · Third Party’s Defenses 643 § 28.01 Introduction 643 § 28.02 Identification of Subrogee’s with Employee’s Cause of Action 643 § 28.03 Contributory Negligence 644 § 28.04 Statute of Limitations 645 § 28.05 Subrogation as Defense to Third-­Party Suit by Employee 646 § 28.06 Effect of Carrier or Employer Conflict of Interest on Employee’s Retention of Cause of Action 646 Chapter 29 · Actions by Third Parties against Employer 649 § 29.01 Nature of Recovery-­Over Prob­lem 650 [1] Introduction 650 [2] Reasons for Closeness of the Controversy 650 [3] Reasons for Upsurge in Importance of the Issue 651 [4] Contribution and Indemnity Distinguished 652 § 29.02 Contribution 653 [1] Introduction 653 [2] Contribution: Majority Rule Banning 653 [3] Limiting Employer Contribution to Amount of Compensation 653 [4] Deducting Compensation from Employee’s Third-­Party Recovery 655 § 29.03 Express Indemnity 655 [1] Introduction 655 [2] General Statutory Language Under­lying the Independent-Duty­ Issue 656 [3] Express Indemnity Contract as Clear Exception to Exclusiveness Defense 656 [4] Specific Statutory Treatment of Express Indemnity 657 § 29.04 Implied Indemnity 657 [1] Introduction 657 [2] Indemnity Growing Out of Separate Duty Based on Relationship 658 [3] Implied Contractual Indemnity ­Under the Longshore Act 658 [a] Introduction 658 [b] The Ryan Doctrine 658 [c] Abolition of the Ryan Doctrine by the 1972 Amendments 659 [d] Remaining Grounds of Vessel’s Liability to Employee 659 [4] Implied Contractual Indemnity Under­ State Law 660 [5] Noncontractual Indemnity 661 [a] No Contract What­ever Between Parties 661

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[b] No Contractual Relation Along Which Implied Obligation Can Travel 661 Myco, Inc. v. Super Concrete Co., Inc. 662 § 29.05 Policy Arguments and Merits of Vari­ous Solutions 669 [1] Introduction 669 [2] Solutions Arrayed According to Values Served 670 [a] Introduction 670 [b] Solutions Favoring Stability 670 [c] Solutions Favoring Fairness 670 [d] Solutions Favoring Simplicity 671 [3] General Conclusions 672 Part 10 Other Topics Chapter 30 · Procedure 675 § 30.01 Introduction 675 § 30.02 Notice and Claim Periods 676 [1] Summary 676 [2] Excuses for Late Notice —­ ​In General 676 [3] Long-­Latency Injuries or Diseases 676 [4] Voluntary Payment of Compensation or Furnishing of Medical Ser­vices 677 [5] Excuses Based on Employer Fault 678 [6] ­Mental or Physical Incompetence as Excuse 678 [7] ­Mistake of Law 678 [8] Waiver of Limitations 679 Chapter 31 · Conflict of Laws 681 § 31.01 Nature of Compensation Conflicts Prob­lem 682 [1] Introduction 682 [2] Reason for Importance of Conflicts Issue 682 [3] Statutory Application Versus Jurisdiction 683 Mills v. Tri-­State Motor Transit Com­pany 683 § 31.02 Successive Awards in Dif­fer­ent States 685 [1] Introduction 685 [2] The “Magnolia” Doctrine 686 [3] The McCartin Doctrine 686 [4] What States Are Affected by McCartin Rule 686 [5] Application of McCartin Rule by States 687 [6] Prior Voluntary Payment or Prior Denial 687 [7] Policy Desirability of Successive Awards 687 [8] Double Recovery 688 § 31.03 Limits on Applicability Imposed by Federal Constitution 688 [1] Introduction 688

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[2] Summary of Grounds Supporting Applicability 688 [3] The “Legitimate Interest” Rule 689 § 31.04 Limits on Applicability Imposed by State Law 690 [1] Summary of State Statutes 690 [a] States in Compliance with National Commission Standard 690 [b] Coverage of Out-­of-­State Injuries 690 [c] Coverage or Exclusion of In-­State Injuries 690 [2] Place of Injury 691 [3] Place of Contract 691 [4] Place of Employment Relation 692 [5] Localization of Employer’s Business 693 [6] Place of Employee’s Residence 693 [7] Contractual Specification of Par­tic­u­lar Statute 693 § 31.05 Conflicts Involving Damage Suits 694 [1] Introduction 694 [2] Exclusive-­Remedy Defense of Foreign Statute in Damage Action Against Employer 694 Chapter 32 · Insurance 697 § 32.01 The Semi-­Public Nature of Compensation Insurance 697 [1] Introduction 697 [2] Methods of Securing Liability 698 [3] Inapplicability to Employee of Insurer’s Defenses Against Employer 698 [4] Cancellation and Expiration 699 [5] Jurisdiction of Insurance Questions 700 Rovira v. Lagoda, Inc. 700 [6] Option to Reject Insurance Application 706 [7] Rate Making 707 § 32.02 Construction of Policy Coverage 708 § 32.03 Rights between Employer and Insurer 708 [1] Introduction 708 [2] Employer’s Breach of Condition 709 [3] Insurance Coverage of Penalties 709 [4] Construing Coverage 709 § 32.04 Rights between Insurers 710 [1] Introduction 710 [2] Nature of Successive-­Carrier Prob­lem 710 [3] Last Injurious Exposure Rule 710 [4] Apportionment Between Insurers 711 Chapter 33 · Relation to Other Kinds of Wage-Loss Protection 713 § 33.01 Compensation as Part of General Wage-­Loss System 713 [1] Comprehensiveness of American System 713

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[2] Death and De­pen­dency Coverage 714 [3] Injury and Illness Coverage 714 [4] Unemployment Coverage 715 [5] Old-­Age Coverage 715 [6] Hospital, Medical, and Funeral Expenses 715 § 33.02 Impropriety of Duplicate Wage-­Loss Benefits 716 § 33.03 Coordination with Unemployment Compensation 716 § 33.04 Coordinating with Federal Pension and Disability Systems 717 [1] The Social Security Offset for Compensation 717 [2] State Compensation Offset for Social Security 719 [3] Other Federal Benefits Not Generally Subject to Offset 719 § 33.05 Coordination with State Pension and Disability Systems 719 § 33.06 Coordination with Private Plans 720 Varnell v. Union Carbide 720

Index 727

larson workers comp final pages.indb 20 1/22/18 10:52 AM Preface to the Sixth Edition

This casebook is offered in the conviction that workers’ compensation, as a field of law, is big enough and impor­tant enough to deserve a place in the curriculum. It comes as something of a surprise, to students as well as professors, to learn that workers’ compensation, by any standard of mea­sure­ment, is one of the largest areas of American law. Based on online ­legal database searches, ­there ­were more than 6,000 reported workers’ compensation court decisions during calendar year 2016. This is significantly more than the number of automobile negligence decisions for the same period. And the reported court-generated­ compensation decisions are only the tip of the iceberg of lawyer­ involvement. ­There are many times that number of cases deci­ded at the administrative agency level, not to mention the numerous additional cases that are settled. A most striking development is the dramatic increase in the volume of benefit payments. In 1972, total benefit payments nationwide totaled about $4 billion, but by 2010 they had reached $63.6 billion. ­Actual costs to employers are, of course, much higher. One of the principal reasons the importance of compensation law in law practice has been underestimated is that a large part of it is concerned not with compensa- tion claims at all, but rather with tort litigation. There­ are two reasons for this. One is the universal provision making compensation the exclusive remedy against the employer. The other is the third-­party features of the compensation law, governing the rights of the employer and employee as against third parties. Take the following famil- iar set of facts: an employee is riding as a passenger in a car driven by a co-­employee, and ­there is a collision with a third party’s truck. A personal injury ­lawyer cannot even begin to analyze the rights of the parties without a thorough knowledge of com- pensation law. For a start, the attorney must know ­whether the employee was within the course of employment, as a prerequisite to determining whether­ ­there might be a cause of action against the co-­employee or against the employer. And if the acci- dent was covered by the compensation act, the employee’s cause of action against the third party may be assigned at once to the employer. A host of detailed questions must be answered and the answers lie within compensation law. Compensation law is also notable for the rich variety of ­legal areas it embraces. One could, for example, teach almost a complete course in conflict of laws without

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ever leaving the field of workers’ compensation. And many of the liveliest growth areas of the law are deeply entangled with compensation law, such as products lia- bility, automobile no-­fault law, Social Security disability, and employment discrim- ination, including sexual harassment. Quite apart from its own par­tic­u­lar subject ­matter, then, compensation law offers unusual opportunities in the law school curriculum. Among other ­things, it is impor­ tant to understand the difference between a traditional common law subject, like torts, and a statute-based­ subject like workers’ compensation, on which a sort of com- mon law is erected. For this purpose, ­there is no better vehicle than workers’ compen- sation law.

LEX K. LARSON

THOMAS A. ROBINSON

May 2017

larson workers comp final pages.indb 22 1/22/18 10:52 AM Acknowl­edgments

In preparing this Sixth Edition, no words can adequately express the invaluable contribution of Arthur Larson, who authored both the first and second editions. Arthur Larson was unquestionably one of the great­ ­legal writers and scholars of the twentieth century.­ While major revision and updating has taken place since the sec- ond edition, the book remains fundamentally a work of Arthur Larson’s conception, and much of the writing is still his.

LEX K. LARSON

THOMAS A. ROBINSON

May 2017

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Biography

Lex K. Larson Lex K. Larson graduated from Haverford College (1962) and Harvard Law School (1965), following which he practiced law in Washington, D.C. for fourteen years. From 1980 to 2016 he was President of Employment Law Research, Inc., a legal research group located in Durham, North Carolina. From time to time he has taught courses as a member of the adjunct faculty of Duke University Law School. In 1991, he assumed the authorship of Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law (17 vols. Mat- thew Bender & Co.) and Larson’s Workers’ Compensation, Desk Edition (3 vols. Matthew Bender & Co.), and he is author of three other multi-volume treatises on various facets of employment law. In addition, he has served as a member of the North Carolina Industrial Commission Advisory Council. Finally, he has been a cer- tified mediator in the North Carolina court system and past Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Dispute Settlement Center of Durham.

Thomas A. Robinson Thomas A. Robinson, Durham, N.C., received his B.A., cum laude, for both Eco- nomics and History, in 1973 from Wake Forest University, his J.D. in 1976 from Wake Forest University School of Law, where he served as Managing Editor, Wake Forest Law Review, and his M.Div. in 1989 from Duke University Divinity School. From 1976 to 1986, Mr. Robinson was in private practice, where he focused on work- ers’ compensation defense work. From 1987 to 1993, he was research and writing assistant to Professor Arthur Larson. From 1993 until­ 2015, Mr. Robinson worked with Lex Larson as primary upkeep writer for Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law (LexisNexis) and Larson’s Workers’ Compensation, Desk Edition (LexisNexis). Since 2015, he has been a co-­author of both publications. He is a contributing writer for California Compensation Cases (LexisNexis) and Benefits Review Board Service —­ ​ Longshore Reporter (LexisNexis). He is also a contributing author of New York Work- ers’ Compensation Handbook (LexisNexis) and a contributing editor for Workers’ Compensation: The Survival Guide for Business (LexisNexis). Author of hundreds of short pieces on workers’ compensation and employment law, Mr. Robinson has lectured widely on workers’ compensation issues.

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Arthur Larson (1910–1993) Arthur Larson grew up in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and received his law degree from Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. After­ the Second World War, he became a profes- sor of law at Cornell University, where, in 1952, he authored and published what was then a two-­volume treatise on Workers’ Compensation. The recognition he received from that publication led to his appointment to the deanship of the law school of the University of Pittsburgh, and then to three high level governmental positions: Under- secretary of ­Labor, Director of the U.S. Information Agency and special assistant to and speech writer for President Eisenhower. Dr. Larson arrived at Duke Law School in 1958, where in addition to teaching, he founded the school’s Rule of Law Research Center. After­ retiring from teaching in 1980, Dr. Larson continued to work on his publications, including the workers’ compensa- tion treatise, which by the time of his death in 1993 had grown to eleven volumes. His other publications included a treatise on employment discrimination, as well as numer- ous books and articles on politics, workers’ compensation, and international law.

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Table of Cases

A.G. Crunkleton Elec. Co. v. Barkdoll 440 Alspaugh v. Mt. States Mut. Cas. Co., 289 A.N. Campbell & Co. v. Messenger 84 Am. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Hinote 144 ABC Internat. Traders, Inc. v. Matsushita Am. Can Co. v. Indus. Acc. Comm’n, 416 Elec. Corp. 597 Am. Dist. Tel. Co. v. Kittleson 65, 666 Accardi v. Superior Court 550 Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Czarniecki Accident Comm’n, 135 701 Ada Iron & Metal Co. v. Tarpley, 103 Am. Lumberman’s Mut. Cas. Co. v. Lowe, Adams v. Acme White Lead & Color 619, 620 Works, 248 Am. Motorists Ins. Co. v. Steel, 215 Addison v. W.E. Wood Co., 408 Am. Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Reed Cleaners, Adler’s Quality Bakery, Inc. v. Gaseteria, 265 Minn. 503, 645 Inc., 666 Am. Mut. Liab. Ins. Co., In re, 691 Agric. Ass’n, Inc. v. E. Agric. Ass’n, 315 Am. Nat’l Red Cross v. Hagen, 287 Agrico Chem. Co. v. Laws, 429 Am. Steel Foundries v. Fisher, 495 Aioss v. Sardo, 699 Am. Stevedores, Inc. v. Porello, 657 Alaska Indus. Bd. v. Chugach Elec. Ass’n, Am. Sur. Co. v. Kizer, 403 Inc., 405, 406 Am. Unif. & Rental Serv. v. Trainer, 429 Alaska Packers Ass’n v. Indus. Accident Amoco Chem. Corp. v. Hill, 103 Comm’n, 689, 693 Anadio v. Ideal Leather Finishers 507 Albanese’s Case, 283 Anderson v. Babcock & Wilson Co., 711 Albertson’S, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 564 Appeals Bd., 273, 561 Anderson v. Miller Scrap Iron Co., 692 Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 726 Anderson v. Ueland, 357 Aleutian Homes v. Fischer, 257 Andrews v. Peters, 533 Alexander Film Co. v. Indus. Com. of Andrews v. Philadelphia, 552, 553 Colo., 198 Antheunisse v. Tiffany & Co. 338 Alexander v. Burroughs Corp., 706 Appellate Div. in Marcus v. E. Agric. Alexander v. J.E. Hixson & Sons Funeral Ass’n, Inc., 307 Home, 337 Aqua Massage, L.L.C. v. Labor Comm’n, Allen v. Dorothy’s Laundry & Dry 146 Cleaning Co., 55 Arcell v. Ashland Chem. Co., 666 Allen v. Graphic Packaging Int’l, Inc., 247 Archibald v. Workmen’s Comp. Comm’r, Allied Fibers v. Rhodes, 474 S.E.2d 829 23 (Va. Ct. App. 1996) 242 Archie v. Greene Bros. Lumber Co., 491 Almada v. Wausau Bus. Ins. Co., 564 Argonaut Ins. Co. v. Indus. Acc. Comm’n, Almanzar, State v., 445 345 Aloha Lumber Corp. v. Dep’t of Labor & Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Indus. Comm’n, Indus., 497 394 Alperin v. Eagle Indem. Co., 708 Armour & Co. v. Strickland, 462

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Armour v. Hahn, 18 Barres v. Watterson Hotel Co., 357 Armstrong v. Land & Marine Applicators, Barrett v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Tulsa Inc., 703, 704 County, 617 Arnold v. State, 322 Barrino v. Radiator Specialty Co., 526, Arp v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 466, 527 468 Barth v. Cassar, 621 Arriaga v. County of Alameda, 602, 604 Bartlett v. Duke Univ., 67 Arrington v. Stone & Webster Eng’g Bash v. Fir Grove Cemeteries, Co., 328 Corp., 59 Batesville White Lime Co. v. Bell, 236 Asplund Constr. Co. v. State Indus. Bauer’s Case, 36 Comm’n, 423 Baugh v. Rogers, 546, 658, 667 Associated Indem. Corp. v. Indus. Bazley v. Tortorich, 529, 530, 633 Accident Comm’n, 485 Bd. of Nat’l Missions of Presbyterian Atkinson v. Atkinson, 462 Church v. Alaska Indus. Bd., 256 Aubry v. Tri-City Hosp. Dist., 597 Bd. of Sup’rs v. Boaz, 324 Augelli v. Rolans Credit Clothing Store, Beaty v. Found. Co., 223 213 Beauchamp v. Dow Chem. Co., 529, 532 Augusta & S.R. Co. v. McElmurry, 19 Beauchesne v. David London & Co., 182 Auman v. Breckenridge Tel. Co., 49 Beaudry v. Watkins, 168 Austin v. Crooks, 110 Beaudry v. Winchester Plywood Co., 262 Ayer v. Indus. Comm’n, 282, 283 Beck v. Vancouver Ry. Co., 383 Azevedo v. Abel, 547 Beh v. Breeze Corp., 75, 76 B & B Cash Grocery Stores v. Wortman, Bell v. Macy’s Cal., 597, 599, 600, 601, 602, 177 605, 606 Babington v. Yellow Taxi Corp., 208 Bell v. State, 372 Baccile v. Halcyon Lines, 653, 654 Belth v. Anthony Ferrante & Son, 416 Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Belyus v. Wilkinson, 76 Sch. Dist., 576 Benefield Real Estate v. Mitchell, 369 Bagge’s Case, 389 Bennett v. Indus. Welding & Fabricating, Baggett Transp. Co. v. Holderfield, 84 Inc., 191 Bagnel v. Springfield Sand & Tile Co., 691 Berea Stone Co. v. Kraft, 19 Bailey v. Am. Gen. Ins. Co., 281, 287, 292 Bergemann v. N. Cent. Foundry, Inc., 110 Bajdek’s Case, 402 Bergeron v. Kilnic Co., 134 Baker v. Indus. Comm’n, 692 Berglund Chevrolet, Inc. v. Landrum, 59 Baker v. Orange County Bd. of County Bergman v. Parnes Bros., 214 Comm’rs, 178 Bergmann v. L & W Drywall, 268, 419 Bakker v. Baza’r, Inc., 541 Bernardo v. Carlson Cos. — TGIF, 36 Baldwin Co. v. Maner, 634 Berry v. J.C. Penney Co., 260, 261 Ball v. Mann, 423 Bertone v. Turco Prods., Inc., 661 Ballard v. Workmen’s Comp. App. Bd., Bethel v. Sunlight Janitor Serv., 301, 303, 110 304 Balt. Transit Co. v. Harroll, 726 Bethlehem Steel Co. v. Parker, 191 Baran’s Case, 41 Bethlehem-Sparrows Point Shipyard, Inc. Barbarise v. Overlook Hosp. Ass’n, 192, v. Hempfield, 203 193 Betro v. Salomon Smith Barney, 51 Barbour v. State Hosp., 366 Biasetti v. City of Stamford, 279 Bardes v. E. River Hous. Corp., 202 Bibbins v. Sonny’s Pizza, Inc., 518 Barnett v. Britling Cafeteria Co., 144 Biggs v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 210 Barnette v. Doyle, 63, 372 Bill Hodges Truck Co. v. Gillum, 447

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Biner v. Dynalectron Corp., 620 Bradshaw v. Richardson Trucks, Inc., 342 Bink v. Blackwell, 706 Brady v. Louis Ruffolo & Sons Constr. Bird v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Co., 55 245 Braewood Convalescent Hosp. v. Work- Bisonic v. Halsey Packard, Inc., 110 ers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 454 Bituminous Cas. Co. v. Indus. Com., 206 Bramall v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Wilbanks, 441 125 Blackwelder v. Faith Heritage Sch., Matter Breeland v. Colleton County, 429 of 429 Breimhorst v. Beckman, 592 Blair Fork Coal Co. v. Blankenship, 53 Brewer v. Powers Trucking Co., 196 Blancett v. Homestake-Sapin Partners, 59 Bricker v. Green, 41 Blankenship v. Cincinnati Milacron Briggs v. Am. Biltrite, 194 Chems., Inc., 529 Brinkley Heavy Hauling Co. v. Young- Blessing v. T. Shriver & Co., 339, 340 man, 369 Bludworth Shipyard, Inc. v. Lira, 116 Broderick v. Ruder, 553 Bluegrass Pastureland Dairies v. Meeker, Bronson v. Joyner’s Silver & Electroplat- 70 ing, Inc., 140 Bob White Packing Co. v. Hardy, 364 Brookhaven Steam Laundry v. Watts, 70 Boek v. Wong Hing, 180 Minn. 540 Brooks v. Claywell, 369 Bogavich v. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Brooks v. Dee Realty Co., 192 Co., 37 Brower v. Rossmy, 307, 315 Bolger v. Chris Anderson Roofing Co., Brown v. Arapahoe Drilling Co., 165 269 Brown v. Cassens Transp. Co., 633 Bommarito v. Indus. Com., 130, 131 Brown v. N.Y. State Training Sch. for Bonnafoux v. Downtown Athletic Club, Girls, 107 83 Brown v. St. Joseph Lead Co., 236 Bonus-Bilt, Inc. v. United Grocers, Ltd., Brown v. Tex. Co., 535 667 Browning v. Huntsville, 458 Booker v. Duke Med. Center, 251, 252, Brunswick Elec. Membership Corp. v. 254, 255, 269 Brunswick Elec. Membership Corp., Boone v. United States, 596 455 Booth v. Burley, 310 Bryant v. Indus. Comm’n, 402 Boquist v. Dayton-Hudson Corp., 386 Bucher v. Am. Fruit Growers’ Co., 365 Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Prods. Corp., Bufalino v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 288 549 Buford v. Thomas, 503 Borgmeier v. Jasper, 464 Bullington v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 504 Boscaglia v. Mich. Bell Tel. Co., 593 Burchett v. Delton-Kellogg Sch., 168 Boshuizen v. Thompson & Taylor Co., Burlington Mills Corp. v. Hagood, 287 248 Burrows v. Burrows, 612 Bottieri v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Taxation & Burton v. Bd. of Educ., 206 Fin., Matter of, 519 Bush v. Parmenter, Forsythe, Rude & Bottomley v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Dethmers, 166, 168 Corp., 134 Buss v. Robison, 645 Bourgoyne v. Baton Rouge, 633 Busse v. Quality Insulation Co., 711 Bourque v. Lehmann Lathe, Inc., Div. of Butler Mfg. Co. v. Indus. Com., 130 Smith Int’l, Inc., 702 Buttner v. Am. Bell Tel. Co., 546 Bowers v. Gen. Guar. Ins. Co., 325 Byrd v. Fieldcrest Mills, 608 Boyd v. Gen. Indus., 725 C.A. Dunham Co. v. Indus. Com., 50 Brademeyer v. Chickasaw Bldg. Co., 308 Cab Operating Co., 511

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Cahala v. OK Tire Store, 310 Chi. Tribune Co. v. Indus. Com. of Ill., Caicco v. Toto Bros., 305 132, 133 Cal. Comp. & Fire Co. v. W.C.A.B., 70 Chicago v. Indus. Com., 49 Caldwell v. All. Consulting Grp., Inc., 477 Chickachop v. Manpower, Inc., 340, 341 Califano v. Goldfarb, 467, 468, 469 Christensen v. Dysart, 260 Califano v. Webster, 468 Christensen v. Hauff Bros.65 484, 485 Califano v. Westcott, 468, 470 Christopherson v. Sec. State Bank, 308 Callaghan v. Brown, 140 Cierpial v. Ford Motor Co., 83, 213 Candee v. State Acci. Ins. Fund, 621 Cifolo v. Gen. Elec. Co., 592 Candelaria v. GE, 285 Cipollone v. Liggett Grp., 333 Cannella v. Gulf Ref. Co., 254 City & County of S.F. v. Indus. Acc. Capizzi v. S. Dist. Reporters, Inc., 507, Comm’n, 147 508 City Council of Augusta v. Young, 720 Cardillo v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 208 City Ice & Fuel Div. v. Smith, 277, 278 Carlile v. Greeninger, 352, 353 City of Buford v. Thomas, 503 Carmack v. Great Am. Indem. Co., 709 Ciuba v. Irvington Varnish & Insulator Carrico v. State Comp. Comm’r, 495 Co., 89, 214 Carroll v. Lanza, 695 Clark v. Burton Lines, Inc., 152, 196 Carter v. Christ, 495 Clark v. Chi., M., St. P. & P.R. Co., 644 Carter v. Ferris, 619 Clark v. Indus. Com., 318 Carter v. Gen. Motors Corp., Chevrolet Clark v. U.S. Plywood, 173, 174 Gear & Axle Div., 284, 287 Clawson v. Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., Casaccia v. Green Valley Disposal Co., 150 599 Clay v. Holy Cross Hosp., 579, 582 Casillas v. S.W.I.G., 288 Clements v. Chrysler Corp., 408 Caskey v. Dan River Mills, Inc., 418 Clements v. Rockefeller, 657 Castro v. DeVry Univ., Inc., 577, 582 Clemmens v. W.C.A.B., 54 Castro v. State, 664 Clevenger v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 181 Caswell’s Case, 40 Climax Uranium Co. v. Claimants of Cates v. Hunt Constr. Co., 366 Smith, 711 Cauble v. Soft-Play, Inc., 195 Cline v. Carthage Crushed Limestone Cecere v. County of Niagara, 388 Co., 300 Cedar Rapids Cmty. Sch. v. Cady, 44 Cmty. Motor Bus Co., Commonwealth v. Cent. Welding & Iron Works v. Renton, 324 432 Coal Operators Cas. Co. v. Richardson, Century Indem. Co. v. Jameson, 699 699 Ceradsky v. Mid-Am. Dairymen, 297 Coates v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 666 Cereck v. Albertson’s, 538 Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Superior Chaffee v. Effron, 505, 510 Court, 560, 561 Chalcoff v. Project One (In re Chalcoff), Cody v. Jayhawk Pipeline Corp., 386 50 Coffee v. Henry, 615 Chamberlin v. 101 Realty, Inc., 552 Colberg, Inc. v. State, 543 Chandler v. Nello L. Teer Co., 195, 197 Cole v. Fair Oaks Fire Prot. Dist., 550, Charlottesville Music Center, Inc. v. 553, 557, 558, 559, 561, 562, 599, 600, McCray, 323 601 Chi. Extruded Metals v. Indus. Comm’n, Collins v. Moyle, 367 210 Columbia Land Co. v. Van Dusen Invest. Chi. Transit Auth. v. Indus. Com. of Ill., Co., 81 132

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Comm’n Wade v. Mr. C. Cavenaugh’s, Crites v. Baker, 49 725 Crossett Lumber Co. v. Johnson, 472 Commerce & Indus. Ins. Co. v. Ferguson- Crouch v. W. Va. Workers’ Comp. Stewart, 107 Comm’r, 455 Commonwealth v. (see name of Crouse v. Lloyd’s Turk. Ranch, 365 defendant) Crowe v. De Soto Consol. Sch. Dist., 44 Comp. of Anfilofieff, 355 Crum v. Dependents of Reed, 698 Comp. of Slaughter, 199 CSX Transp., Inc., Ex parte, 683 Comp. of Stone, 677 Cty. of L.A. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Complitano v. Steel & Alloy Tank Co., Bd., 322 193 Cudahy Packing Co. v. Indus. Comm’n, Conley v. Travelers Ins. Co., 503 719 Connelly v. Hunt Furniture Co., 244 Cudahy Packing Co. v. Parramore, 127 Connelly v. Samaritan Hosp., 93 Cuna v. Bd. of Fire Comm’rs, 193 Conner v. Bragg, 211 Cunningham v. Heard, 63 Consol. Eng’g Co. v. Feikin, 200, 201, 203 Cunningham v. Indus. Com., 494 Consol. Freightways v. Drake, 290 Cunningham v. Nw. Improvement Co., Consol. Gas Utils. Corp. v. Jeter, 241 24 Consol. Papers, Inc. v. Dep’t of Indus., Curtis v. Hayes Wheel Co., 408 Labor & Human Relations, 261 Curtis, State v., 635 Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Lamar, 402 Curtis, People v., 476 Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Richard, 369 Cushing v. Time Saver Stores, Inc., 603 Cook v. Minneapolis Bridge Const. Co., Cute’-Togs of New Orleans, Inc. v. La. 687 Health Serv. & Indem. Co., 701 Coombs v. Kirsch Co., 111 Cyrus v. Miller Tire Serv., 69 Coomes v. Robertson Lumber Co., 52 Czaplicki v. The Hoegh Silvercloud, 647 Cooper v. Indus. Comm’n, 359 D’Agostino v. Wagenaar, 64 Cooper v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Daisernia v. Co-operative 632 292 Dalton v. Yonkers, 720 Cope v. Gen. Elec. Co., 592 Daly v. Haines, 245 Cordova Fish & Cold Storage Co. v. Estes, Daniello v. Machise Express Co., 215 342 Daniels v. Roumillat, 63 Corken v. Corken Steel Prods., Inc., 78 Daniels v. Trailer Transp. Co., 682, 694 Corp. Grp. Serv., Inc. v. Lymberis, 678 Daugherty v. Midland Painting Co., 103 Corp. v. Joplin Cement Co., 298 Daugherty v. Monett, 441 Corrao Constr. Co. v. Curtis, 657 Davaris v. Cubaleski, 554 Covington v. Associated Emp’rs Lloyds, Davidson v. Cornell, 18 692 Davies v. N.Y. City Dep’t of Educ., 578 Cox v. Black Diamond Coal Mining Co., Davis v. Indus. Comm’n, 364 411 Davis v. Newsweek Mag., 179, 507 Cox v. Fagen Inc., 229 Davis v. Turner, 621 Cox v. State ex rel. Okla. Dep’t of Human Davison v. Florsheim Shoe Co., 79 Servs., 612 Day v. Gold Star Dairy, 505 Cradic v. Eastman Kodak Co., 343 Day v. Town Club, 462 Craig v. Boren, 468 De Canas v. Bica, 333 Crane v. San Juan County, 287 De Geer v. De Geer Farm Equip. Co., 439 Crider v. Zurich Ins. Co., 685 Deal v. Indus. Com., 131 Crippen v. Press Co., 84 Deauville v. Hall, 548 Critchfield v. McNamara, 228 Decker v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co., 668

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Dehiya v. Spencer, 163 Duff v. Port Auth., 51 Deibeikis v. Link-Belt Co., 567 Duffy v. Kedenburg, 318 Del. County Tr. Co. v. Gen. Chem. Co., Duk Hwan Chung v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 471 522 Dennis v. Brown, 422 DuLaney v. Okla. State Dep’t of Health, DeOliveira v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 564, 618 565 Dunaj v. Harry Becker Co., 439 Dep’t of Labor & Indus. v. McLain, 364, Duncan v. Perry Packing Co., 522 365 Dunlap v. Indus. Comm’n, 235 Derebery v. Pitt County Fire Marshall, Duprey v. Shane, 546, 548 451, 452, 455 Dutton v. Indus. Comm’n, 109 Derebery v. Pitt Cty. Fire Marshall, 452 Dyer v. Gen. Motors Corp., 111 Desardouin v. City of Rochester, 577 E. Baggot Co. v. Indus. Com., 240 Desrosiers v. Dionne Bros. Furniture, 391 E. Clemens Horst Co. v. Indus. Acci. Detenbeck v. Gen. Motors Corp., 251 Com., 545, 549 DeWitt v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 442 E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Green, Diaz v. Newark Indus. Spraying, Inc., 58, 435 59, 76, 77 E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Faupel, Dillard v. St. Louis, 79 206 Dillon’s Case, 72 E.W. WYLIE CO., State v., 632 Dimmig v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Eagle River Bldg. & Supply Co. v. Indus. 125 Comm’n of Wis., 46 Dishaw v. Midas Serv. Experts, Matter of, East v. Indus. Comm’n, 109 518 Eastway v. Eisenga, 367 Dist. Court, State v., 462 Ebert v. Ft. Pierre Moose Lodge # 1813, Dixon v. Ford Motor Co., 228 700 Dockendorf v. Lakie, 642 Eddie Wallace’s Garage v. Arreaga, 144 Dockery v. World of Mirth Shows, Inc., Edmonds v. Compagnie Generale 534 Transatlantique, 655 Doctors Hosp. of Lake Worth v. Robin- Edwards v. Hollywood Canteen, 337 son, 453 Eisele v. Triangle Utils. Inc., 110 Dodge v. Mitsui Shintaku Ginko K.K. El Sayed v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 576 Tokyo, 664 Elston v. Indus. Lift Truck Co., 654 Dodson v. Dubose Steel, Inc., 60, 69 Emerson Elec. v. Cargile, 723, 724, 725 Doe v. St. Michael’s Med. Center, 192 Emery v. Huge Co., 39 Doe v. Walgreens Co., 555 Emp’rs Ins. Co. v. Bass, 126 Doerfer Div. of CCA v. Nicol, 397, 400 Emp’rs Ins. Co. v. Lewallen, 710 Dollar Gen. Store v. Cridlin, 419 Emp’rs Liab. Assur. Corp. v. Indus. Acc. Dooley v. Smith’s Transfer Co., 169 Comm’n, 172 Dosen v. E. Butte Copper Mining Co., 391 Emp’rs Liab. Assurance Co. v. Indianapo- Douglas v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, 546, 548 lis & Cincinnati Traction Co., 645 Dowling v. Slotnik, 334 Emp’rs Liab. Assurance Corp. v. Indus. Doyle’s Concrete Finishers v. Moppin, 473 Acci. Com., 124 Dragoni, In re, 459 Emp’rs Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Indus. Drake v. Raymark Indus., Inc., 668 Comm’n, 400 Drake v. State Dep’t of Soc. Welfare— Emp’rs Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Merrimac Larned State Hosp., 103 Mills Co., 708 Dreyfus & Co. v. Meade, 211 English v. Indus. Comm’n, 236 Dubois v. Soule Mill, 348 Ephraim v. Metro. Tr. Co., 555

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Ervin v. Indus. Com., 240 Fragale v. Armory Maint., 92 Escobar, People v., 603, 604 Frampton v. Cent. Ind. Gas Co., 568 Essick v. Lexington, 645 Franklin v. Blue Grass Cooperage Co., Estate of (see name of party) 678 Evans v. Elliott, 534, 535 Frasure v. Agripac, Inc., 328 Evans v. Food Fair Stores, Inc., 178 Fraternal Order of Eagles v. Kirby, 368 Evening Star Newspaper Co. v. Kemp, 505 Fred Meyer, Inc. v. Hayes (In re Hayes), Exch. Mut. Indem. Ins. Co. v. Cent. 159, 160 Hudson Gas & Elec. Co., 644 Frederick v. Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., Fair Sch. Fin. Council v. State, 62 706 Farmers Home Admin. v. Hobbs, 612 Freedman v. Spicer Mfg. Corp., 89 Faust v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 139 Freeman v. SCM Corp., 527 Fed. Copper & Aluminum Co. v. Dickey, Fremont Indem. Co. v. Workers’ Comp. 330, 331 Appeals Bd., 124, 125 Felton v. Hosp. Guild of Thomasville, Frohlick Crane Serv.,Inc. v. Mack, 635 Inc., 152 Frontiero v. Richardson, 467, 469 Ferguson v. Air-Hydraulics Co., 303 Frost v. H.H. Franklin Mfg. Co., 190 Fid. & Cas. Co. v. Cooper, 455 Fruehauf Trailer Co. v. Indus. Comm’n, Fid. & Cas. Co. v. Hill Const. Co., 709 102 Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc. v. La. Furda v. Scammell China Co., 89 Rochelle, 180 Gaddy v. Anson Wood Prods., 196 Field v. Charmette Knitted Fabric Co., 84, Gale v. Greater Wash. Softball Umpires 215 Ass’n, 317 Fincham v. Wendt, 350 Galena & C.U.R. Co. v. Jacobs, 19 Fireman’s Fund Indem. Co. v. United Gallagher v. Fid. & Cas. Co., 246 States, 645 Gallegos v. Glaser Crandell Co., 367 Fisher Body Div., Gen. Motors Corp. v. Gallimore v. Marilyn’s Shoes, 66 Indus. Com., 99 Gallipo v. City of Rutland, 576 Fisher v. Hennessey, 302 Gantt v. Sentry Ins., 554, 559 Fisher v. San Pedro Peninsula Hosp., 1, Gantt v. Sentry Ins., 558 553 Garcia v. Genuine Parts Co., 292 Fitzgibbons’ Case, 283 Gardner v. Trs. of Main St. M.E. Church, Fitzpatrick v. Crestfield Farm, Inc., 357, 360 367 Gargiulo v. Gargiulo, 75 Fitzwater v. Warren, 19 Garrett v. Int’l Ins. Co., 471 Fla. Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Garrison v. Bonfield, 618 Paul, 334 Gates v. Trans Video Corp., 547 Flait v. N. Am. Watch Corp., 553 Geiger v. Bell Aerosystems Co. Div., 22 Fleckles v. Hille, 364 Geltman v. Reliable Linen & Supply Co., Flo v. Gen. Elec. Co., 509 77 Flores v. Workmen’s Comp. App. Bd., 621 Gen. Box Co. v. Mo. Utils. Co., 644 Fluor Alaska v. Peter Kiewit Sons’ Co., Gen. Elec. Co. v. Indus. Com., 238 711 Gen. Ins. Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 555 Bd., 13, 122, 123, 126 Ford Motor Co. v. Hunt, 416 Gen. Props. Co. v. Greening, 91 Forsythe v. INCO, 176 Genesco Emps. Credit Ass’n v. Cobb, 685 Foster v. Allsop Automatic, 522 George v. Great E. Food Prods., Inc., 88 Foster v. ESIS, Inc., 329 Gerhardt v. Welch, 107 Foxworth v. Fla. Indus. Com., 91 Getter v. Travel Lodge, 388

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Gibberd v. Control Data Corp., 137 Grimes v. Leon County Sch. Bd., 92 Gibbs Gas Engine Co. v. Jackson, 471 Gross v. Pellicane, 318 Gibbs v. Orange County Sheriff’s Dep’t, Guest v. Brenner Iron & Metal Co., 366 191 Guidry v. Sline Indus. Painters, 231 Gilbert v. E.B. Law & Son, Inc., 288 Gulf States Steel Co. v. Griffin, 462 Gill v. Belmar Const. Co., 215 Gully & Assocs., Inc. v. Wausau Ins. Cos., Gillespie v. Northridge Hosp. Found., 599 704 Gillette v. Rochester Vulcanite Paving Gunter v. Mersereau, 358 Co., 126 Guse v. A.O. Smith Corp., 596 Gingell v. Walters Contracting Corp., 298, Guyton v. Irving Jensen Co., 396 302, 303 Gwin v. J.W. Vestal & Son, 364 Glens Falls Indem. Co. v. Clark, 308 H. Duys & Co. v. Tone, 365 Globe Union, Inc. v. Baker, 394 H.J. Heinz Co. v. Chavez, 364 Glodenis v. Am. Brass Co., 257 Habib v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd., 494 Godley v. County of Pitt, 318 Hagen v. Koerner, 667 Godwin v. Swift & Co., 452 Halcyon Lines v. Haenn Ship Ceiling & Goff v. Farmers Union Acctg. Serv., Inc., Refitting Corp., 653 139 Hall v. Doremus, 89 Goldman v. Wilsey Foods, 553 Hall v. Gus Constr. Co., 553 Gonzales v. Chino Copper Co., 288 Hall v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 325 Gonzales v. Raich, 445 Halsey Shedd RFPD v. Leopard (In re Gonzalez v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Leopard), 159, 161, 162 Bd., 475, 476 Halverson v. Larrivy Plumbing & Heating Gordon v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 13 Co., 263 Gordon v. S.M. Byers Motor Car Co., 343 Ham v. Chrysler Corp., 400 Gowan v. Harry Butler & Sons Funeral Hammond v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Home, 152 214 Graf v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 441 Hamza v. Saks Inc., 577 Grant v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Hannigan v. Goldfarb, 307, 314, 316 616 Hanover Ins. Co. v. Highlands Ins. Co., Grantham v. Cherry Hosp., 448 702 Gray Hill, Inc. v. Indus. Com., 131 Hansel v. Sherman Textiles, 272 Graybeal v. Bd. of Supervisors, 210 Hanson v. Reichelt, 43 Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co. v. Wood, 719 Harding v. Thomas & Howard Co., 533 Great W. Sugar Co. v. Dist. Court for Hardy v. Small, 152, 196, 453 Thirteenth Judicial Dist., 539 Harman v. Republic Aviation Corp., 250, Green Bay Drop Forge Co. v. Indus. 256 Comm’n, 261 Harrington v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., Green v. De Furia, 76 423 Green v. J.A. Jones Constr. Co., 683 Harris v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 127 Greenberg v. Voit, 49 Hart v. Nat’l Mortgage & Land Co., 560 Greer v. Callahan Const. Co., 535 Hart v. Wilson & Co., 245 Gregory v. McKesson & Robbins, Inc., Hartford Acci. & Indem. Co. v. Cardillo, 495 49, 58, 59 Grieb v. Hammerle, 150 Hartley v. N.C. Prison Dep’t, 490, 491, Griebel v. Indus. Comm’n, 355 492 Griffin v. George’s, Inc., 529 Harvey Auto Supply v. Indus. Comm’n, Griffin v. SAIF Corp. (In re Griffin), 161 429 Grimes v. City of Okla. City, 613

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Hawaiian Pineapple Co. v. Ind. Acc. Hitachi Chem. Electro-Prods. v. Gurley, Com., 545 603 Hawk v. Jim Hawk Chevrolet-Buick, Inc., Hodgdon v. Mount Mansfield Co., 574 482 Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Hawkins v. Bleakly, 25 NLRB, 334, 335 Hawkins v. Emp’rs Cas. Co., 60 Hoffman v. New Orleans, 110 Hayes Freight Lines, Inc. v. Martin, 506 Holcomb v. Daily News, 510 Hayes v. Marshall Field & Co., 632 Holden v. Gifford Lumber Co., 471 Haynes v. Feldspar Producing Co., 267 Hollman v. Raleigh, Pub. Utils. Dep’t, 366 Haynes v. R.B. Rice, Div. of Sara Lee, 499 Holmberg’s Case, 462 Hays v. State, 370 Home Life & Acc. Co. v. Orchard, 699 Hayward v. Parsons Hosp., 102 Hood v. Workmen’s Comp. Bd., 342, 435 Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 446 Hoover v. Indep. Sch. Dist., 321 Heather v. Delta Drilling Co., 458 Hopkins v. Mich. Sugar Co., 41 Hebert v. First Am. Ins. Co., 702 Hopper v. F.W. Corridori Roofing Co., Hegler v. Cannon Mills Co., 61, 62, 63, 65, 185 66 Horn v. Asphalt Prods. Corp., 302 Heidemann v. Am. Dist. Tel. Co., 48 Hornback v. Indus. Comm’n, 639 Hemric v. Reed & Prince Mfg. Co., 66 Horrigan v. Post-Standard Co., 245 Henderson v. Celanese Corp., 88, 89 Horton v. Foster-Glocester Reg’l Sch. Henderson v. Jennie Edmundson Hosp., Dist., 618 322 Horvat v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Corr., 617 Henk v. E. Air Taxi, Inc., 91 N.J. Super. Houghton v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 692 308 House v. State Indus. Acc. Com., 691 Henry Gen. Hosp. v. Stephens, 503 Howard v. Detroit, 168 Henry v. A.C. Lawrence Leather Co., 254 Howard v. Harwood’s Rest. Co., 213, 214 Henry v. Hudson & M.R. Co., 18 Howell v. Kash & Karry, 204 Hensley v. Caswell Action Comm., Inc., Hoyle v. Isenhour Brick & Tile Co., 487, 491 491 Henson v. Dundee, 552 Huffman v. Douglass Aircraft Co., 25 Herdick v. N.Y. Zoological Soc., 256 Huffman, State v., 458 Herman v. Greenpoint Barrell & Drum Huffstettler v. Lion Oil Co., 349 Reconditioning Co., 504 Hughes Elec. Co., State v., 708 Herring v. Lawrence Warehouse Co., 619 Hughes v. St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 46 Herritt v. McKenna, 360 Hughes v. Trs. of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Heskett v. Fisher Laundry & Cleaners Co., 43, 46 540 Human Relations v. Dep’t of Indus., 290 Hester v. Ridings, 621 Humphrey v. Quality Cleaners & Laun- Hickey v. Bd. of Educ., 304 dry, 152 Hickman v. Bingaman, 484 Hungerford Mech. Corp. v. Hobson, 419 Hicks v. Guilford County, 525 Hunsucker v. High Point Bending & Hicks’s Case, 206 Chair Co., 655 Highlander v. K.F.C. Nat’l Mgmt. Co., Hyde v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Mental 552 Hygiene, 517 Hill v. CGR Med. Corp., 725 Hyett v. Nw. Hosp. for Women & Chil- Hill v. McFarland-Johnson, 184 dren, 59 Hill-Luthy Co. v. Indus. Com., 99 Hysell v. Iowa Pub. Serv. Co., 661, 667, Hinkle v. Lexington, 152 668 Hinson v. Creech, 363 Ill. Bell Tel. Co. v. Indus. Com., 129

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Imperial Knife Co. v. Calise, 281 Johns-Manville Prods. Corp. v. Superior Imported Danger Cases Kendrick v. Peel, Court, 542 Eddy & Gibbons Law Firm, 96 Johnson v. Albia, 203 In re (see name of party) Johnson v. Ford Motor Co., 612 In re Van Bibber’s Case, In re, 348 Johnson v. Hartford Acci. & Indem. Co., Indus. Com. of Colo. v. Enyeart, 99 287 Indus. Com. of Colo. v. Moynihan, 318 Johnson v. Indus. Comm’n, 357, 359 Indus. Com. v. Messinger, 206 Johnson v. Loew’s, Inc., 190 Indus. Comm’n v. McCartin, 686 Johnson v. N.Y. State DOT, 519 Indus. Comm’r v. McCarthy, 172 Johnson v. Skelly Oil Co., 455 Indus. Indem. Co. v. Ind. Acc. Com., 475 Johnson v. Weld County, 578 Indus. Indem. Exch. v. Indus. Acc. Jonathan Woodner Co. v. Mather, 694 Comm’n, 687 Jones v. Catholic Healthcare Partners, Injury to Corean, 34 Inc., 279 Inland Gas Corp. v. Flint, 678 Jones v. L.A. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 551 Int’l Harvester Co. v. Indus. Com., 238 Jones v. McDougal-Hartmann Co., 666 Int’l Paper Co. v. Merchant, 424 Jones v. Multicare Health & Educ. Servs., Int’l Union v. Johnson Controls, 606, 607 170 Interlake Steel Co. v. Indus. Com., 240 Jones v. VIP Dev. Co., 529 Inter-Ocean Cas. Co. v. Lenear, 726 Jordan v. C.A. Roberts Co., 596 Iowa, Dillavou v. Plastic Injection Jordan v. Dixie Chevrolet, Inc., 191 Molders, Inc., 70 Jordan v. W. Elec. Co., 134 Ives v. S.B.R. Co., 24 Joseph v. United Kimono Co., 512 J. & G. Cabinets v. Hennington, 96 Juba v. Gen. Builders Supply Corp., 640 J.E. Greene Co. v. Bennett, 678 Judson Steel Corp. v. Workers’ Comp. J.J. Murphy & Son, Inc. v. Gibbs, 430, 432 Appeals Bd., 552 Jack v. Belin’s Estate, 357 Kahle v. Plochman, Inc., 512 Jack v. State, 617 Kane v. Durotest Corp., 60 Jackson v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 447 Kariotis v. Navistar Int’l Transp. Corp., Jackson v. J.B. Rush Constr. Co., 634 579, 582 Jackson v. Segwick Claims Mgmt. Servs., Karst v. F.C. Hayer Co., 447 N.W.2d 180 633 (Minn. 1989) 594 Jackson v. Tastykake, Inc., 603 Katz v. A. Kadans & Co., 43, 47, 149 Jacksonville Coach Co. v. Love, 147 Katz v. Dole, 552 Jacobs v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Kazazian v. Segan, 515 287 Keeney v. Beasman, 365 Janes Contracting Co. v. Home Life & Kelly v. Barnard, 574 Acci. Co., 709 Kelly v. Fed. Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Jaquette Motor Co. v. Talley, 433 Co., 106 Jeffreyes v. Charles H. Sager Co., 244, 245 Kelly v. Hackensack Water Co., 184 Jenkins v. Tandy Corp., 163, 164 Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 566 Jensen v. United Perlite Corp., 287 Kennerson v. Thames Towboat Co., 692 Jess Parrish Mem’l Hosp. v. Ansell, 429 Kennett Square Specialties v. Workers’ Jett v. Dunlap, 540 Comp. Appeal Bd., 338 Joe Ready’s Shell Station & Cafe v. Ready, Kern v. Ideal Basic Indus., 286, 289 153 Kertesz v. Korsh, 314, 315, 316, 317 Johannesen v. N.Y. City Dep’t of Hous. Ketchikan Gateway Borough v. Saling, Pres. & Dev., 262 710 Johannsen v. Acton Constr. Co., 140 King v. Viscoloid Co., 596

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Kirchgaessner v. All. Capital Mgt. Corp., Le Lenko v. Wilson H. Lee Co., 257 Matter of, 165 Leach v. Lauhoff Grain Co., 566 Kittell v. Vt. Weatherboard, 521 Leaver v. Midvale Co., 98 Kittleson v. Am. Dist. Tel. Co., 65 Ledesma v. Bergeson, 310 Klawinski v. Lake Shore & M.S.R. Co., 40 Lee v. Minneapolis S.R. Co., 399 Klosterman v. Indus. Comm’n, 108 Leech v. Ga.-Pac. Corp., 596 Kobe v. Indus. Acci. Com., 136 Lefebvre v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Kodiak Oilfield Haulers v. Adams, 170 123 Kolbas v. Am. Bos. Mining Co., 111 Leffert v. Indus. Acci. Com., 124, 136 Konitch v. Hartung, 632 Lehman v. State, 371 Korsun’s Case, In re, 287 Leichtman v. Koons, 662 Kostika v. Cuomo, 142 Lemon v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 147 Kourik v. English, 301 Leon Cty. Sch. Bd. v. Grimes, 90 Kranis v. Trunz, Inc., 455 Lerich v. Thermo Sys., Inc., 389 Krause v. Swartwood, 139 Lester v. Elliott Bros. Trucking Co., 58 Krell v. Md. Drydock Co., 54 Levanen v. Seneca Copper Corp., 410 Kroon v. Kalamazoo County Rd. Com., Lewis v. Crew, 646 40 Lewis v. Duke Univ., 262 Kruse v. Schieve, 63 Lewis v. Indus. Comm’n, 356, 359 Krushwitz v. McDonald’s Rests., 159, 160 Lewis v. Knappen Tippetts Abbett Eng’g Kukor v. Ne. Tree Serv., 434 Co., 693 Kurtz v. Wall, 395 Lewis v. L.B. Dynasty, Inc., 312 Kushay v. Sexton Dairy Co., 438 Lewis v. Ocean Acci. & Guarantee Corp., L.A. Metro. Transit Auth. v. Bhd. of R. 244 Trainmen, 476 Lewis v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Labor & Indus. v. Shirley, 108 122 Ladner v. Sec’y of Health, Educ. & Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ga. Ports Auth., Welfare, 718 627 Laeng v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd., Liberty Nw. Ins. Corp. v. Over, 164 337, 604 Lief v. A. Walzer & Son, 199 Laffoon v. Bell & Zoller Coal Co., 635 Lima v. William H. Haskell Mfg. Co., 183 Lambertson v. Cincinnati Corp., 654 Limron v. Blair, 408 Lamm v. Silver Falls Timber Co., 176 Lindskog v. Rosebud Mines, 679 Lampert v. Siemons, 83 Lion Oil Co. v. Reeves, 723 Landry v. Acme Flour Mills Co., 59 Liscio v. S. Makransky & Sons, 287 Langan v. State Farm Fire & Cas., Matter Liston v. Hicks, 64 of, 470 Little v. Ill. Dep’t of Revenue, 581 Largent v. Sticker Corp., 477 Little v. J. Korber & Co., 287 Larson v. Indep. Sch. Dist., 462 Little v. Kalo Labs., Inc., 705 Lassila v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 139 Livingstone v. Abraham & Straus, Inc., Lather v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Co., 644 133 Lathrop v. Tobin-Hamilton Shoe Mfg. Livitsanos v. Superior Court, 555 Co., 55 Loague v. Watson & Watson, 287 Law v. Dartt, 546 Lockerman v. Prince George’s County, Lawrence v. Am. Mut. Liab. Ins. Co., 184 337 Lawrence v. Day, 634 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. Ind. Acc. Lawrence v. William Gebhardt, Jr., & Son, Com., 125 300, 301 Lockwood v. McCaskill, 271 Lawson v. Lawson, 302, 303

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Lockwood v. Tower Terrace Mobile Martin v. Ga.-Pac. Corp., 196, 197 Homes, 265 Martin v. Indus. Accident Comm’n, 112, Lomba v. Providence Gravure, 134 113 Lombard v. Uhrich, 395 Martin v. J. Lichtman & Sons, 57 London Guar. & Acci. Co. v. Indus. Com. Martines v. Worley & Sons Constr., 337 of Colo., 22 Martinez v. Scanlan, 25 Looney v. Sears Roebuck, 722, 723 Martinez v. Univ. of Cal., 292 Lopez v. S.B. Thomas, Inc., 593 Mary Meninga v. Raley’s, 551, 559 Lopucki v. Ford Motor Co., 517 Massey v. Bd. of Educ., 152 Los Angeles v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Master Leakfinding Co. v. Indus. Com., Bd., 561 132 Loucks v. Star City Glass Co., 568, 569 Matter of (see name of party) Loudenslager v. Gorum, 687 Matthews v. Naylor, 125 Louisville, N. & G.S.R.R. Co. v. Fleming, Mavroulias v. Mugiana, 688 19 Maxey v. Major Mech. Contractors, 392 Lowman v. Stafford, 64 Maxwell v. Sprint PCS, 616 Lumbermens Mut. Cas Co. v. Beschner, Mays v. Williams, 621 640 McAdam v. W. Cas. & Sur. Co., 103 Lyon v. Catron Cty. Comm’rs, 289 McAllister v. Bd. of Educ., 115 M & M Parking Co. v. Indus. Com., 499 McCarty v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals M.J. Daly Co. v. Varney, 339, 340 Bd., 185 Mack v. Marshall Field & Co., 534 McClendon v. Charente S.S. Co., 639 MacRae v. Unemployment Comp. Com., McCorkle v. McCorkle, 115 254 McCoy v. Cataldo, 102 Madura v. New York, 43 McCoy v. Cornish, 619 Magliulo & Azevedo v. Abel, 549 McCoy v. WGN Cont’l Broad. Co., 579 Magliulo v. Superior Court, 547 McCrady v. Sino, 660 Magnolia Petrol. Co. v. Hunt, 686 McDonald v. Brunswick Elec. Member- Mahlum v. Broeder, 390 ship Corp., 452, 453 Malky v. Kiskiminetas Valley Coal Co., McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 574, 84 575 Malloy v. AT & T Consumer Prods., Div. McDowell v. Clarksville, 44, 400 of AT & T Techs., Inc., 262 McFall v. Compagnie Mar. Belge S.A., 664 Maltz v. Jackoway-Katz Cap Co., 298, 302 McGarrah v. State Acci. Ins. Fund Corp., Mandolidis v. Elkins Indus., 529 291 Mangin v. Westco Sec. Sys., Inc., 594 McGarry v. Indus. Comm’n, 463 Manzo v. Amalgamated Indus. Union McGonigal v. Ward Baking Co., 640 Local 76b, 156 McInerney v. Buff. & S.R. Corp., 126 Marcus v. E. Agric. Ass’n, 303, 307, 315, McIvor v. Savage, 632 316 McKeever Drilling Co. v. Egbert, 62 Markle v. Williamson, 63 McKenzie v. Brixite Mfg. Co., 77 Marks’ Dependents v. Gray, 144, 145, 149 McKinney v. Dole, 552 Marlowe v. Huron Mtn. Club, 23 McKinzie v. Sandon, 391 Marmon v. Union Collieries Co., 395 McLamb v. Beasley, 152 Marquez v. Indus. Comm’n, 234 McMahon v. Anaconda Co., 292 Marra Bros. v. Cardillo, 202 McNamara v. Hamden, 182 Marrier v. Nat’l Painting Corp., 693 McSpadden v. Big Ben Coal Co., 397, 399 Marshall v. Wilson, 328 Md. Cas. Co. v. Indus. Acci. Com., 708 Martin v. C.A. Productions Co., 620 Mead v. Am. Smelting & Ref. Co., 236

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Mechem, State v., 25 Morrison v. Burlington Indus., 272 Mendoza v. Monmouth Recycling Corp., Morrison-Knudsen Constr. Co. v. Dir., 334 429 Meo v. Commercial Can Corp., 81, 215 Morrisseau v. Legac, 523 Mercante v. Indus. Comm’n, 109 Morrow v. State Highway & Pub. Works Mercier v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Com., 490 560 Moses v. R.H. Wright & Son, Inc., 278 Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 592 Motor Freight Corp. v. Jarvis, 506 Meritor Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v. Vinson, 554, Mtn. Timber Co. v. Washington, 25 592 Mudlin v. Hills Materials Co., 507 Merrill v. J.C. Penney Co., 133 Mueller v. State Acci. Ins. Fund, 269 Merz v. Indus. Com., 83 Mulanix v. Falen, 364, 365 Messersmith v. Am. Fid. Co., 246 Mullarkey v. Fla. Feed Mills, Inc., 596 Metro. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Indus. Com., 699 Murray v. St. Michael’s Coll., 574, 575, Meyer v. Graphic Arts Int’l Union, 547 576, 577, 581 Meyer v. Indus. Com. of Colo., 719 Myco, Inc. v. Super Concrete Co., 662 Meyer v. N.D. Workers Comp. Bureau, N. Am. Rockwell Corp. v. Workmen’s 455 Comp. App. Bd., 124, 125 Meyers v. Meyers Oil Co., 720 N.P.R. Co. v. Herbert, 19 Miami v. Granlund, 178 N.Y.C.R. Co. v. White, 25, 26 Michaux v. Gate City Orange Crush Nader v. de Toledano, 663, 668 Bottling Co., 196 Nails v. Mkt. Tire Co., 199 Michels v. Am. Hoist & Derrick, 264 Nallan v. Motion Picture Studio Mechs. Middleton v. Coxsackie Corr. Facility, 508 Union, 455 Midwest Dredging Co. v. Etzberger, 693 Namislo v. Akzo Chems., 603 Mikkelsen v. N.L. Indus., 194 Napro Dev. Corp. v. Berlin, 571 Miles v. Montreal Baseball Club, 179 Nash-Kelvinator Corp. v. Indus. Com., 69 Miller v. Richards, 640 Nashko v. Standard Water Proofing Co., Mills v. Det. Tuberculosis Sanitarium, 693 258 Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. v. Coleman, 495 Minie v. Hudson, 612 Naso v. Lafata, 633 Mirabal v. Int’l Minerals & Chem. Corp., Nat’l Auto. Ins. Co. v. Indus. Acci. Com., 619 677, 708 Misener, In re, 476 Nat’l Linen Serv. v. McGuinn, 420 Mitchell v. Consol. Coal Co., 202 Nat’l Sec. Corp. v. Kemp, 206 Mitchell, In re, 236 Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Britton, 84 Monaco v. Renton, 349 Natco Corp. v. Mallory, 177 Mont. Ass’n of Tabacco & Candy Distribs. Naughten, State v., 103 v. State Bd. of Equalization, 392 Neff, State v., 63 Montgomery v. Bd. of Ret., 114 Nelson v. Cities Serv. Oil Co., 400 Moore v. J.A. McNulty Co., 505 Nelson v. Country Club of Det., 40 Moore v. J.P. Stevens & Co., 271 New Orleans Stevedores v. Turner, 399 Moore v. W. Forge Corp., 517 Newport Air Park, Inc. v. United States, Moore’s Case, 183 664 Moran’s Case, 49 Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Morel v. Thompson, 367 Co. v. Director, 268 Morgan v. Ray L. Smith & Son, Inc., 60 Neylon v. Ford Motor Co., 89, 214 Morgan, State v., 593 Niles Police Dep’t v. Indus. Com., 400 Morris v. Glen Alden Coal Co., 462 Nolen v. Wortz Biscuit Co., 473

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Noonan v. Spring Creek Forest Prods., Palmquist v. Meister, 265 539 Panpat v. Owens-Brockway Glass Con- Nordstrom v. Gab Robins N. Am., Inc., tainer, Inc., 160 563 Panzino v. Cont’l Can Co., 516 Nosowich v. Cent. Islip State Hosp., 429 Parchefsky v. Kroll Bros., 110 O’Donnell v. Indus. Comm’n, 109 Parker v. Port Huron Hosp., 41 O’Leary v. Brown-Pac.-Maxon, Inc., 127, Parker v. St. Maries Plywood, 310 128 Parkhill Truck Co. v. Wilson, 646 O’Brien v. Albert A. Albrecht Co., 423 Parks v. Md. Cas. Co., 503 O’Brien v. Rautenbush, 567 Parks v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp. v. 122, 126 Indus. Comm’n, 464 Parrish v. Armour & Co., 196 O’Dell v. Adirondack Elec. Power Co., Parrish v. Kan. City Sec. Serv., 79 246 Parrott v. Ft. Lauderdale, 433 O’Donnell v. Indus. Comm’n, 109 Parrott v. Indus. Com. of Ohio, 201, 202 Ogilvie v. Des Moines, 720 Parsons v. Swift & Co., 492, 493 Ognibene v. Rochester Mfg. Co., 188, 189 Partello v. Stipa, 367 Ohio Valley Constr. Co. v. Jackson, 418 Parten v. State Indus. Court, 202 Okla. Nat’l Gas Co. v. Williams, 185 Pasquel v. Coverly, 507 Olch v. Pac. Press & Shear Co., 668 Passante v. Walden Printing Co., 466, O’Leary v. Brown-Pac.-Maxon, Inc., 127 468, 470 Olson Rug Co. v. Indus. Com., 205 Passari v. N.Y. City Hous. Auth., 518 Olson v. Manion’s, 389 Pathfinder Co. v. Indus. Com., 282 Omaha Bottling Co. v. Theiler, 18 Pat’s Power Tongs, Inc. v. Miller, 198 O’Neil v. Fred Evens Motor Sales Co., 499, Patterson v. Whitten, 144 500, 501 Paul Krebs & Assocs. v. Matthews & Fritts Or. Iron Co. v. Trullenger, 251, 463 Constr. Co., 657 Orsinie v. Torrance, 146 Paul v. Balt. Upholstering Co., 516 Ortkiese v. Clarson & Ewell Eng’g, 110 Pearl v. Builders Iron Foundry, 402 Osborne v. Johnson, 394 Pearson’s Case, In re, 506 Oswalt v. Lucas County, 322 Pederson & Voechting, Trs. v. Indus. Ottawa County v. King, 70 Comm’n of Wis., 202, 203 Otten v. Univ. Hosps., 256 Pelkey v. Elsea Realty & Inv. Co., 642 Outboard Marine Corp. v. Schupbach, Penn. State Univ. v. Workers’ Comp. 660 Appeal Bd., 177 Owens v. Nat’l Health Labs., Inc., 290 People v. (see name of defendant) P & L Constr. Co. v. Lankford, 428 Peoria R.T. Co. v. Indus. Bd., 95 PA Liquor Control Bd. v. Workers’ Comp. Perchelli v. Utah State Indus. Comm’n, Appeal Bd., 293 102 Pac. Emp’rs Ins. Co. v. Indus. Acc. Perry v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 416 Comm’n, 689 Peski v. Todd & Brown, Inc., 147 Pac. Indem. Co. v. Ind. Acc. Com., 124 Peterson v. Farmers’ State Bank, 364 Pac. Indem. Ins. Co. v. Eberhardt, 506 Peterson v. Indus. Comm’n, 199 Pac. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Peterson v. Thief River Falls Welding Co., Appeals Bd., 1 719 Pagano v. Anheuser Busch, Inc., 96 Petrafeck v. Indus. Com., 428 Page v. Green, 79, 80 Petrozzino v. Monroe Calculating Mach. Pallas Shipping Agency v. Duris, 640 Co., 516 Pallotta v. Foxon Packaging Corp., 133 Pettaway v. McConaghy, 632

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Petterson v. Daystrom Corp., 626 Pullman Kellogg v. Workers’ Comp. Petty v. Associated Transp., Inc., 450 Appeals Bd., 268, 549 Phelps v. Phelps, 518 Puttkammer v. Indus. Com., 209 Phillips v. Air Reduction Sales Co., 500 Quitman Knitting Mill v. Smith, 177 Phillips v. State, 725 R & T Constr. Co. v. Judge, 455 Piantanida v. Bennett, 307, 308 R & T Invs. v. Johns, 158 Pichon v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 561 R.G. Moore Bldg. Corp. v. Mullins, 418 Pickrell v. Motor Convoy, Inc., 65 Ragon v. Toledo, A.A. & N.M.R. Co., 18 Pierce v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 235 Rainbow Gardens v. Indus. Com., 346 Pierce v. Riggs, 574 Rainear v. C.J. Rainear Co., 77 Pierce’s Case, 717 Ramey v. Gen. Petrol. Corp., 547 Pierson v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 704 Ramos v. Browning Ferris Indus., Inc., Pisapia v. Newark, 81 667, 669 Pittman v. Twin City Laundry & Clean- Ransburg Indus. v. Brown, 602 ers, 65, 66, 68 Raper v. McCrory-McLellan Corp., 530 Pizza Hut of Am. v. Keefe, 602, 603 Rauch v. Jones, 633 Plass v. Cent. N.E.R. Co., 246 Raymond Concrete Pile Co. v. Indus. Pleasant v. Johnson, 525, 526, 528, 533 Com., 342 Poindexter v. Johnson Motor Lines, Inc., Re/Max of N.J., Inc. v. Wausau Ins. Cos., 644 313 Poliquin v. De Soto Kerns Co., 692 Redman Indus. v. Lang (In re Lang), 160 Polk County v. Steinbach, 321 Reed v. Indus. Com., 131 Pollack v. Pino’s Formal Wear & Tailor- Reed v. Reed, 469 ing, 316 Reid v. Raper, 506 Pollard v. Rea Magnet Wire Co., 579 Reid v. United States, 550 Porello v. United States, 657 Reinert v. I.A.C., 180 Portillo v. G.T. Price Prods., 552 Reinforced Earth Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Pottinger v. Indus. Comm’n, 199 Appeal Bd., 336 Powell v. Wagner, 646 Renfroe v. Higgins Rack Coating & Mfg. Powell v. Whirlpool Emps. Fed. Credit Co., 341 Union, 111 Rennard v. Rouseville Cooperage Co., 395 Powers v. Dist. of Columbia Dep’t of Renteria v. County of Orange, 547, 557, Emp’t Servs., 401 558, 559, 561, 562, 563 Powers v. Lady’s Funeral Home, 150, 152 Repka v. Fedders Mfg. Co., 592 Pratt v. Reed & Brown Hauling Co., 300, Republic Steel Corp. v. Glaros, 657, 665 303 Reynolds v. Passaic Valley Sewerage Pressman v. State Acci. Fund, 699 Comm’rs, 89 Price v. All Am. Eng’g Co., 435 Reynolds v. Porter, 613 Price v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 13 Reynolds v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Proctor Cmty. Hosp. v. Indus. Comm’n, Bd., 678 104 Rhinehart v. Roberts Super Mkt., Inc., Proctor v. Hoage, 154 533 Protectu Awning Shutter Co. v. Cline, 91 Ricciardi v. Damar Prods. Co., 184, 193, Prows v. Indus. Comm’n, 186 214 Pruden Coal & Coke Co. v. Johnson, 462 Richard v. George Noland Drilling Co., Pruitt v. Harker, 303 499 Pufahl v. Tamak Gas Prods. Co., 473 Richardson v. Belcher, 717 Puffin v. Gen. Elec. Co., 99 Richardson v. Fiedler Roofing, Inc., 507 Pugh v. Polk County, 44 Richardson v. Greenberg, 243

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Richardson v. U.S.F. & G. Co., 626, 641 Royal v. Pope & Parish, 534 Richmond v. Weiss & Goldring, Inc., 428 Ruble v. Arctic Gen., 341 Risher’s Will, 318 Ruddy v. I.D. Griffith & Co., 394, 395 Ritter v. Hawkeye-Sec. Ins. Co., 257 Rupe v. Durbin Durco, Inc., 669 Rivcom Corp. v. Agric. Labor Relations Russell v. Bankers Life Co., 560 Bd., 335 Russell v. Camden Cmty. Hosp., 257 Rivera v. NIBCO, Inc., 335 Russell v. Minneapolis & St. L.R. Co., 18 Rivera, State v., 445 Russo v. Teachers’ Pension & Annuity Roach Mfg. Co. v. Cole, 473 Fund, 214 Robbins v. Nicholson, 65 Rutherford v. Tobin Quarries, Inc., 301, Robbins v. Yellow Cab Co., 605 302 Roberts v. J.F. Newcomb & Co., 50, 149 Rutledge v. Tultex Corp., 266 267 Robin v. Royal Improv. Co., 264 Ryan Stevedoring Co. v. Pan-Atl. S.S. Robinson v. Bell, 371 Corp., 66, 652, 656, 658 Robinson v. Fairview Fellowship Home Ryan v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 110 for Senior Citizens, Inc., 612, 617 Ryder’s Case, 371 Robinson v. Fairview Fellowship Home S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co. v. McCook, 91 for Senior Citizens, Inc., 610 S. Elec., Inc. v. Spall, 22 Robinson v. Nabisco, Inc. (In re Robin- S. Motor Lines Co. v. Alvis, 211 son), 160 S. Quarries & Contracting Co. v. Hensley, Robinson’s Case, 35 642 Rockingham County v. Lucas, 324 S.L.W. v. Alaska Workmen’s Comp. Bd., Rodriguez v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 601 342 Rodriguez v. Burn-Brite Metals Co., 519 Saala v. McFarland, 632 Roe v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd., Sackolwitz v. Charles Hamburg & Co., 645 509, 510 Rogers Materials Co. v. Ind. Acc. Com., SAIF Corp. v. Scardi (In re Scardi), 162, 545, 546 163 Rogers v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 80 Salazar v. County of Bernalillo, 287 Rojo v. Kliger, 554 Salem v. Colegrove, 448 Rolfe Armored Truck Serv. v. Alexander, Salierno v. Micro Stamping Co., 206 432 Salmon v. Bagley Laundry Co., 71 Roman v. Minneapolis S.R. Co., 265 Samolin v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 287 Rosado, State v., 147 Sampayo-Garraton v. Rave, Inc., 552 Ross v. Fiest, 311, 312 Samuel v. Baitcher, 632 Ross v. Oxford Paper Co., 240 Sanchez v. Eagle Alloy, Inc., 337 Ross v. Ross, 337 Sandberg v. JC Penney Co. (In re Sand- Ross v. Sayers Well Servicing Co., 287 berg), 158 Rossmoor Sanitation, Inc. v. Pylon, Inc., Sandel v. Packaging Co. of Am., 228 666 Sanders v. Jarka Corp., 58 Rouse v. Okla. Merit Prot. Comm’n, 612 Santa Rosa Junior Coll. v. Workers’ Rouse v. State, 321 Comp. Appeals Bd., 156 Rovira v. LaGoDa, Inc., 700 Santiago v. Brill Monfort Co., 522 Rowe v. Patrick McGovern, Inc., 388 Santisteven v. Dow Chem. Co., 666, 668 Roy v. Star Chopper Co., 668 Sarkis v. Ollie’s Bargain Outlet, 577 Royal Indem. Co. v. S. Cal. Petrol. Corp., Satack v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 140 645 Sax, Estate of, 476 Royal State Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Labor & Sch. Dist. v. Dep’t of Indus., 283 Indus. Relations Appeal Bd., 288 Schaller v. Indus. Acc. Com., 336

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Schlup v. Auburn Needleworks, Inc., 227, Simms v. Ruby Tuesday, Inc., 158 228, 229 Simon v. Standard Oil Co., 191 Schnabel v. Grimes, 640 Simpkins v. CSX Corp., 608 Schneider v. Farmers Merch., 655 Sims v. Ashley Furniture Indus., 585 Schneider v. Vill. of Shickley, 308 Singleton v. Hope Eng’g Co., 685 Schober v. Mt. Bell Tel., 259 Sitzman v. Shumaker, 537 Scholtzhauer v. C. & L. Lunch Co., 69 Slagle v. Reynolds Metals Co., 596 Schrider v. Nat’l Distillers & Chem. Slattery v. Marra Bros., 661, 666 Corp., 726 Smith v. A.H. Bull S.S. Co., 639 Schultz v. Moerschel Prods. Co., 303 Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 579, 580 Schultz, People v., 136 Smith v. Farm Serv. Coop., 473 Schweizer v. Elox Div. of Colt Indus., 655, Smith v. Fieldcrest Mills, Inc., 268 670 Smith v. Gulf Oil Corp., 533 Scindia Steam Nav. Co. v. De Los Santos, Smith v. Indus. Accident Comm., 423 659, 660 Smith v. Nat’l Tank Co., 459 Scott v. C.E. Powell Coal Co., 59 Smith v. State, 290 Scott v. Indus. Com., 84 Smith v. W.C.A.B., 148 Scott v. McPheeters, 598 Spear v. Brockway Motor Co., 110 Seales v. Daniel Constr. Co., 684 Spindler v. Universal Chain Corp., 88 Searfus v. N. Gas Co., 342 Sponatski, In re, 514 Sears Roebuck v. Sears Roebuck, 725 Squeo v. Comfort Control Corp., 452 Seas Shipping Co. v. Sieracki, 66, 659 St. Bernard Par. Police Jury v. Duplessis, Seattle First Nat’l Bank v. Shoreline 518 Concrete Co., 653 St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Hughes, Sec. Ins. Co. v. Wis. Dep’t of Indus., 711 Labor & Human Relations, 700 Stackhouse v. Gen. Motors Corp., 408 Secor v. Penn Serv. Garage, 76 Stafford v. Realty Bond Serv. Corp., 476 Seeger v. Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co., 576 Stample v. Idaho Power Co., 596 Seitz v. L & R Indus., 279 Standard Acc. Ins. Co. v. Skidmore, 687 Selid Constr. Co. v. Guarantee Ins. Co., Standard Acci. Ins. Co. v. Pet Milk Co., 342 646 Seltzer v. Isaacson, 192 Stark v. Posh Constr. Co., 664 Serna v. Statewide Contractors, 532 Stasel v. Am. Radiator & Standard Shadden v. Hembree, 389 Sanitary Corp., 53 Shaffer v. Midland Empire Packing Co., State Bd. of Equalization v. Jackson Hole 390 Ski Corp., 370 Shaw v. US Airways, Inc., 108 State Comp. Fund v. Indus. Comm’n, 287 Shea v. Gamco, Inc., 281 State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Indus. Acci. Shelby Mfg. Co. v. Harris, 688 Com., 104 Shell Oil Co. v. Indus. Com., 567 State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Workers’ Comp. Shepard v. La. Power & Light Co., 360 Appeals Bd., 124, 473 Sheppard v. Mich. Nat’l Bank, 23 State Dep’t of Corr. v. Workmen’s Comp. Sherrill v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 678 App. Bd., 549 Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Yeager, 473 State Emp’t Ret. Sys. v. Indus. Acc. Shoemaker v. Myers, 558, 559, 560 Comm’n, 165 Shores v. Sklar, 633 State ex rel. Briggs & Stratton v. Noll, 434 Siegler v. Siegler, 723 State ex rel. Helman v. Gallegos, 442 Silkwood v. Kerr-Mcgee Corp., 633 State ex rel. Jerdo v. Pride Cast Metals, Silver Eng’g Works, Inc. v. Simmons, 197 Inc., 518

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State ex rel. Moorehead v. Indus. Taylor v. N.Y.C.R. Co., 646 Comm’n, 477 Taylor v. Seney, 662 State ex rel. Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Krise, Teague v. Atl. Co., 490, 492 257 Teel v. McCord, 46 State ex rel. Woods v. Hughes Oil Co., 626 Teixeira v. Kauikeolani Children’s Hosp., State Health Planning & Dev. Agency, Ex 330 parte, 683 Telaro v. Telaro, 508 State v. (see name of defendant) Tensfeldt v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., Steele v. Darlington Fabrics Corp., 385 336, 518 Steele v. Eaton, 63 Terra Res., Inc. v. Lake Charles Dredging Stenrich Grp. v. Jemmott, 242 & Towing, Inc., 705 Stephens v. Hudson Maint. Co., 692 Terry Grantham Co. v. Indus. Comm’n, Stephens v. Indus. Comm’n, 359 455 Stephenson v. Sugar Creek Packing, 25 Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, Stern v. Electrol, Inc., 93 574, 575, 576 Stevenson v. Durham, 269, 366 Tex. Emp’rs Ins. Ass’n v. Peppers, 505 Stewart v. Chrysler Corp., 71 Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n v. Garcia, Stimson v. Mich. Bell Tel. Co., 555 25 Stoltz’s Case, 708 Therrien v. Safeguard Mfg. Co., 668 Stone Container Corp. v. Castle, 447 Thier v. Widdifield, 40 Stovall v. Sally Salmon Seafood, 327 Thomas v. Certified Refrigeration, Inc., Strand v. Hansen Seaway Serv., Ltd., 429 168 Strickland v. Bowater, Inc., 454 Thomas v. Hammer Lumber Co., 534 Strickland v. King, 525 Thomas v. Helen’s Roofing Co., 502 Stroka v. United Airlines, 51 Thomas v. Wash. Gas Light Co., 687 Stroud v. Dorr-Oliver, Inc., 655 Thompson v. J.A. Jones Const. Co., 1 540 Strzelecki v. Johns-Manville Prods. Corp., Thompson v. Pizza Hut of Am., Inc., 603 193, 206 Thorn v. Strawbridge & Clothier, 678 Stulb v. Foodcraft, Inc., 89 Thornton Chevrolet, Inc. v. Morgan, 269 Stulginski v. Waterbury Rolling Mills Co., Thornton v. Chamberlain Mfg. Corp., 73 213, 308 Sturgill Lumber Co. v. Maynard, 677 Tilly v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 498 Sullivan v. City & Cty. of S.F., 147 Times Publ’g Co. v. Walters, 178 Summers v. Tice, 549 Tocci v. Tessler & Weiss, Inc., 214 Superior Asphalt & Concrete Co. v. Dep’t Todd Shipyards Corp. v. Black, 711 of Labor & Indus., 497 Tofani v. Lo Biondo Bros. Motor Express, Superior Cos. v. Kaiser Cement Corp., Inc., 307, 315 665 Tokash v. Gen. Baking Co., 301, 303 Superior Mill Work v. Gabel, 277 Tomarchio v. Greenwich, 466, 468 Surace v. Danna, 509 Tomkins v. Pub. Serv. Elec. & Gas Co., Sventko v. Kroger Co., 568, 569 553 Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Siegler, 722, 724, 725 Tompkins v. Morgan Stanley Dean Swanson v. Latham & Crane, 146 Witter, 50 Sweet v. Kolosky, 139 Toole Furniture Co. v. Ellis, 357 Tameny v. Atl. Richfield Co., 555, 559, 561 Toombs v. Driver Mgmt., 226 Tampa Maid Seafood Prods. v. Porter, 70 Torres v. Indus. Comm’n, 357, 359 Tate v. Superior Court of L.A., 655 Torres v. Seaboard Foods, L.L.C., 614 Taylor v. Dixon, 490, 492 Torres v. Trenton Times Newspaper, 516 Taylor v. Eureka Inv. Corp., 662 Toth v. Standard Oil Co., 281

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Tourville v. United Aircraft Corp., 550 Usgaard v. Silver Crest Golf Club, 322 Tovish v. Gerber Elecs., 165 Va. Used Auto Parts, Inc. v. Robertson, Townsend v. Great Adventure, 194 619 Townsend v. Me. Bureau of Pub. Safety, Vallier v. Oilfield Constr. Co., 704 288, 290 Van Dorpel v. Haven-Busch Co., 406 Townsend. Baker v. Workmen’s Comp. Van Horn v. Indus. Accident Comm’n, Appeals Bd., 291 325 Transp. Ins. Co. v. Maksyn, 292 Van Tassel v. Basic Refractories Corp., Travelers Ins. Co. v. McLellan, 102 423 Traynor v. Buffalo, 143 Van Vechten v. Am. Eagle Fire Ins. Co., Treat v. L.A. Gas & Elec. Corp., 599, 600 244 Tri State Ins. Co. v. Emp’rs Mut. Liab. Ins. Vanostrand v. Felchar Mfg. Corp., 519 Co., 236 Varos v. Union Oil Co., 291 Tri-State Motor Transit Co., 683 Vaseleou v. St. Louis Realty & Sec. Co., Tromba v. Harwood Mfg. Co., 134 301 Trombley v. State, 517 Vega Aircraft v. Ind. Acc. Com., 545 Trosper v. Bag ‘N Save, 585 VerBouwens v. Hamm Wood Prods., 529, Trumbull Cliffs Furnace Co. v. Sha- 530 kovsky, 627 Vernon v. Seven-Eleven Stores, 287 Tsarnas v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Vialpando v. Ben’s Auto. Servs., 441 654 Village v. Gen. Motors Corp., G.M.A.D., Tscheiller v. Nat’l Weaving Co., 177 239 Turner v. Burke Hosiery Mill, 490 Vines v. Lazar Motors, Inc., 250 Turner v. Winn Dixie La., Inc., 705 Visser v. Packer Eng’g Assoc., Inc., 579 Twin Peaks Canning Co. v. Indus. W. Airlines v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Comm’n, 187, 188 Bd., (1984) 78 Tyler v. Gilbert, 507 W. All. Ins. Co. v. Tubbs, 441 U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Collins, 700 W. Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Grolier, Inc., 668 U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. W. Warwick, 700 W. Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Shafton, 644 U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Atlanta, 346 W. Contracting Corp. v. Power Eng’g Co., U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Biggs, 210 657 U.S. Nat’l Bank v. Indus. Com., 470 W.P.R. Co. v. Indus. Acci. Com., 136 U.S. Wall Paper Co. v. Indus. Com. of W.T. Edwards Hosp. v. Rakestraw, 55 Ohio, 708 Wait v. Travelers Indem. Co., 81, 165 Ulmer v. Jon David Coiffures, 453 Wald v. Avalon Partners, Inc., Matter of, Underwood v. Nat’l Motor Castings Div., 51 257 Waldroupe v. Kelley, 428 Underwriters at Lloyds v. Munz, 710 Walsh v. Russeks Fifth Ave., 83 Uninsured Emp’rs Fund v. Booker, 621 Walston v. Burlington Indus., 271, 272 Uninsured Emp’rs Fund v. Gabriel, 361 Walta v. Bayer Constr. Co., 646 Union Iron Works v. Indus. Acci. Com., Ward & Gow v. Krinsky, 34 560 Wareham v. U.S. Rubber Co., 281 United Air Lines, Inc. v. Weiner, 666 Warner v. Leder, 533 United Airlines v. Walter, 242 Warren’s Case, 126 Univ. of Denver v. Johnston, 206 Wash. Hosp. Ctr. v. D.C. Dep’t of Empl. Unruh v. Truck Ins. Exch., 547, 549 Servs., 206 UPS v. Lust, 275 Waste Mgmt. of Carolinas, Inc. v. Peerless Urbancik v. Roseman Estates, Inc., 102 Ins. Co., 531 Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 263 Waters v. Ind. State Univ., 90

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Waters v. William J. Taylor Co., 208 Williams v. City of Gallup, 260 Watkins v. Murrow, 254, 255 Williams v. Corby’s Enter. Laundry, 89 Watson v. Dep’t of Rehab., 553 Williams v. Cypress Creek Drainage, 472 Watson v. Grimm, 146 Williams v. Gerstenfeld, 663 Watson v. Melman, Inc., 276 Williams v. Hydro Print, Inc., 195 Wax v. Des Moines Asphalt Paving Corp., Williams v. Indus. Com., 99, 176 44, 45 Williams v. Schwartz, 599, 601 Webb v. Hamilton, 287 Williams v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 59, Webb v. N.M. Publ’g Co., 288 561, 599, 605 Webb v. Poirier & McLane, 104 Williams v. State ex rel. Wyoming Weber v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 458, 459 Workers’ Safety and Comp. Div., 1 Weidt v. Brannan Motor Co., 506 Williams v. W. Elec. Co., 292 Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 466, 467, 469 Williams v. Williams, 337 Weingarten v. Democrat & Chron., 428 Willis v. Taylor & Fenn Co., 541 Weinstein, State v., 63 Wilson v. Richardson Ford Sales, Inc., Wendlandt v. Indus. Com., 349 289 Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co., 465, Wilson v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., 466, 468, 469 165 Wentworth v. Fletcher Allen Health Care, Winfield v. N.Y.C. & H.R.R. Co., 509 574, 577 Winn v. George A. Hormel & Co., 224 Wert v. Tropicana Pools, Inc., 146 Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Smallwood, Wesley v. Lea, 533 143 West v. Jessop, 63 Wis. Comp. Rating & Inspection Bureau West v. Phillips, 44, 45 v. Mortensen, 708 Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Dep’t of Wis. Elec. Power Co. v. Labor & Indus. Labor & Indus., 497 Review Comm’n, 170 Wet Walls, Inc. v. Ledezma, 338 Wis. Mich. Power Co. v. Gen. Cas. & Sur. Whetro v. Awkerman, 39 Co., 709 White v. Atl. City Press, 74 Wolfe v. Sibley, Lindsay & Curr Co., 282, White’s Superette v. Barnes, 432 284, 287 Whitehead v. Keene Roofing Co., 515, 516 Wood v. County of Alameda, 594 Whitehead v. Safway Steel Prods., Inc., Woods v. N.Y. State Thruway Auth., 340 Matter of, 519 Whiting-Mead Commercial Co. v. Indus. Woodson v. Rowland, 523, 537 Acci. Com., 124 Woody v. Waibel, 304, 353, 354 Whitted v. Palmer-Bee Co., 677 Workmen’s Comp. App. Bd., 124 Whyte v. Indus. Comm’n, 395 Worthington v. Indus. Comm’n, 620 Wien Air Alaska v. Arant, 434 Wright Ass’n Inc. v. Rieder, 634 Wiggins v. Barrett & Assocs., Inc., 328 Wright v. Action Vending Co., 596 Wilcut v. Innovative Warehousing, 112 Wright v. FMC Corp., 546 Wildermuth v. B.P.O. Elks Club, 250 Wyo. Ins. Dep’t v. Avemco Ins. Co., 370 Wilhite v. Hurd, 79 Wythe County Cmty. Hosp. v. Turpin, Wilkes County Vocational Workshop, 156 Inc. v. United Sleep Prods., Inc., 530 Yarborough v. Mont. Mun. Ins. Auth., Wilkinson v. Achber, 522 275 Willette v. Statler Tissue Corp., 711 Yarbrough v. Polar Ice & Fuel Co., 107 Williams v. Ashland Chem. Co., 668 Yonkers Lodge No. 707 of B.P.O.E. v. Williams v. Brunswick Cty. Bd. of Educ., Condon, 720 196 York v. Indus. Com., 318

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Young v. Haines, 598 Zeier v. Zimmer, Inc., 612 Young v. Huntsville, 257 Zimmer v. Casey, 63 Zaremba v. Chrysler Corp., 439

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