Diversification of Myrmecophilous Clavigeritae Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) and Their Radiation in New Caledonia

Diversification of myrmecophilous Clavigeritae beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) and their radiation in New Caledonia

PETER HLAVÁÈ, JOSEPH PARKER, MUNETOSHI MARUYAMA & MARTIN FIK?ÈEK

Supplementary File S12

Results of phylogenetic analyses performed Results of molecular analyses Bayesian inference maximum likelihood

1 1 1 Curculionellus 100 Curculionellus 1 Curculionellus 1 1 Pselaphogenius Pselaphogenius 1 Pselaphogenius 1 0.86 Colilodion 1 76 Colilodion 0.86 Colilodion 1 0.97 Caccoplectus 98 Caccoplectus 1 0.97 Caccoplectus 1 100 1 Rhytus Rhytus 1 Rhytus 1 Tiracerus 1 1 Tiracerus Tiracerus 100 1 Clavimieua_clavata 1 0.69 0.98 1 Clavispirus_tabulatus Clavicaleda_minuta 96 0.69 0.38 Ziweia_longipedes 73 1 1 69 Clavimieua_clavata 0.98 Ziweia_longipedes 0.4 Clavicaleda_minuta 1 1 84 Clavicaleda_minuta Clavimieua_clavata Clavispirus_tabulatus 1 1 Ziweia_longipedes Clavispirus_tabulatus Longacerus_giraffa 1 0.94 1 Longacerus_giraffa Longacerus_giraffa 1 Pseudacerus 0.94 1 98 1 0.86 1 100 74 Pseudacerus Pseudacerus Clavigeropsis 0.86 1 0.53 1 97 Clavigeropsis Clavigeropsis 0.54 genN_Borneo 0.53 1 1 genN_Borneo genN_Borneo 1 Mastiger_sp1 83 0.54 IQtree 1 1 89 Mastiger_sp1 1 Mastiger_sp1 Mastiger_sp2 1 1 Mastiger_sp2 Anaclasiger Mastiger_sp2 1 1 1 1 0.46 Cerylambus Articerodes Anaclasiger Bayes 99 26 Bayes 1 1 0.98 Anaclasiger Articerodes 1 Fustiger_fuchsii 1 1 38 Cerylambus 1 Adranes_coecus 1 Fustiger_knausii allcompat 1 majority 1 81 100 Fustiger_fuchsii Adranes_taylori 0.57 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 1 1 0.64 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 100 Fustiger_knausii 1 Triartiger rule tree 1 1 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 0.81 0.62 Fustiger_sp_Peru 81 Diartiger_fossulatus 0.81 1 1 91 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 1 Adranes_coecus 49 Diartiger_spinipes 1 1 0.35 Adranes_taylori Fustiger_sp_Peru Cerylambus 1 1 0.98 Articerodes 100 Adranes_coecus 1 Fustiger_fuchsii 0.5 1 1 Adranes_taylori 1 Triartiger 64 1 Fustiger_knausii 1 1 0.62 Diartiger_fossulatus 100 Triartiger 0.57 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 1 1 0.41 Diartiger_spinipes 94 Diartiger_fossulatus 0.64 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 1 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer 59 Diartiger_spinipes Fustiger_sp_Peru 1 1 Claviger_sstr 100 Claviger_Clavifer 1 Claviger_Clavifer 1 1 0.87 Miroclaviger Claviger_sstr Claviger_sstr 0.53 1 1 0.99 Trichomatosus 82 Dimerometopus Dimerometopus 1 0.53 1 0.98 Semiclaviger_sikorae 77 Miroclaviger 0.87 Miroclaviger 1 1 0.95 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 97 0.99 93 Trichomatosus 0.99 Trichomatosus 1 1 Radama Semiclaviger_sikorae 0.99 1 91 0.98 Semiclaviger_sikorae 1 Dimerometopus 95 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 0.95 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 0.46 1 73 1 Andasibe_sohodrae 1 Radama Radama 0.81 1 0.82 Nearticerodes Andasibe_sohodrae Andasibe_sohodrae 1 1 1 Theocerus 75 84 Nearticerodes 0.81 0.82 Nearticerodes 1 1 0.96 Apoderiger 1 99 Theocerus 1 Theocerus 0.99 1 genN_Madagascar 1 97 Apoderiger 0.96 Apoderiger Hadrophorus 1 100 genN_Madagascar 0.99 genN_Madagascar 1 Hadrophorus Hadrophorus Morphology-based maximum parsimony (only taxa with DNA included) Strict consensus pf 1940 MPTs (433 steps) Majority rule consensus + + bootstrap support frequency of clades among 1940 MPTs Dasycerus Dasycerus Bryaxis curtisii Faronus parallelus Caccoplectus Pselaphogenius Curculionellus Curculionellus 94 Faronus parallelus 83 Rhytus Lasinus 55 Caccoplectus Pselaphogenius 74 Lasinus Rhytus Bryaxis curtisii Adranes coecus 89 Colilodion Anaclasiger 94 Longacerus giraffa Andasibe sohodrae Apoderiger Apoderiger Anaclasiger Articerodes Andasibe sohodrae Cerylambus Articerodes genN Madagascar Cerylambus genN Borneo genN Madagascar Colilodion 99 genN Borneo Diartiger fossulatus Hadrophorus Fustiger Micrapoderiger minutissimus Hadrophorus Radama Micrapoderiger minutissimus Tiracerus Miroclaviger Triartiger Nearticerodes Trichomatosus 60 89 Pseudacerus Tapas Radama 57 Tiramieua clavata Semiclaviger sikorae Tiraspirus tabulatus Tiracaleda minuta 58 Tiracaleda minuta Ziweia longipedes Ziweia longipedes Tiracerus 77 Pseudacerus Triartiger Semiclaviger sikorae Trichomatosus Diartiger fossulatus 96 Tiramieua clavata 99 Adranes coecus Tiraspirus tabulatus 100 Claviger Clavifer Tapas Claviger sstr Nearticerodes Longacerus giraffa 73 70 Claviger Clavifer Fustiger 57 Miroclaviger Claviger sstr 57 Mastiger 100 Mastiger Dimerometopus 100 Dimerometopus Theocerus Theocerus Baysian analysis of DNA + morphology data

1 Dasycerus 1 Faronus_parallelus 1 1 Bryaxis_curtisii 1 1 Lasinus 1 1 Curculionellus 1 1 Pselaphogenius 1 1 Caccoplectus 1 1 Rhytus 1 Colilodion 1 0.63 Tiracerus 1 1 0.95 Tiracaleda_minuta 1 0.99 Ziweia_longipedes 0.97 1 0.59 Tiramieua_clavata 1 Tiraspirus_tabulatus 1 0.59 Pseudacerus 1 0.72 Longacerus_giraffa 1 1 genN_Borneo 0.78 1 1 Mastiger_sp1 1 Mastiger_sp2 1 Anaclasiger 1 0.85 Cerylambus 1 0.98 1 Fustiger_fuchsii 1 1 1 Fustiger_knausii 1 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 0.57 1 0.62 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 1 Fustiger_sp_Peru 1 1 Adranes_coecus 1 0.81 Adranes_taylori 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer 1 0.680.67 Claviger_sstr 1 Articerodes 1 0.62 Tapas 1 Triartiger 0.66 1 0.79 Diartiger_fossulatus 1 Diartiger_spinipes 1 Miroclaviger 1 1 Trichomatosus 0.6 1 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 0.94 1 0.69 Radama 0.99 1 Semiclaviger_sikorae 1 0.53 Andasibe_sohodrae 1 Dimerometopus 0.93 1 0.91 Nearticerodes 1 1 Theocerus 1 Apoderiger 0.92 1 0.95 genN_Madagascar 1 Hadrophorus

2.0 Position of Protoclaviger (Bayesian) DNA+morphology+fossil morphology (unconstrained) (fixed topology+fossil free) 1 1 1 1 Curculionellus 1 18Faronus parallelus Tiracerus Pselaphogenius 0.95 1 1 1 Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus 1 Caccoplectus 41 0.96 1 1 7 Bryaxis curtisii Rhytus 0.98 Tiramieua_clavata 1 1 Colilodion 21Lasinus 1 42 0.99 Tiracaleda_minuta 26Pselaphogenius 0.59 Tiracerus 1 1 78 0.91 15Curculionellus Ziweia_longipedes 0.94 Tiracaleda_minuta 43 1 1 0.93 Ziweia_longipedes 14Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa 1 1 76 0.85 0.93 0.58 Tiramieua_clavata 29Rhytus 0.98 1 44 77 genN_Borneo Tiraspirus_tabulatus 8 Caccoplectus 1 1 0.9 Mastiger_sp1 Protoclaviger_trichodens 34Tiracerus 1 1 0.93 Pseudacerus 72 38Tiraspirus tabulatus Pseudacerus 1 1 0.75 45 Longacerus_giraffa 73 1 37Tiramieua clavata Tapas 0.91 0.68 1 0.85 genN_Borneo 74 1 33Ziweia longipedes Protoclaviger_trichodens 1 Mastiger_sp1 75 1 1 32Tiracaleda minuta Mastiger_sp2 Articerodes 1 40Longacerus giraffa 0.91 1 Anaclasiger 46 0.66 1 39Tapas 0.93 Anaclasiger 68 1 Cerylambus 71 1 Node PP 0.52 27 0.97 Cerylambus 0.87 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii 69 1 1 41 1 22Mastiger sp1 0.93 Fustiger_knausii Fustiger_fuchsii 1 42 1 70 1 0.75 13genN Borneo 0.54 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 43 1 1 0.99 Adranes_coecus 1 0.61 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 44 0.999 47 6 Articerodes 1 0.99 Diartiger_fossulatus Fustiger_sp_Peru 45 0.999 65 3 Anaclasiger 1 1 66 1 Adranes_coecus 46 0.994 19Fustiger fuchsii Triartiger 1 47 0.680 67 0.58 1 0.8 Adranes_taylori 9 Cerylambus 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer 1 48 0.525 1 Claviger_Clavifer 48 2 Adranes coecus 0.74 1 49 0.428 Claviger_sstr Claviger_sstr 50 1 1 52 0.406 35Triartiger Articerodes 51 0.6 Dimerometopus 0.69 1 53 0.396 16Diartiger fossulatus 1 Tapas 0.56 0.96 1 54 0.379 49 11Claviger sstr Miroclaviger 64 1 0.59 Triartiger 1 60 0.315 10Claviger Clavifer 0.61 0.69 Trichomatosus 0.76 Diartiger_fossulatus 61 0.262 1 1 17Dimerometopus Diartiger_spinipes 30 0.093 52 0.74 Semiclaviger_sikorae 1 36Trichomatosus 1 Miroclaviger 68 0.150 63 0.84 1 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 0.72 Trichomatosus 69 0.102 24Miroclaviger 0.63 1 1 53 60 30Semiclaviger sikorae Radama 0.76 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 71 0.069 1 1 61 0.59 Radama 55 0.059 28Radama Andasibe_sohodrae 0.66 1 72 0.063 62 1 Semiclaviger_sikorae 54 23Micrapoderiger minutissimus 0.95 0.99 Nearticerodes 1 65 0.092 1 0.52 Andasibe_sohodrae 4 Andasibe sohodrae 1 62 0.162 0.96 Theocerus Dimerometopus 31Theocerus 1 0.89 1 28 0.135 55 59 0.91 Nearticerodes 25 0.97 Apoderiger 1 66 0.077 Nearticerodes 1 56 0.97 Theocerus 5 Apoderiger 0.98 genN_Madagascar 1 1 0.91 Apoderiger 57 1 20Hadrophorus Hadrophorus 0.94 genN_Madagascar 58 1 12genN Madagascar Hadrophorus 0 trait value 1 0.2 2.0 length=0.55 Position of Protoclaviger (max parsimony) morphology (fixed topology+fossil free)

Dasycerus 4 8 22 54 67 75 76 77 79 Faronus parallelus 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 7 14 21 27 43 79 80 Bryaxis curtisii 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 4 11 15 28 36 38 52 70 72 73 2 5 35 50 52 81 Lasinus 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 27 72 75 1 0 1 1 2 0 39 79 Curculionellus 0 1 1 31 33 8 34 47 0 2 Pselaphogenius 0 1 1 2 1 3 10 11 21 25 28 29 34 48 56 58 60 61 62 Colilodion 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 8 51 67 69 70 74 23 27 32 36 39 Caccoplectus 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 21 71 1 0 0 1 0 Rhytus 0 1 10 5 80 Protoclaviger trichodens 1 7 8 32 50 51 67 1 0 Tiracerus 0 1 0 0 1 0 12 76 81 22 28 37 42 54 55 57 67 Tiraspirus tabulatus 1 1 1 72 79 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 19 29 32 36 20 41 42 43 64 1 2 Tiramieua clavata 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 22 35 42 53 55 67 70 71 72 74 25 34 50 79 Tiracaleda minuta 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 6 27 59 1 1 0 1 Ziweia longipedes 1 0 1 10 14 20 30 45 48 49 55 70 74 18 21 56 Longacerus giraffa 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 10 11 12 20 30 39 77 2 3 1 67 Pseudacerus 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 8 14 18 21 22 26 34 37 43 50 57 Tapas 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 3 8 12 22 44 45 51 55 64 68 72 75 77 80 39 genN Borneo 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 14 28 43 54 67 0 Mastiger sp1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 28 31 80 Articerodes 52 1 0 1 0 1 1 20 21 29

1 Anaclasiger 25 0 2 1 8 34 49 52 70 81 1 53 55 Cerylambus 1 0 0 2 0 1 3 6 7 37 44 78 0 0 Fustiger fuchsii 1 1 0 1 1 0 34 9 52 74 Adranes coecus 1 80 1 1 0 3 6 21 1 7 41 Diartiger fossulatus 1 1 2 5 19 0 0 Triartiger 0 0 2 21 9 15 72 Claviger Clavifer 0 2 1 1 1 Claviger sstr 7 14 30 44 53 54 Dimerometopus 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 18 22 28 44 54 55 64 53 Miroclaviger 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 24 25 34 52 57 0 34 52 Trichomatosus 0 0 0 1 1 0 10 11 12 29 30 45 50 54 57 0 0 Semiclaviger sikorae 32 77 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 34 52 53 55 68 73 74 0 1 Micrapoderiger minutissimus 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 19 25 2 6 14 18 21 32 39 51 64 65 Radama 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 15 29 31 36 45 77 Andasibe sohodrae 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 73 7 26 Nearticerodes 0 1 2 22 24 29 30 64 0 1 44 48 Theocerus 0 0 0 1 1 0 12 13 27 32 52 53 55 1 1 Apoderiger 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 22 40 42 45 48 64 0 8 genN Madagascar 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 39 49 1 Hadrophorus 0 0 Protoclaviger STEM Dated Bayesian trees

40 Protoclaviger CROWN

30 Root age (Dasycerus vs. Pselaphinae) set to minimum of 135-190 Mya N

20 Analyses with Protoclaviger calibrating stem and crown Clavigeritae. 10 0

-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

1 Time 1 137.34 Dasycerus Dasycerus 1 135.89 137.21 Faronus_parallelus 137.34 Faronus_parallelus 1 128.37 1 135.89 Bryaxis_curtisii 1.45 Bryaxis_curtisii 1 135.89 115.6 1 Lasinus Lasinus 128.24 1 34.13 7.52 30.75 1 Curculionellus 128.37 Curculionellus 32.18 1 34.13 34.13 1 Pselaphogenius 4.73 Pselaphogenius 115.72 F3 1 64.87 59.54 0.94 Colilodion 12.77 5.33 Colilodion 48.72 1 115.6 59.54 40.74 1 18.8 1 Caccoplectus Caccoplectus 40.01 1 40.74 40.74 61.95 Rhytus Rhytus 1 39.1 F2 Tiracerus F3 F2 Tiracerus 0.99 1 20.2 21.47 39.1 28.06 Tiraspirus_tabulatus 46 Tiraspirus_tabulatus 0.99 69.6 17.64 15.6 1 1 21.47 59.1 16.59 0.47 Ziweia_longipedes 5.86 Ziweia_longipedes 12.2 1 15.6 6 0.46 Tiracaleda_minuta 9.61 Tiracaleda_minuta F1 4.791 66 Tiramieua_clavata Tiramieua_clavata 1 26.32 Longacerus_giraffa Longacerus_giraffa 1 15.18 1 0.93 10.3 15.11 6.23 20.40.42 Pseudacerus 26.32 Pseudacerus 40.5 12.351 59.3 15.1815.18 0.65 Tapas 4.92 Tapas F1 = Protoclaviger 16.84 1 F1 21.4 13.32 0.77 genN_Borneo 8.09 genN_Borneo 11.13 1 13.32 1.58 F2 = Caccoplectus DOMINICAN AMBER 1 Mastiger_sp1 11.74 Mastiger_sp1 11.09 1.581.58 F3 = Arhytodiini CAMBAY Mastiger_sp2 Mastiger_sp2 1 27.68 Anaclasiger Anaclasiger 0.99 1 17.86 23.88 30.520.54 41.447.92 21.44 Cerylambus 27.68 Cerylambus 1 3.08 0.95 3.8 14.78 18.85 1 Fustiger_fuchsii 23.88 Fustiger_fuchsii 12.29 F1 = Protoclaviger 3.083.08 1 Fustiger_knausii 6.02 Fustiger_knausii 14.44 1 F2 = Caccoplectus DOMINICAN AMBER 17.87 13.77 0.49 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 4.09 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 11.431 F3 = Arhytodiini CAMBAY 13.7710.48 0.71 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 3.29 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 9.071 10.4810.48 0.87 Fustiger_sp_Peru 5.83 Fustiger_sp_Peru 26.73 35.6 18.09 1 Articerodes Articerodes 13.69 0.53 1 8.95 14.2 18.09 1 Triartiger 9.14 Triartiger 7.121 8.955.22 0.6 Diartiger_fossulatus 3.73 Diartiger_fossulatus 4.141 5.225.22 Diartiger_spinipes Diartiger_spinipes 1 Protoclaviger dating crown 8.16 Protoclaviger dating stem 13.47 1 Adranes_coecus 3.82 Adranes_coecus 0.32 6.22 8.168.16 23.57 1 31.78 0.48 Adranes_taylori 7.85 Adranes_taylori age of Clavigeritae 16.44 1 age of Clavigeritae 21.62 7.15 1 Claviger_Clavifer 14.48 Claviger_Clavifer 5.571 7.157.15 Claviger_sstr Claviger_sstr 1 14.59 0.91 6.52 Miroclaviger calibrate ingroup 0.25 Miroclaviger 2.3 14.59 22.34 11.31 calibrate ingroup 29.48 14.59 0.99 Trichomatosus 5.61 Trichomatosus = uniform (135,190); 16.15 1 = uniform (135,190); 21.12 15.79 0.98 Semiclaviger_sikorae 5.33 Semiclaviger_sikorae 12.211 15.7910.99 calibrate CaccoplectusDOM 0.95 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 4.8 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 0.99 8.631 calibrate CaccoplectusDOM = 2.75 10.9910.99 20.13 Radama 26.73 Radama 1 21.99 = offsetlognormal(20, 40.8, 2); Dimerometopus offsetlognormal(20, 40.8, 2); Dimerometopus 18.6 0.69 1 4.74 16.79 Andasibe_sohodrae 21.99 Andasibe_sohodrae calibrate ProtoclavigerSISTER 1 calibrate ArhytodiiniCambay = 9.69 0.56 3.39 4.83 14.530.8 Nearticerodes 18.6 Nearticerodes = offsetlognormal(52, 60.4, 1.8); 7.761 9.699.69 1 Theocerus offsetlognormal(52, 60.4, 1.8); 4.09 Theocerus 11.311 14.5210.75 0.88 Apoderiger 3.77 Apoderiger calibrate ArhytodiiniCambay 8.391 calibrate ProtoclavigerCROWN 10.757.17 0.94 genN_Madagascar 3.58 genN_Madagascar 5.891 7.177.17 = offsetlognormal(52, 60.4, 1.8); Hadrophorus = offsetlognormal(52, 60.4, 1.8); Hadrophorus

150 125 100 75 50 25 0 125 100 75 50 25 0 Position of morpho-only species (Bayesian) DNA+morphology (without constraints) morphology (fixed DNA topology, allcompat consensus) (Bayesian, allcompat (halfcompat largely unresolved) 1 Tiracerus 0.54 1 Tiracerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus 1 0.65 1 0.42 0.63 Tiramieua_clavata Tiramieua_clavata 1 0.75 1 0.63 Tiraspirus_tabulatus Ziweia_longipedes 1 0.91 0.86 Tiracaleda_minuta 1 1 0.4 Tiracaleda_minuta 0.59 Ziweia_longipedes 1 1 Dzumaca_monteithi Dzumaca_monteithi 1 1 0.57 Pseudacerus Longacerus_giraffa 1 1 0.5 0.72 Longacerus_giraffa 0.81 genN_Borneo 1 1 0.86 genN_Borneo 0.67 Mastiger_sp1 1 1 1 Mastiger_sp1 1 0.87 Pseudacerus Mastiger_sp2 1 1 Tapas 0.3 Kurbatoviella_antennata 1 1 0.38 Eurycheiles_machadoi 0.35 Disarthricerus 0.2 0.3 1 1 Eurycheiles_machadoi 0.41 Disarthricerus 1 1 Miroclaviger Kurbatoviella_antennata 1 1 0.19 0.35 Trichomatosus Elasmatus_lamellicornis 1 1 0.15 Thysdarius 0.15 1 0.56 Squamiger_elegans Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 1 0.28 0.16 1 Zuluclavodes_briantaylori 0.14 0.68 Radama 1 1 0.13 Semiclaviger_sikorae 0.8 Anaclasiger 1 1 0.52 Andasibe_sohodrae 0.14 0.86 Cerylambus 1 1 0.28 Dimerometopus Fustiger_fuchsii 0.69 1 1 0.89 Nearticerodes Fossiger 1 0.39 1 0.85 Theocerus Pararticerus_latus 1 0.61 0.09 0.8 Apoderiger 1 1 0.29 Articerodes 0.83 genN_Madagascar 0.14 1 1 0.65 Novoclaviger_gibbiventris Hadrophorus 1 1 Elasmatus_lamellicornis Antalaha_betschi 1 1 Anaclasiger Rhynchoclaviger_cremastogastris 0.39 1 0.09 1 Cerylambus 1 0.6 Adranes_coecus 0.56 1 0.12 1 Fustiger_fuchsii 1 0.73 Diartiger_fossulatus 0.76 Fustiger_knausii 1 1 0.04 Triartiger 0.45 Fustiger_sp_CostaRica 1 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer 0.55 Fustiger_sp_Brazil 1 1 0.3 Fustiger_sp_Peru Claviger_sstr 1 1 1 Adranes_coecus 0.07 Dimerometopus 1 1 0.9 Adranes_taylori Andasibe_sohodrae 1 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer 0.36 1 0.1 0.94 Nearticerodes Claviger_sstr 1 1 0.39 Theocerus 0.39 Tapas 1 0.23 1 Triartiger 0.42 Apoderiger 0.76 1 1 0.13 0.91 Diartiger_fossulatus 0.46 genN_Madagascar 1 1 0.38 Diartiger_spinipes Hadrophorus 1 1 0.14 Fossiger Thysdarius 1 1 0.74 Squamiger_elegans 0.26 1 0.73 Miroclaviger 0.1 Zuluclavodes_briantaylori 1 1 0.25 Trichomatosus Rhynchoclaviger_cremastogastris 1 0.26 1 Articerodes 0.43 Semiclaviger_sikorae 0.48 1 1 0.29 Pararticerus_latus 0.6 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus 1 1 0.7 Novoclaviger_gibbiventris Radama 1 Antalaha_betschi

0.2 2.0 Position of morpho-only taxa: Antalaha 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

1 Tiracerus Faronus parallelus 1 1 Tiraspirus_tabulatus Dasycerus 1 1 Bryaxis curtisii 1 Tiramieua_clavata 1 Lasinus 1 Tiracaleda_minuta 1 Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes 1 Curculionellus Longacerus_giraffa Colilodion 1 0.93 0.95 genN_Borneo Rhytus 1 0.93 Mastiger_sp1 Caccoplectus 1 Tiracerus 0.99 Pseudacerus 1 Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas 1 1 Tiramieua clavata Antalaha_betschi Ziweia longipedes 1 Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta 0.56 1 Longacerus giraffa 1 Anaclasiger 1 Tapas 0.93 1 Cerylambus 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii 0 trait value 1 1 Mastiger sp1 length=0.58 0.99 Adranes_coecus 1 genN Borneo 1 Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes 1 Triartiger Anaclasiger 0.52 1 1 Claviger_Clavifer Fustiger fuchsii 1 Claviger_sstr Cerylambus 1 Adranes coecus 0.53 Dimerometopus 1 Triartiger 0.96 Miroclaviger Diartiger fossulatus 1 0.53 0.86 Trichomatosus Claviger sstr 1 Claviger Clavifer 0.9 Semiclaviger_sikorae 1 0.91 Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Dimerometopus 0.66 1 Radama Trichomatosus 1 Miroclaviger Andasibe_sohodrae 1 Semiclaviger sikorae 0.82 0.94 Nearticerodes Radama 1 0.92 Theocerus Micrapoderiger minutissimus 1 Andasibe sohodrae 1 Apoderiger 1 1 genN_Madagascar Theocerus 1 Nearticerodes Hadrophorus Apoderiger Hadrophorus 0.2 genN Madagascar Position of morpho-only taxa: Disarticerus 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Fustiger_fuchsii 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus length=0.58 Diartiger_fossulatus genN Borneo Articerodes Triartiger Anaclasiger Claviger_Clavifer Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_sstr Cerylambus Dimerometopus Adranes coecus Triartiger Andasibe_sohodrae Diartiger fossulatus Nearticerodes Claviger sstr Theocerus Claviger Clavifer Apoderiger Dimerometopus Trichomatosus genN_Madagascar Miroclaviger Hadrophorus Semiclaviger sikorae Miroclaviger Radama Trichomatosus Micrapoderiger minutissimus Andasibe sohodrae Semiclaviger_sikorae Theocerus Radama Nearticerodes Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Apoderiger Disarthricerus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar

0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Dzumaca 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Dasycerus Tiramieua_clavata Bryaxis curtisii Tiracaleda_minuta Lasinus Ziweia_longipedes Pselaphogenius Dzumaca_monteithi Curculionellus Longacerus_giraffa Colilodion genN_Borneo Rhytus Mastiger_sp1 Caccoplectus Pseudacerus Tiracerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Articerodes Ziweia longipedes Anaclasiger Tiracaleda minuta Cerylambus Longacerus giraffa Fustiger_fuchsii Tapas Adranes_coecus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Diartiger_fossulatus length=0.57 Mastiger sp1 Triartiger genN Borneo Claviger_Clavifer Articerodes Anaclasiger Claviger_sstr Fustiger fuchsii Dimerometopus Cerylambus Miroclaviger Adranes coecus Trichomatosus Triartiger Semiclaviger_sikorae Diartiger fossulatus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Claviger sstr Radama Claviger Clavifer Andasibe_sohodrae Dimerometopus Nearticerodes Trichomatosus Theocerus Miroclaviger Apoderiger Semiclaviger sikorae Radama genN_Madagascar Micrapoderiger minutissimus Hadrophorus Andasibe sohodrae Theocerus 0.2 Nearticerodes Apoderiger Hadrophorus genN Madagascar Position of morpho-only taxa: Elasmatus 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Faronus parallelus Dasycerus Tiracerus Bryaxis curtisii Lasinus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Pselaphogenius Tiramieua_clavata Curculionellus Tiracaleda_minuta Colilodion Ziweia_longipedes Rhytus Longacerus_giraffa Caccoplectus genN_Borneo Tiracerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Mastiger_sp1 Tiramieua clavata Pseudacerus Ziweia longipedes Tapas Tiracaleda minuta Articerodes Longacerus giraffa Anaclasiger Tapas Cerylambus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Mastiger sp1 Fustiger_fuchsii length=0.56 genN Borneo Elasmatus_lamellicornis Articerodes Adranes_coecus Anaclasiger Diartiger_fossulatus Fustiger fuchsii Triartiger Cerylambus Claviger_Clavifer Adranes coecus Claviger_sstr Triartiger Dimerometopus Diartiger fossulatus Claviger sstr Miroclaviger Claviger Clavifer Trichomatosus Dimerometopus Semiclaviger_sikorae Trichomatosus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Miroclaviger Radama Semiclaviger sikorae Andasibe_sohodrae Radama Micrapoderiger minutissimus Nearticerodes Andasibe sohodrae Theocerus Theocerus Apoderiger Nearticerodes genN_Madagascar Apoderiger Hadrophorus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar 0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Eurycheiles 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Faronus parallelus Tiracerus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Pselaphogenius Tiracaleda_minuta Curculionellus Ziweia_longipedes Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Articerodes Ziweia longipedes Anaclasiger Tiracaleda minuta Longacerus giraffa Cerylambus Tapas Fustiger_fuchsii 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Adranes_coecus length=0.57 Mastiger sp1 Diartiger_fossulatus genN Borneo Triartiger Articerodes Claviger_Clavifer Anaclasiger Claviger_sstr Fustiger fuchsii Dimerometopus Cerylambus Miroclaviger Adranes coecus Triartiger Trichomatosus Diartiger fossulatus Semiclaviger_sikorae Claviger sstr Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Claviger Clavifer Radama Dimerometopus Andasibe_sohodrae Trichomatosus Eurycheiles_machadoi Miroclaviger Nearticerodes Semiclaviger sikorae Theocerus Radama Apoderiger Micrapoderiger minutissimus Andasibe sohodrae genN_Madagascar Theocerus Hadrophorus Nearticerodes Apoderiger 0.2 Hadrophorus genN Madagascar Position of morpho-only taxa: Fossiger 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Dasycerus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Longacerus_giraffa Colilodion genN_Borneo Rhytus Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Articerodes Ziweia longipedes Fossiger Tiracaleda minuta Longacerus giraffa Anaclasiger Tapas Cerylambus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii Mastiger sp1 length=0.56 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes Triartiger Anaclasiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Miroclaviger Diartiger fossulatus Trichomatosus Claviger sstr Claviger Clavifer Semiclaviger_sikorae Dimerometopus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Trichomatosus Radama Miroclaviger Andasibe_sohodrae Semiclaviger sikorae Nearticerodes Radama Micrapoderiger minutissimus Theocerus Andasibe sohodrae Apoderiger Theocerus genN_Madagascar Nearticerodes Hadrophorus Apoderiger Hadrophorus 0.2 genN Madagascar Position of morpho-only taxa: Kurbatoviella 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Kurbatoviella_antennata Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Lasinus Tiramieua_clavata Pselaphogenius Tiracaleda_minuta Curculionellus Ziweia_longipedes Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus Caccoplectus genN_Borneo Tiracerus Mastiger_sp1 Tiraspirus tabulatus Pseudacerus Tiramieua clavata Tapas Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Longacerus giraffa Anaclasiger Tapas Cerylambus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus

Fustiger_fuchsii length=0.55 Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Articerodes Diartiger_fossulatus Anaclasiger Triartiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Diartiger fossulatus Miroclaviger Claviger sstr Trichomatosus Claviger Clavifer Semiclaviger_sikorae Dimerometopus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Trichomatosus Miroclaviger Radama Semiclaviger sikorae Andasibe_sohodrae Radama Nearticerodes Micrapoderiger minutissimus Theocerus Andasibe sohodrae Apoderiger Theocerus Nearticerodes genN_Madagascar Apoderiger Hadrophorus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar 0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Novoclaviger 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Novoclaviger_gibbiventris Longacerus giraffa Anaclasiger Tapas Cerylambus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Mastiger sp1 Fustiger_fuchsii length=0.56 genN Borneo Adranes_coecus Articerodes Diartiger_fossulatus Anaclasiger Triartiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Adranes coecus Claviger_sstr Triartiger Dimerometopus Diartiger fossulatus Miroclaviger Claviger sstr Trichomatosus Claviger Clavifer Dimerometopus Semiclaviger_sikorae Trichomatosus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Miroclaviger Radama Semiclaviger sikorae Andasibe_sohodrae Radama Nearticerodes Micrapoderiger minutissimus Andasibe sohodrae Theocerus Theocerus Apoderiger Nearticerodes genN_Madagascar Apoderiger Hadrophorus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar

0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Pararticerus 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Dasycerus Tiramieua_clavata Bryaxis curtisii Tiracaleda_minuta Lasinus Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Longacerus_giraffa Colilodion genN_Borneo Rhytus Mastiger_sp1 Caccoplectus Pseudacerus Tiracerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Articerodes Ziweia longipedes Pararticerus_latus Tiracaleda minuta Anaclasiger Longacerus giraffa Cerylambus Tapas 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii length=0.55 Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes Triartiger Anaclasiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Miroclaviger Diartiger fossulatus Trichomatosus Claviger sstr Claviger Clavifer Semiclaviger_sikorae Dimerometopus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Trichomatosus Radama Miroclaviger Andasibe_sohodrae Semiclaviger sikorae Nearticerodes Radama Micrapoderiger minutissimus Theocerus Andasibe sohodrae Apoderiger Theocerus genN_Madagascar Nearticerodes Hadrophorus Apoderiger Hadrophorus 0.2 genN Madagascar Position of morpho-only taxa: Rhynchoclaviger 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Faronus parallelus Tiracerus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tiramieua clavata Tapas Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Anaclasiger Longacerus giraffa Cerylambus Tapas 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii length=0.65 Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes Triartiger Anaclasiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Miroclaviger Diartiger fossulatus Trichomatosus Claviger sstr Claviger Clavifer Semiclaviger_sikorae Dimerometopus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Trichomatosus Radama Miroclaviger Andasibe_sohodrae Semiclaviger sikorae Radama Nearticerodes Micrapoderiger minutissimus Theocerus Andasibe sohodrae Apoderiger Theocerus Hadrophorus Nearticerodes Apoderiger genN_Madagascar Hadrophorus Rhynchoclaviger_cremastogastris genN Madagascar

0.3 Position of morpho-only taxa: Squamiger 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Faronus parallelus Tiracerus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Curculionellus Ziweia_longipedes Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Pseudacerus Tiramieua clavata Tapas Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Anaclasiger Longacerus giraffa Tapas Cerylambus 0 trait value 1 Pseudacerus Fustiger_fuchsii Mastiger sp1 length=0.58 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes Anaclasiger Triartiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Diartiger fossulatus Squamiger_elegans Claviger sstr Miroclaviger Claviger Clavifer Trichomatosus Dimerometopus Semiclaviger_sikorae Trichomatosus Miroclaviger Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Semiclaviger sikorae Radama Radama Andasibe_sohodrae Micrapoderiger minutissimus Nearticerodes Andasibe sohodrae Theocerus Theocerus Nearticerodes Apoderiger Apoderiger genN_Madagascar Hadrophorus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar

0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Thysdarius 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tiramieua clavata Tapas Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Anaclasiger Longacerus giraffa Cerylambus Tapas 0 trait value 1 Fustiger_fuchsii Pseudacerus length=0.55 Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Diartiger_fossulatus Articerodes Triartiger Anaclasiger Fustiger fuchsii Claviger_Clavifer Cerylambus Claviger_sstr Adranes coecus Dimerometopus Triartiger Andasibe_sohodrae Diartiger fossulatus Claviger sstr Nearticerodes Claviger Clavifer Theocerus Dimerometopus Apoderiger Trichomatosus genN_Madagascar Miroclaviger Semiclaviger sikorae Hadrophorus Radama Thysdarius Micrapoderiger minutissimus Miroclaviger Andasibe sohodrae Trichomatosus Theocerus Semiclaviger_sikorae Nearticerodes Apoderiger Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Hadrophorus Radama genN Madagascar

0.2 Position of morpho-only taxa: Zuluclavodes 2 on the left: Bayesian, right: maximum parsimony

Tiracerus Faronus parallelus Dasycerus Tiraspirus_tabulatus Bryaxis curtisii Tiramieua_clavata Lasinus Tiracaleda_minuta Pselaphogenius Ziweia_longipedes Curculionellus Colilodion Longacerus_giraffa Rhytus genN_Borneo Caccoplectus Mastiger_sp1 Tiracerus Pseudacerus Tiraspirus tabulatus Tapas Tiramieua clavata Ziweia longipedes Articerodes Tiracaleda minuta Anaclasiger Longacerus giraffa Cerylambus Tapas 0 trait value 1 Fustiger_fuchsii Pseudacerus length=0.59 Mastiger sp1 Adranes_coecus genN Borneo Zuluclavodes_briantaylori Articerodes Diartiger_fossulatus Anaclasiger Triartiger Fustiger fuchsii Cerylambus Claviger_Clavifer Adranes coecus Claviger_sstr Triartiger Dimerometopus Diartiger fossulatus Miroclaviger Claviger sstr Claviger Clavifer Trichomatosus Dimerometopus Semiclaviger_sikorae Trichomatosus Micrapoderiger_minutissimus Miroclaviger Radama Semiclaviger sikorae Radama Andasibe_sohodrae Micrapoderiger minutissimus Nearticerodes Andasibe sohodrae Theocerus Theocerus Apoderiger Nearticerodes Apoderiger genN_Madagascar Hadrophorus Hadrophorus genN Madagascar

0.2