Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 12, Issue, 03 (B), pp. 41266-41269, March, 2021 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW STUDY ON WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND ITS POLLUTION TO ABET THE CHALLENGES OF AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN DISTT

Sarada Prasad Swain1, Pushpanjali Nishank2, Varindra Kumar3, Sidhant Sekhar Mohapatra4, Pranati Mishra5, Sadasib Rout6 and Babita Kumari7

1,6Department of Civil Engineering, Sophitorium Engineering College, Khorda, Odisha-752060 7Department of Biotechnology, Sophitorium Institute of Technology and Life Skills, Khorda, Odisha-752060

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2021.1203.5857

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The river pollution is a serious concern environmental threat in today. Since Decades, Mahanadi, one of India's major rivers in the East-Central belt flows through the states of Odisha and Received 10th December, 2020 nd . Discharge of municipal sewage, industrial sewage and biomedical waste has reduced Received in revised form 2 the river to a polluted mess in several parts of Odisha. The discharge of municipal sewage, industrial January, 2021 effluents and biomedical waste into the Mahanadi seems to raise concerns authority about Accepted 26th February, 2021 th environmental sustainability and also posed a serious threat to the health of people living nearby the Published online 28 March, 2021 banks. The Mahanadi rising a total course of 400 miles (900 km) and has an estimated drainage area of 51,000 square miles (100,100 square km). This article is a review examines the river Mahanadi Key Words: and its tributaries pollution caused by the gradual urbanization and industrialization along with

Mahanadi, Water Quality Parameter, dumping of waste and its parameters for water quality. There is an urgent precaution need to address Industrial Waste, Environmental this challenge which is a direct outcome of inefficient planning and management authority. Parameters.

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INTRODUCTION Mahanadi’s water and its 26 tributaries and found that the water of 10 rivers at 33 locations was not potable. Also, the As we know that Odisha depends largely upon for its water of 16 rivers at 41 places was found not potable or usable. water resources. The south west monsoon recorded triggers After receiving the Seonath River, below Baloda Bazar, it turns rainfall average in the state. The literature survey shown about east and enters Odisha state, its flow augmented by the 78% of total amount of rainfall seems to occur during the drainage of hills to the north and south. At the period from June to September and balance 22% remaining Dam on the river has formed a man-made lake 35 period. In context to seasonal availability, the rainfall in the miles (55 km) long; the dam has several hydroelectric state also shows special variation i.e. from 1200 mm in the generators. Below the dam the Mahanadi turns south along a southern coastal plain to about 1700 mm in the northern tortuous course, piercing the Eastern through a forest- plateau. The state is endowed with an extensive network of clad gorge. Bending east, it enters the Odisha plains near rivers and streams. The major river basins are Subarnarekha, and enters the at by several Brahmani, Bahuda, Indrabati, Budhabalanga & Jambhira, channels. The river supplies several irrigation canals, mainly Mahanadi, Vansadhara, is one of the most-active silt-depositing near Cuttack. and Sambalpur, at one of its mouths, is a streams in the . Its upper course runs north famous pilgrimage site (Eaton 1950, Chakrapani 1990, 1993, as an insignificant stream, draining the eastern Chhattisgarh Das 2003, Das et al. 1997) Sundaray et al. 2005, 2006, Plain. The rising level of pollution and ist water quality in Mohanta et al. 2000, Mishra 2003). Mentioned below are the Mayurbhanj and Mahanadi rivers polluted due to the direct locations where the waters of the Mahanadi and its discharge of sewage from industries and urban local bodies has and tributaries were found to be highly polluted. become a concern for the residents of the millennium city (NWDA 1981, Radhakrishna 2001, Nayak et al. 2002, Nanda 1. The river of Mahanadi basin in et al. 2001). The board recently conducted a sample test of the

*Corresponding author: Sarada Prasad Swain Department of Civil Engineering, Sophitorium Engineering College, Khorda, Odisha-752060 International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 12, Issue, 03 (B), pp. 41266-41269, March, 2021

2. Upper and lower catchments of Mahanadi in Sambalpur Parameters of Water Quality of Mahanadi and its tributaries and Huma Besides Mahanadi and its tributaries, other major rivers like the 3. Lower catchment of Mahanadi in Cuttack, Kataganjpur Brahmani, Baitarani and Rushikulya and tributaries such as and Kama Sasan Sankha and Koel are also polluted. Barring , 4. Serua river at Sanakhyatrasa Kabatabandha and Bhuban, waters in the remaining riverside 5. Upper and lower catchment areas of Kuakhai in areas of Brahmani are highly polluted. Apart from this, the . Gangua Nullah in Bhubaneswar and the waters of other 6. in Bhubaneswar. tributaries like Birupa, Kushabhadra, Bhargabi, Mangala, Status of Mahanadi River Basin Gobari, Kusumi, Kansari, Sabulia, Badasankha, Luna and

Mahanadi River Basin is measure about 141134 sq. km. It Ratnachira are also highly polluted. Also, the waters of Nadira touches about 4 states namely Odisha (65628 sq. km.), river in the lower catchment areas, Kharasrota river at (132 sq. km.), Chhatisgarh (75136 sq. km.), Binjharpur, Badajhora Nullah, Banguru Nullah and Bangaru- Maharastra (238 sq. km.). In Odisha, it passes through Singadajhor nullah of Guradinala river and the Karo river in Sundargarh, Sambalpur, , , Deogarh, were also found to be highly polluted. Strangely, though Keonjhar, and . Major Tributaries of the OWSSB has in its report mentioned the waters of the Mahanadi river in Odisha are Jeera, Tel, Bratang, Manjore, aforesaid rivers and their distributaries and tributaries as Karadijore, Hardharjore & Surubalijore. The Mahanadi proper exceeding pollution limits, it has not put restrictions against the enters the sea via several channels near at falsepoint, use of water having diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali at any river front areas (Richards 1954). . The combined Delta of the Mahanadi’s numerous distributaries and the Brahmani in one of the largest For assessment of water quality of the Mahanadi river (Jain et in India.The irrigation out of these tributaries have a significant al. 2002, ISI 1974, Hem 1989) results of five major parameters impact on crop (Kelly 1940, Konhauser et al. 1997, Doneen namely pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical 1962). It then skirts the boundaries of the district and Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Conductivity, Total forces a tortuous way between ridges and ledges on a series of Coliform(TC), have been taken into consideration. Results of until it reaches Dholpur. The rapids end here and the the different parameters for different stations have been river rolls towards heEastern Ghats, forcing its way through collected from the reports of Odisha State Pollution Control then via 64 kilometers long Satakosia Gorge. The Satakosia Board and Central Pollution Control Board. Only annual Gorge ends at Badamul of . average data has been analyzed.

The Mahanadi was seems to be notorious for its devastating Water Quality Parameters after analysis of mention stations floods for much of recorded history. The river length in the (CPCB 2000, Guler et al. 2002, Friend 1973, Ayers et al 1994, Odisha is 494 km. Its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometers from Doneen 1964) Pharsiya village of Chhatisgarh. The hills are an extension of the and are a source of many other streams Biological Oxygen Demand which then go on to join the Mahanadi. For the first 80 BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic kilometers of its course, the Mahanadi flows in a northerly biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic direction and drains the district and touch the eastern materials. Results of monitoring at different parts of the river of portions of Raipur city. It is a rather narrow river at the stage Mahanadi show that BOD Value is more than 3 at Mayurbhanj (Paliwal 1967, 1972). and Bhadrak during last 10 years. In other points, it is less than

After being joined by the Seonath, the river flows in the 3. In the Hirakud reservoir, the Value is the less than 2.5. It easterly direction through the remaining parts of its journey. It clearly indicates that when the river passes to various places is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo rivers here before entering directly or through rivulets, BOD value is increasing. Such into Odisha after covering about half of its total length. Near higher value may be due to anthropogenic activities. The the city of Sambalpur, Odisha, it is dammed by the largest normal standard is less than 2 for drinking water. As per CPCB earthen dam in the world, the . River is joined by guideline BOD is determined by 5 days at 200 C procedure. the Tel, and other minor streams. The river enters the Odisha Value is more then 2 in 3 locations namely Cuttack, plains of Naraj, Cuttack, where it pours down between two Mayurbhanj & Sambalpuri found during last ten years. hills. The river travels in the east-west pH value direction, just before entering Cuttack, it gives off a large distributaries called the Kathajori. The Kathajori then throws pH means the negative logarithm of Hydrogen ion off many streams like the Kuakhai, Devi, Surua which fall into concentration. It is a measure of activity or alkalinity of water the Bay of Bengal after entering district. The Kathajori soluble substances. The normal standard of drinking water is itself falls into the sea as the Jotdar. Other distributaries of 6.5 to 8.5., while analyzing of pH value of different points of Mahanadi include the Paika, Birupa, Chitraptala river, Genguti the Mahanadi River, it shows that pH value is near 8 during and Lun. The Birupa then goes on to join the at 2010, 2011, 2012 & 2013 at all points and it is less during rest Krushnanagar and enters the Bay of Bengal at Dhamara. years. Maximum value of 8.2 has been observed at Mayurbhanj during the year 2013 and minimum annual average of 7.3 has However, the construction of the Hirakud dam has greatly been observed at Bhadrak in 2005 and Sambalpur in 2010. altered the situation. Today a network of canals, barrages and check dams keep the river well in control. The heavy rainfall seems to create havoc in the linked areas. 41267 | P a g e Sarada Prasad Swain et al., A Comprehensive Review Study on Water Quality Parameters And Its Pollution To Abet The Challenges of Mahanadi And Its Tributaries In Odisha Distt

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2. Chakrapani, G. J., & Subramanian, V. (1990). Preliminary studies on the geo-chemistry of the The term COD is commonly used to indirectly measure the Mahanadi basin, India. Chemical Geology, 81, 241-253. amount of organic compounds in water. The parameter remains 3. Chakrapani, G. J., & Subramanian, V. (1993). Rates of far below the normal standard in all points from the year 2006 erosion and sedimentation in the Mahanadi river basin to 2013. Stations where more value has been observed as India. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 149, 39-48. compared to other stations are Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, 4. CPCB (2000). Basin sub-basin inventory of water Sambalpur and Bhadrak. pollution: The Mahanadi Basin, ADSORBS/23/1999- Conductivity 2000. Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi: India. The Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an 5. Das, J. (2003). Geochemistry of trace elements in the electrical current. The Conductivity in water is affected by the ground water of Cuttack city, India. Water, Air, and Soil presence of inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, Pollution, 147, 129-140. sulphate and phosphate anions. Some Organic compounds like 6. Das, J., Das, S. N., & Sahoo, R. K. (1997). Semidiurnal oil, phenol, alcohol and sugar do not conduct electrical current variation of some physico-chemical parameters in the very well and therefore have a low conductivity. In context to Mahanadi estuary, East Cost of India. Indian Journal of conductivity in streams and river s is affected primarily the Marine Sciences, 26, 323-326. geology of the area through which the water flows. The 7. Deo, N., & Ali, M. (1993). Water quality of a mining discharges to streams can change the conductivity depending area in Keonjhar District for drinking and on their make-up. The conductivity of Mahanadi river at agriculture. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, different location is seems to shown varying results. However, 13(9), 652-658. the higher conductivity has been observed at Paradeep where 8. Doneen, L. D. (1962). The influence of crop and soil on result ranges from 10000 to 27000. The total Coliform bacteria percolating water. In Proceedings of the biennial are commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of conference on ground water recharge (pp. 156-163). food and water. Limit for Total Coliform for drinking water 9. Doneen, L. D. (1964). Notes on water quality in sources after conventional treatment and disinfection is 5000 or agriculture. Davis, CA: Water Science and Engineering, less MPN/100 ml. These organisms are good indicators of the University of California. potential contamination of a water source. While analyzing the 10. Eaton, F. M. (1950). Significance of carbonates in results of different locations, it indicates that the value in much irrigated waters. Soil Science, 69, 127-128. higher than the standard at Sambalpur, Cuttack, Kathajodi, and 11. Friend, J. P. (1973). The global sulfur cycle. In S. I. Paradeep. Rusool (Ed.), Chemistry of the lower atmosphere (p. CONCLUSION 177). New York: Plenum. 12. Guler, C., Thyne, G. D., McCray, J. E., & Turner, A. K. Thus it was concluded from above study that as per the (2002). Evaluation of graphical and multivariate information available with the Odisha State Pollution Control statistical methods for classification of water chemistry Board (OSPCB), all rivers and their distributaries and data. Hydrogeology Journal, 10, 455-475. tributaries in the state are under the Category-C. Though the 13. Hem, J. D. (1989). Study and interpretation of the pH value and volume of diluted oxygen in the water of these chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.). US rivers is not alarming, the concentration of biological oxygen Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper no. 2254,263. demand (BOD) and coliform bacteria (TC) in the water is so 14. ISI (1974). Indian standard tolerance limits for surface high that direct contact with the water triggers serious skin waters subject to pollution, IS: 2296. New Delhi: ISI. diseases. According to OSPCB specifications, the minimum pH 15. bvJain, C. K. & Sharma, M. K. (2002). Regression level of river water should be between 6.5 and 8.5, while the analysis of ground water quality data of , diluted oxygen per litre should be 4 mg and more. Similarly, M. P. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 42(4), the BOD level should remain at 3 or less while the TC level 159-163. should be less than 5,000. But the BOD and the TC level in all 16. Konhauser, K. O., Powell, M. A., Fife, W. S., major rivers in the state has remained high. The Mahanadi Longstaffle, F. J., & Tripathy, S. (1997). Trace element River is a significantly a major source of water for many geochemistry of river sediment, Orissa state, districts of the state Odisha. The higher value of certain India. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 193, 258-269. parameters of water was shown in certain locations is a 17. Kelly, W. P. (1940). Permissible composition and concern. However, it can be controlled by checking the various concentration of irrigated waters. Proceedings of the anthropogenic activities and through awareness as well. The ASCF 66 (p. 607). further study is needs to identify the problems behind 18. Kelly, W. P. (1951). Alkali soils - their formation, alternation of water quality of the Mahanadi river at different properties and reclamation. New York: Reinhold. points. 19. Mishra, P. C., Pradhan, K. C., & Patel, R. K. (2003).

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How to cite this article:

Sarada Prasad Swain et al. 2021, A Comprehensive Review Study on Water Quality Parameters And Its Pollution To Abet The Challenges of Mahanadi And Its Tributaries In Odisha Distt. Int J Recent Sci Res. 12(03), pp. 41266-41269. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2021.1203.5857

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