Feminism Part II Image by Chelsea Brown

Silent No More: Survivors Building on Our Strengths Module 1 Introduction & Feminism Session 3: Feminism Part II Image by Chelsea Brown

A Training Program for Women Survivors of Gendered violence WomenatthecentrE This exciting leaning opportunity is made possible 1224 King Street West, Suite 300 Toronto ON M6K 1G2 through generous funding from Ontario Trillium 416-964-0892 Foundation www.womenatthecentre.com

COURSE CONTENT MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION & FEMINISM SESSION 3: Feminism Part II

Module 1: Introduction & Feminism SESSION FOCUS

In this Session, we will focus on the history of the women’s rights movement, on exploring the lives of some key activists and on relating 3 Session 3: Feminism Part II the past to our experiences as women today.

Political Realities For women  Understanding the SESSION LEARNING OUTCOMES political process - federal, provincial and municipal Once we have worked through this Session, we will have a general government  Women’s Leadership in political understanding of the social context within which feminism developed; a movements Political parties: federal, provincial and deeper understanding of the issues that women confronted and municipal and the opportunities and challenges for successfully challenged both as feminists and through the women’s rights women  Understanding the role of misogyny and movement. WE will also identify where our own personal experiences fits patriarchy in our society  Cultural and societal in the global context of women’s liberation. responses to women - changes over time  Overview of global issues for women  Key contemporary issues “The emotional, sexual and psychological stereotyping of females begins  Changing roles and opportunities for women - how when the doctor says, ‘It’s a girl.” - Shirley Chisholm women have taken on patriarchy  Ongoing challenges of living in a patriarchal world

A. Some Historical Concepts Of Women and The Impact On Women’s

Lives B. Challenging The Norm: Women Push Back C. The Role of Education In The Fight For Equality

D. Riding The Waves of Feminism E. The Politics of Feminism F. The Canadian Context G. The Evolving Face of Feminism Activities

A. SOME HISTORICAL CONCEPTS OF WOMEN AND THE IMPACT ON . In most societies, women had little or no access to formal WOMEN’S LIVES education. They were expected to take care of children and run the home, with no other options. This continues today in cultures where girls and women are often banned by law or tradition from When you think of women‘s lives in the past, what comes to obtaining an education. Malala Yousafzai is a young woman your mind? promoting equal education for girls in Pakistan who was targeted How has the position / role / expectations of women changed by an assassin but miraculously survived. This is a chilling example throughout history? of how many females must continue to struggle for the right to learn. You can learn more about Malala here:

From almost the beginning of time, women in many societies have been FACILITATOR – Please Show Video: relegated to specific sex roles, allowing them much more limited (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2013/feb/04/malala- opportunities than men, and making them the property of first their fathers, yousafzai-interview-taliban-video) and then their husbands. Except for a very few matriarchal societies, men have dominated the economic, social, military, political and religious realms In some societies, women are still considered the property of in most cultures. However, there have always been some women who have their husbands. For example, Hindu tradition used to dictate that challenged the dominance of men, if a husband dies before his wife, she was expected to jump on his funeral pyre and die with him, or she was forced to live in a Consider these examples of discrimination that women have faced (and special compound for widows, separate and away from the rest often still face) due to their diminished social status: of society, in dire poverty. Widow’s lives were considered useless . In ancient China upper class women had their feet bound from the without their husbands. time they were very young to conform to a concept of female beauty. This was literally a bone-crushing process and by the time . Women have traditionally had very little control over their lives. these women were adults, they could not walk because their feet With virtually no access to birth control until the 20th century, were so tiny, misshapen and damaged. women’s lives have been dictated by their responsibility for their children and family life.

. Being deemed property themselves, women were generally not

able to own property of their own in most cultures and countries

until the 20th century.

Module 1 Session 3 Feminism Part II WomenatthecentrE © 2014 1 2 . As a result of their historical lack of access to education, very few women were able to flourish as artists, writers, or playwrights. Nor These are just a few examples of how women have been were women generally allowed the space and time to engage in treated throughout history. Can you think of other examples these kinds of activities. Virginia Wolff speaks about the need for ‘A that illustrate the challenges and limitations that women have

Room of One’s Own’ to be able to think and write. Women’s stories faced over the years? and experiences remained unspoken and hidden for the most part.

Women actually had something to say were worth listening to, but were driven to write under male pseudonyms knowing that they B. CHALLENGING THE NORM: WOMEN PUSH BACK would never get published otherwise. Notwithstanding these strong cultural values and norms, there have Examples of this practice continuing today: Mary Ann Evans wrote always been women who have stood up and challenged the patriarchal under the pseudonym George Eliot; Charlotte Bronte went by order of their society. Historically, any woman who did not marry and have Currer Bell when Jane Eyre was published; Nora Roberts was first children was challenging her prescribed role as wife and mother. Women published under the gender-neutral name J.D. Robb. have fought to go to school, to learn science, and to play a role in public life. In some cases women were able to successfully challenge the . Historically, women have been used as a tool within wars and patriarchy, while in other situations change takes much longer to unfold. uprisings. Rape has been, and continues to be, a weapon of war in For example, in the middle ages in Europe, many of the women who many countries and cultures. For more information about this, see refused to accept their traditional role were considered witches and were for example, Kristof, N. D., & WuDunn, S. (2009) Half the sky: punished or killed. Turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide, New Who were some of the first women to start talking, writing about, and York: Alfred A. Knopf. (http://www.halftheskymovement.org/) advocating for the need for women’s emancipation? Consider the

following early feminists: The Democratic Republic of Congo has been embroiled in what appears to be a never-ending civil war since 1998. Rape and genital  Mary Wollstonecraft, an English advocate for the rights of mutilation are common practices carried out by warring factions in women, published a seminal book in 1792 entitled Vindication of this region. the Rights of Woman (http://www.bartleby.com/144/), also available here: . As property of their husbands, women in many cultures are http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer- expected to obey their husbands or any male family member. This new2?id=WolVind.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/en includes enduring beatings and rape, which are seen as the “right” glish/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all of the male. For example, view the Statement of the Muslim Brotherhood in opposition to the proposed United Nations  Susan Brownell Anthony (born 1820), an American civil rights Declaration To End Violence Against Women: leader who, as a suffragette, fought for women’s right to vote. http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=30731. She also fought against slavery as an abolitionist and for women’s labour unions as a unionist.

 Elizabeth Cady Stanton (born 1815), a leading figure in the women’s rights movement in the United States, helped organize women Consider the following quotes by Emmaline Pankhurst – she suffragettes. She was an abolitionist as well. See her wrote these in the late 19th century during the struggle in reminiscences, Eighty Years and More, at: England to allow women to vote. http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573711?n=1&s=4&printThu mbnails=no. How relevant are these quotes today? How relevant are the sentiments that lay behind these quotes?  Sojourner Truth (born 1843), an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. See The Narrative of Sojourner Truth at: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html.

 Emmeline Pankhurst (born 1858), a British political activist and  We have to free half of the human race, the women, so that leader of the British suffragette movement. Learn more: they can help to free the other half. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pankhurst_emmelin  Trust in God: She will provide. e.shtml  You have to make more noise than anybody else, you have to make yourself more obtrusive than anybody else, you have to  The Famous Five: Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Irene Parlby, fill all the papers more than anybody else, in fact you have to Louise McKinney and Henrietta Muir Edwards. Their advocacy led to be there all the time and see that they do not snow you under, women being declared “persons” under Canadian law in 1929 by if you are really going to get your reform realized. the British Privy Council. Learn more about the Famous Five here:  There is something that Governments care for far more than http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five- human life, and that is the security of property, and so it is ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html through property that we shall strike the enemy. Be militant each in your own way. I incite this meeting to rebellion. Facilitator, please play (1):Heritage Minute: Nellie McClung: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IKGH8ehujk,  How different the reasoning is that men adopt when they are (2): Are Canadian Women Truly "Persons" Yet? discussing the cases of men and those of women. http://www.youtuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbpaK1h484 0be.com/watch?v=dbpaK1h4840 To read the full text of Emmeline Pankhurst’s Freedom or Death speech, delivered in Hartford, Connecticut on November 13, 1913, see here: http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/27/greatspeeches1

Ultimately, when women are considered property of men, their lives are dependent upon the male in nearly all respects and their lives are expendable if the male so chooses. Unfortunately, the concept of women as property has been a common thread through most cultures and societies worldwide and as we have seen, persists today in many places.

C. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE FIGHT FOR EQUALITY II. FIRST WAVE FEMINISM

Prohibited by culture, intimidation and violence, women are often unable to For over 100 years, women all over the world have mobilized to fight for get an education. Access to education is critical for anyone who wants to gender equality. In Europe and North America, these movements have have some form of independence. Education is often the only way to a job been referred to as waves, with different periods having specific areas of that pays enough so that a woman does not have to rely on a man for focus. First Wave feminism started in the late 1800’s by a core group of support and her livelihood. Until the 20th century, education in Europe and activist women in England and the United States. It is considered to have North America was available only to men. lasted until the early 1900’s, ending with the start of World War I and was to a large extent focused on winning the right for women to vote and to Just as important for social change, education opens up new worlds of own property. Other issues raised during the First Wave included the fight thought and possibility, where young women can imagine a society in which for birth control, as well as equal access to education for women. Many they have equal rights and equal opportunities, and then work toward women in this First Wave also spoke out about poverty and the need for making such a world for themselves and their children. It is through social justice for all. education that women can share our stories, and our experiences. Women’s lives and experiences become visible and through this process, we can begin III. SECOND WAVE FEMINISM to learn about our commonalities. Ultimately, through education women learn that “we are not alone” and that we have shared experiences. This is The Second Wave of feminism began at the end of World War II (WWII) why education is key to feminist action. and continued into the 1980’s. Many credit Betty Friedan’s 1963 book, The D. RIDING THE WAVES OF FEMINISM Feminine Mystique (New York: W.W. Norton) as playing a key role in building the modern feminist movement. In her book, Friedan explores the I. FEMINISM DEFINED strict sex-role stereotyping that women in the 1950’s were forced to follow. In many ways, this book was incredibly effective in naming the Historian and activist Cheris Kramarae once famously remarked, “feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings." frustrations and discontent that many women were feeling but unable to speak out about. This discontent may have been fuelled in part by the As a philosophy and social movement, feminism is the belief that women sting women felt when they returned to the home after working during should and must have equal opportunity and equal rights in all aspects of the war. Women had played an important part in the WWII war effort by society. This includes political, economic, social, and educational equality. working in factories, managing their family responsibilities and fending for The term feminism also refers to any organized activity that is carried out to promote and achieve women's rights. (www.merriam- themselves while their husbands and fathers were off fighting. When the webster.com/dictionary/feminism) war ended, however, suddenly women were relegated back to the role of the homebody, as the men came and took back their ‘rightful position’ in

the public sphere. Women were once again pushed into the private world What comes to your mind when you hear the word feminist? What do you associate with this word? What has influenced your of the home and family with limited, if any, options for working outside association with the word feminist? the home. For example, media portrayals of “feminist’ are often introduced with words such as bra-burning feminist or man-hating feminists.

The Second Wave peaked in the 1960’s with the rise of the women’s liberation movement (Doris Anderson, The unfinished revolution: The status . Shelters opened to help women leave abusive relationships. The of women in twelve countries, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1991, p. 200-1). first women’s shelter in the United States was Haven House, founded in 1964 (http://www.womenshelters.org/det/haven- Where were you in the 1960’s? house-inc). The first women’s shelter in Canada was Interval Was this an important time for you? How was it a time of House in Toronto, founded during the 1970’s. . change and transformation? (http://ckc.tcf.ca/org/interval-house)

. In 1970, a Royal Commission on the Status of Women made 167 recommendations relating to women’s issues, including equal pay The 1960’s and 70’s were a time of great change for women in Canada: for women and the right for a woman to grant citizenship to her . The birth control pill became available. children. When the Report on the Royal Commission was being given to parliament many Members of Parliament laughed at the . The Voice of Women (VOW) organized to promote peace and soon idea of women’s rights. More details at: http://www.swc- turned into a feminist organization. To learn more about the VOW’s cfc.gc.ca/rc-cr/roycom/index-eng.html continuing role on behalf of peace and women worldwide, access

their website here: http://vowpeace.org/. . Although the Commission raised issues such as equal pay, . Women began to form consciousness-raising groups. Small groups abortion rights, and violence against women, not one of the 167 of women got together in homes and community spaces without recommendations were related to violence against women. men and, often for the first time, talked about their feelings about being a woman, the struggles for equality that they faced, and the . In 1974, Marc Lalonde, a Cabinet Minister was assigned the roles that they were forced to play in society. portfolio of the Status of Women (Doris Anderson, p. 202). For more information about the Status of Women and its mandate . Out of women’s-only gatherings such as consciousness-raising see: http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/abu-ans/index-eng.html. groups, and as women began to talk to each other about their lives with men, the issue of violence in intimate relationships began to How do you think women’s lives and realities have changed be talked about more openly. over the past 50 years? . Women’s popular magazines like Chatelaine (http://www.youtube.com/user/chatelaine) begin publishing articles that challenged traditional roles of women and offered a feminist viewpoint.

Second Wave feminism focused on equality at work, reproductive choice The need to be flexible and open, to understand, to be respectful of, and and equal rights for women. Generally it was a movement led by white, embrace differences, continues to challenge us within women’s middle class, educated, heterosexual women and focused on their movements as well as in the broader society. One of the most difficult viewpoints and needs. aspects of our work as feminists has been finding ways to acknowledge the privilege that some women have over others. As an example, a white, A proponent of women’s right to middle class, able-bodied, heterosexual woman may have very different choose whether to have an abortion experiences when compared to a lesbian woman of colour. Or a poor or not was Dr. Henry Morgentaler. woman with a disability. While acknowledging these differences of He was instrumental in securing a experience, women still need to cultivate respectful and supportive ways woman’s right to a safe abortion in to work together on our commonalities if we are to see positive and Canada. This case (Morgentaler v. meaningful change for all women. The Queen, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616) took over a decade to decide and went all V. FOURTH WAVE FEMINISM the way to the Supreme Court of Canada. In her book, Morgentaler: The doctor who couldn’t turn away (Halifax: Formac Publishing, 1983), Eleanor Right now, we are in the fourth wave of feminism. But for many, this wave Wright Pelrine tells us about Henry Morgentaler’s life in World War II has yet to be clearly defined. Some say it is a movement of younger, Poland, his family practice in Montreal, and his decision to support a technologically savvy women who are using social media to speak out and woman’s right to abortion on demand. organize against sexual violence, sexual harassment, racist and sexist stereotyping, body-shaming, and workplace discrimination You can find a short overview of Henry Morgentaler’s life here: (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave- http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/henry-morgentaler. feminism-rebel-women).

IV. THIRD WAVE FEMINISM Others say it is a new kind of political activism, based in feminine spirituality, where women are reclaiming the Goddess religion and their The Third Wave of feminism concerned itself with a wide range of issues feminine spiritual past as a means to remember and reclaim their spiritual, including racial justice; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and transsexual political and economic power and authority. While others, such as Gloria rights; and oppression based on class . Third Wave feminists were conscious Steinem, believe that the movement is based on reclaiming our feminine of the need for equity for all women of all backgrounds, races, ethnicities, sexuality as sacred, as it was during the long reign of the Goddess. religions, socio-economic classes, orientations, and self-identities. It was still As we continue to work together on common issues like violence against concerned with issues such as the lack of national child care policies, the women, it is important that we acknowledge our unique life experience. lack of accessible quality day care, the need for equal pay for work of equal The strength that we gain from our diversity will help us achieve personal value, the pervasiveness of the glass ceiling (the limits that many women safety for every woman around the world. face when trying to move up the corporate ladder), and the continued violence and abuse that women face from strangers, people they know, and For more information about the Waves of feminism and the feminist intimate partners. movement: http://www.uk.sagepub.com/upm- data/6236_Chapter_1_Krolokke_2nd_Rev_Final_Pdf.pdf. In many ways feminism has moved into a time of greater complexity as women struggle to identify our commonalities while respecting our Do you think things are more complicated for modern feminists? In what ways? differences. Module 1 Session 3 Feminism Part II WomenatthecentrE © 2014 11 12

E. THE POLITICS OF FEMINISM Have you experienced a personal issue or problem that you Political power is one important way to fight for equal rights for women in thought was yours alone, only to find that many other our society. In March 1969 American feminist Carol Hanisch declared, “The women were experiencing the same issue? personal is political” and it became the new feminist mantra. As discussed previously, “the personal is political” refers to the idea that feminism comes Is this an issue that you feel can be resolved if there are out of the lived experience of women. It is not a theoretical concept based changes in the way we as a society live, provide services, on academic research, but is something that has grown out of women allocate funds, etc.? sharing, reflecting, and thinking about their personal experience in the Such an issue is a great example of where the personal is world. political. As women share their common experiences, a wider vision of the limitations that have been placed on women in general becomes increasingly apparent. “Political” in this case refers to far more than electoral politics—what F. THE CANADIAN CONTEXT happens when we vote for politicians. The personal is political refers to our political life as being how we live in the world, what rights we have, and It has been a struggle for women just to get a voice - literally - in what limitations and constraints are placed upon us. This concept recognizes Parliament. Grace MacInnis was the first and only woman in Parliament that issues that were traditionally considered personal are also political when she was elected in from the riding of Vancouver-Kingsway in 1965 issues - for example, how we feel about equal pay or access to education is a (http://rbscarchives.library.ubc.ca/uploads/r/university-of-british-columbia- social issue that affects each of us personally, but is rooted in how our society sees women. library-rare-books-and-special-collections/6/7/67089/Macinnis_Grace.pdf). When Ms. MacInnis tried to speak about women’s issues, the entire House Reproductive choice, workplace rights and body image issues are all emptied. In 1981, Margaret Mitchell caused laughter among male MPs examples of issues that can initially be considered personal, however, as we when she tried to speak about a report on wife abuse. Women across think about these, we realize that they are rooted in social and cultural values and norms and that positive change must come from working within Canada lobbied to ensure that the Canadian Charter of Rights and the larger society. Freedoms (enacted in 1982) would include a clause dealing with equality between women and men. This clause - Section 15 - was finally included, Contrary to what we are often told, many of the personal challenges women although its effective date was pushed back for three years to enable experience in their lives are not of their choosing or making, but are the result of systematic gender-based oppression and inequalities. Historically, federal and provincial governments’ time to change discriminatory laws. women have been told that they are to blame for their unhappy lives On a more positive note, in 1983 the New Democratic Party (NDP) led the because they are hysterical, stupid, weak, mad, on their period, pregnant, way toward recognition of women when it ruled that at least four of the frigid, and so on. Shift the focus from individuals to women as a group and the feminist movement becomes a matter of urgency and importance, as it eight party vice-presidents had to be women. The NDP made feminist affects all women, everywhere. history once again in 1989 when Audrey McLaughlin became the first woman to head a major Canadian political party. And in 1991 the NDP For a more detailed discussion of these issues, see: became the first party to intervene in local nominations to achieve a target http://mindthegapuk.wordpress.com/2008/01/27/the-personal-is-political/. of 50% women candidates (Doris Anderson, p. 209).

Module 1 Session 3 Feminism Part II WomenatthecentrE © 2014 13 14 Attaining equal political power has been a struggle for all Canadian women, Although we have made much progress, the feminist revolution remains but within this struggle, some women have faced even more serious unfinished. Women have been undertaking the brunt of the work for challenges in gaining equality and human rights. For example, the 1876 gender equality for a very long time. Fortunately, many more women, and Indian Act deprived Aboriginal women, who married non-Aboriginal men, of more men are joining us in this struggle. Our children are learning to their status as treaty Indians and forced them to leave the reserve speak up for and demand equality for women as well. Increasingly, (http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/reports/ViolationsofIndigenousHu women’s rights are being recognized as basic human rights, with broad manRights.pdf). It wasn’t until June 1985 that these non-status women support from many sectors. were given back the right to keep their “Indian” status and to pass this status on to their children. Today, Aboriginal women living on reserves in Canada still face problems of poverty, alcoholism, suicide, wife and child abuse, as well as poor housing and unsanitary living conditions, often to a far greater degree than non-Aboriginal women (Doris Anderson, p. 217). Similarly, immigrant women and minorities face special challenges in their struggle for equal treatment. The National Organization of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women was formed to tackle the unique issues of these groups of women (Doris Anderson, p. 221). (http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cws/article/viewFile/12028/11111)

G. THE EVOLVING FACE OF FEMINISM

Feminism has been criticized as a movement of and for white women. http://www.expertcomics.com/enr/2013/05/we-are-all-wonder-women/ Today, however, the movement is more inclusive and welcoming to Native women, women of colour, young women, immigrant women, women from all religious backgrounds, gay and transgendered women, and men. Let’s see what a modern feminist looks like: Facilitator, please play this That is the wonderful thing about feminism; it truly is about human rights video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YA13GNT8Mc for all.

 Did you see yourself in the video?  Were you surprised to see men in the video?  How did that make you feel?  How does the historical treatment of women as property and other forms of systemic inequality relate to violence against women?  How does women’s inequality allow a culture of violence against women to continue? For contributions by Jewish women feminists, see for example: This is another great example of how the personal is political. http://jwa.org/feminism/

ACTIVITIES Activity 2: VIDEO Facilitator, please play this video: Watch the inspiring video of Spoken Activity 1: GROUP DISCUSSION Word Poet Sarah Kay, as she recites If I Had A Daughter for a TEDtalk.

Below is a list of well-known women and men. Please choose one individual https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0snNB1yS3IE from the list below and discuss to what extent you feel they were/are a feminist. If you have another person you would like to write about feel free Activity 3: ARTICLE to do that. Consider including some of the following: International Day of the Girl Child doesn’t offer much to celebrate (http://www.thespec.com/opinion/columns/article/819123--international- day-of-the-girl-child-doesn-t-offer-much-to-celebrate)  Where is this person from and how did that influence their choices

in life? Senior politicians Stephen Harper (Conservative), Tom Mulcair (NDP), Bob  What type of family did they come from? Was their family Rae (Liberal) and Elizabeth May (Green Party) all signed a petition to political/wealthy/middle class/poor? nominate Malala Yousafzai for the Nobel Peace Prize. In October 2014  What personal sacrifices did this person make in the name of Malala won the award jointly with Indian child rights activist Kailash equality? Satyarthi.  How did this person become an activist in the community, working

to make changes? Activity 4: JOURNAL ENTRY and SELF REFLECTION  What made this person a feminist? Was there a feminist in your past? Or an anti-feminist? Take a moment to  How has this person influenced the women’s movement/violence reflect on this person, their beliefs, actions, conscious choice of words, and against women/government/others? how this impacted you at the time.  Was there one piece of work or accomplishment that stands out? GROUP DISCUSSION ENGAGEMENT Canada  Think about the words feminism and feminist - when did you first hear Doris Anderson, Michele Landsberg, Jack Layton, Henry them? What did the words mean to you at the time? Morgentaler, Emily Carr, The Women of Beaver Hall (choose one),  Was it being used in a positive or negative way? Lawrence Hill, Agnes Campbell-McPhail, Nelly McClung, Deepa  What were your thoughts about feminists as you were growing up? Mehta, Rosemary Brown, Maude Barlow.  When you think about the feminist movement, what applies to your

own life? What can you relate to? Are there things that you feel you United States cannot relate to? Maya Angelou, Rachel Carson, Judy Chicago, Hillary Clinton, Babe  Do you feel it is important to talk about feminism with other women, Didrikson-Zaharias, Joy Harjo, bell hooks, Georgia O’Keefe, Gloria with younger women etc.? Steinem, Angela Davis, Buffy St. Marie, Nicholas Kristof.  What are some ways that we can come together as women to work

together to make changes? International

Oriana Fallaci (Italy), Vandana Shiva (India), Malala Ataullahjan Song of the Week: Facilitator, please play this video: (Pakistan), Annie Lennox (Scotland), Jane Goodall (England/Africa/ Listen to Natasha Bedingfield’s inspirational words in our Song of the Global), Frieda Kahlo (Mexico), Wangari Maathai (Kenya), Theo van Week: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFFBSSntZgs Gogh (Holland), Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Somalia).

Notes:

Appendices

http://rbscarchives.library.ubc.ca/uploads/r/university-of-british-columbia-library-rare-books-and-special-collections/6/7/67089/Macinnis_Grace.pdf Excerpt:

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html.

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pankhurst_emmeline.shtml http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five-ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html

http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five-ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html Notes:

http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five-ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html Notes: http://epe.lac -bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five-ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html

http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/famous_five-ef/www.lac-bac.gc.ca/famous5/index-e.html http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/27/greatspeeches1

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/27/greatspeeches1

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/a pr/27/greatspeeches1

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/27/greatspeeches1

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr /27/greatspeeches1

Notes:

http://mindthegapuk.wordpress.com/2008/01/27/the-personal-is-political/

http://www.nwac.ca/files/reports/ViolationsofIndigenousHumanRights.pdf

:Excerpt

http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573711?n=1&s=4&printThumbnails=no.

http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cws/article/viewFile/12028/11111

http://jwa.org/feminism/

http://www.thespec.com/opinion/columns/article/819123--international-day-of-the-girl-child-doesn-t-offer-much-to-celebrate