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Redalyc.Biological Evaluation of Protein Quality of Raw And Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México Vadivel, V.; Pugalenthi, M.; Megha, S. Biological evaluation of protein quality of raw and processed seeds of gila bean (Entada scandens Benth.) Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 8, núm. 2, agosto, 2008, pp. 125-133 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93980202 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 8 (2008): 125 - 133 BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY OF RAW AND PROCESSED SEEDS OF GILA BEAN (Entada scandens BENTH.) Tropical and [EVALUACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE LA CALIDAD DE LA PROTEÍNA DE SEMILLAS CRUDAS Y PROCESADAS DEL FRIJÓL GILA (Entada scandens BENTH.)] Subtropical V. Vadivela, M. Pugalenthib* and S. Meghaa Agroecosystems aDepartment of Biotechnology, Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore - 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India. bDepartment of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author SUMMARY RESUMEN The effect of various processing methods on the Se estudió el efecto de varios meétodos de proximate composition, antinutritional compounds and procesamiento sobre la composición química, factores protein quality of gila bean seeds (Entada scandens antinutricionales y calidad de la proteína del frijol gila Benth.), collected from South India was investigated. (Entada scandens Benth.) colectada en la región Sur The mature seeds were found to contain higher level of de la India. Las semillas maduras tienen mayores protein (26.8%); lipid (9.5%); fiber (15.7%); ash contenidos de proteína (26.8%); lípidos (9.5%); fibra (5.4%) and carbohydrates (42.5%). Even though, (15.7%); cenizas (5.4%) y carbohidratos (42.5%). Aún various antinutritional substances were present in the cuando varios factores antinutricionales fueron raw gila bean seeds, the autoclaving treatment encontrados en la semilla cruda, el proceso por effectively reduced their maximum levels without autoclave redujo sus niveles sin afectar el perfil affecting the nutritional profiles. The rats fed with nutricional. Ratas alimentadas por 28 días con dietas autoclaved seeds included in the diet for 28 days que contenían semillas sometidas a proceso de exhibited better growth performance such as feed autoclave exhibieron mejores indicadores de intake (239 g) and body weight gain (67.4 g). crecimiento tales como consumo de alimento (239 g) y Moreover, the protein quality parameters such as ganancia de peso (67.4 g). Más aún los parámetros de protein efficiency ratio, true digestibility, biological calidad de la proteína tales como digestibilidad value, net protein utilization and utilizable proteins of verdadera, valor biológico, eficiencia de conversión de gila bean seeds were also significantly improved by la proteína, utilización neta de proteína y proteína autoclaving treatment when compared to other utilizable fue mejor en semillas tratadas por autoclave processing methods such as soaking, cooking and en comparación con otros métodos como remojado, roasting. cocinado o rostizado. Key words: Antinutritional compounds, biological Palabras clave: Compuestos antinutricionales, valor value, Entada scandens, gila beans, processing biológico, Entada scandens, frijol gila, métodos de methods, protein quality. procesamiento, calidad de la proteína. INTRODUCTION seeds as alternative/additional protein sources (Janardhanan et al., 2003). Most of the developing tropical countries have depended upon soybean and other common legume In this context, the seeds of Entada scandens Benth. (= grains as a protein source for both human beings and Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merill) (gila bean), receives animals. But, their production is not sufficient to meet more attention as a protein source. It is widespread the protein requirements of increasing population and through out the tropics and in India, it is distributed in expanding livestock industries (Vijayakumari et al., Sub-Himalayan tracts, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal, 2007). The heavy demand for these common legumes Western and Eastern Ghats of South India and has given rise to a disproportionate increase in their Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Janardhanan et al., prices, and consequently, the cost of the food and 2003). The seeds are hollowed out and filled with feedstuffs. Hence, recent research efforts have been snuff and often called as ‘snuffbox sea beans’ directed to identify and evaluate under-utilized legume (Siddhuraju et al., 2001). The gila bean seeds were 125 Vadivel et al., 2008 reported to contain high level of protein (17.4-27.7%) mature seeds were dried in the sun light for 24 h and with major proportion of albumin proteins, has a stored in plastic containers until further use. balanced amino acid composition, more nitrogen solubility, high content of lipid (3.1-10.8%) with Processing methods predominant unsaturated fatty acids and high content of digestible starch (Janardhanan and Nalini, 1991; The whole seeds of gila beans were randomly divided Mohan and Janardhanan, 1993; Vijayakumari et al., in to five separate batches each of 100 g weight and 1993; Banerjee and Dixit, 1998; Siddhuraju et al., the first batch of seeds were soaked in distilled water 2001). for 6 h at room temperature (28 ± 2oC) in the bean to water ratio of 1:10 (w/v). The second batch of seeds In India, the boiled seeds of gila bean are being were cooked at 90-95oC for 1 h in the bean to water consumed by Karib tribes of Assam and Oceanic ratio of 1:10 (w/v). The third batch of seeds were taken group of tribes such as Onges and Great Andamanese. in the bean to water ratio of 1:10 (w/v) in a metal The soaked seed kernels are roasted/boiled and eaten container and autoclaved at 15 lb pressure (121oC) for by Northeast tribal sects such as Garo, Khasi, Naga 30 min. The fourth batch seeds were roasted for 30 and Kanikkars of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Mohan and min at 100-110oC in an iron pot along with clean fine Janardhanan, 1993; Siddhuraju et al., 2001; sand to prevent the burning of the seed coat and to Janardhanan et al., 2003). The half-ripened seeds are ensure the uniform distribution of heat. After each used as a coffee substitute in South America treatment, the treated seeds were rinsed with distilled (Janardhanan and Nalini, 1991; Siddhuraju et al., water separately and then dried at 55oC for 6 h in a hot 2001). A paste prepared from the gila bean seeds is air oven (Make: Kemi Equipements, Model: KOA-3). known to cure inflammatory glandular swellings The fifth batch of raw seeds were stored as such with (Janardhanan and Nalini, 1991). In India, the ground out any treatment. seeds are taken internally for a variety of remedies including contraception, snakebites and aphrodisiac. Analytical methods Occasionally, Indian village people use the seed powder of gila bean as natural shampoo to wash their All the processed as well as raw seeds were powdered hairs (Siddhuraju et al., 2001). in a Willey Mill to 60-mesh size and the powdered samples were used for further analysis. The proximate The exploitation and development of such potential composition such as moisture, crude protein, crude non-conventional legume seeds as protein source for lipid, crude fiber and ash content of raw as well as human beings/animals may offer a good scope to meet processed seed samples were determined by following the increasing protein requirements at large, AOAC (1990) method. Nitrogen free extractives particularly in the developing countries. However, (NFE) and calorific value were calculated by before recommending such indigenous foodstuffs, following the method of Siddhuraju et al. (1992). their nutritional properties and biological value should be thoroughly investigated. Although reports are The antinutritional compounds such as total free available on the biochemical composition and phenolics and tannin content of raw and processed nutritional value of gila bean seeds (Janardhanan and seed samples were extracted and estimated by Nalini, 1991; Mohan and Janardhanan, 1993; following the method of Sadasivam and Manickam Siddhuraju et al., 2001), information regarding the (1992) and Burns (1971), respectively. The L-Dopa biological value of seed proteins appears to be meager. (L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine), a non-protein toxic Hence, in the present study, an attempt has been made amino acid, was quantified according to the method of to evaluate the biological value and protein quality of Brain (1976), whereas, the phytic acid content was raw and differentially processed gila bean seeds determined by following the method of Wheeler and collected from South India. Ferrel (1971) and the oligosaccharides content was estimated by following Pugalenthi et al. (2006) MATERIALS AND METHODS method. The haemagglutinating activity was analyzed according to the method of Makkar et al. (1997) and Seed sample trypsin inhibitor activity was determined by casein digestion method (Mulimani and Vadiraj, 1993) while Entada scandens Benth. seeds were collected from α-amylase inhibitor activity was measured according Anaimalai Hills, Pollachi, Coimbatore District, Tamil to the Mulimani and Rudrappa (1994) method. Nadu, South India on 15.11.2006.
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