Tea Polyphenols As Natural Products for Potential Future Management of HIV Infection
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JOURNALJOURNAL OF OF NATURAL NATURAL REMEDIES REMEDIES DOI: 10.18311/jnr/2016/4782 AntiepilepticTea Polyphenols and Antipsychotic as Natural Effects Products of for IpomoeaPotential reniformis Future (Convolvulaceae) Management in of HIV InfectionExperimental – An Animals Overview Chitra KK.1, Babitha S.1, Sharanbasappa Durg1,2*, Thippeswamy BS.1, Veerapur VP.1, Badami S.1 1 2 3 1DepartmentHamid of Pharmacology, Reza Sodagari Sree Siddaganga, Roodabeh College Bahramsoltani of Pharmacy, Tumkur-572102,, Mohammad Karnataka, Hosein India Farzaei , 4 5 6* Amir Hossein2Rajiv Gandhi Abdolghaffari University of Health, Nima Sciences, Rezaei Bangalore-560041, and Andrew Karnataka, W. Taylor-Robinson India 1Young Researchers & Elite Club, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Abstract 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Ipomoea reniformis Chaos is claimed in MedicalIndian traditional Biology Researchmedical practice Center, to Kermanshahbe useful in the Universitytreatment of of epilepsy Medical and Sciences, neurological disorders. In the present study, pretreatment effect of methanolic extract of Ipomoea reniformis onKermanshah, epilepsy Iran and psychosis was evaluated in rodents4Pharmacology using standard & Applied procedures. Medicine Besides Departmentevaluating epileptic of Medicinal and behavioral Plants parameters, Research Center, neurotransmitters such as Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) in epilepsy andInstitute in psychosis of Medicinal dopamine, Plants,noradrenaline ACECR, and Karaj, Iran serotonin contents in the rodent brain were estimated.5 The extract pretreatment reduced maximal electro shock; Isoniazid (INH) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures andResearch also significantly Center for inhibited Immunodeficiency, the attenuation ofChildren’s brain GABA Medical levels Center, by INH and PTZ in mice. These results suggested that the observed beneficialTehran effect University in epilepsy of Medical may be by Sciences, enhancing Tehran,the Iran GABAergic system. The test drug also inhibited the6 Schoolapomorphine of Medical induced & climbing Applied and Sciences, stereotyped Central behavior Queensland and showed University, significantly reduced levels of brain dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin which may be due to blockingRockhampton, of central Australia dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways or by enhancing the GABAergic system. The results obtained in present study suggest that the title plant possesses antiepileptic and antipsychotic activities in rodents. Keywords: Anticonvulsant, dopamine, GABA, Merremia emarginata, sinapic acid Abstract 1. Introduction diseases [3]. The powder of leaves is used as a snuff Belonging to the Lentivirus genus of animal retroviruses,during human epileptic immunodeficiency seizures. Juice virus acts (HIV) as purgative is the etiological and the agent of Ipomoeaacquired reniformis immunodeficiency (IR) also syndromecalled as (AIDS) merremia which attacksroot is havingcells of diuretic,the immune laxative system actions including and appliedCD4+ T lymphocytes, in emarginatamonocytes, (Burm. macrophages f.) is a procumbent and dendritic herb cells. belonging A rapid theprogression disease of to the immunodeficiency eyes and gums [4]. and the higher transmissibility to ofthe HIV-1 family compared convolvulaceae. to HIV-2 In are India, hallmarks it is commonlyof the worldwide The spread plant of containsAIDS. Conventional various neuroprotective HIV treatments chemical are limited by knowndrug toxicityas Undirkana and by andmulti-drug Mushakparni. resistance, The causedplant isby theconstituents high genetic such variability as caffeic, of HIV. p-coumaric, This has led ferulicresearchers and into new widelyareas distributed of drug discovery in India, in search Sri Lanka, of novel Philippines, therapeutic sinapicmolecules. acid Accumulating esters. Petroleum evidence ether indicates extract thatcontains tea polyphenols Malaysia,possess Tropicala range ofAfrica beneficial and mainly properties grows including in rainy anti-cancer,fats and fixed anti-inflammatory, oil while aqueous anti-oxidative,extract contains neuro-protective,amino anti- andbacterial, winter season.anti-fungal In India,and anti-viral it is found effects. in Southern The anti-HIV acids, infectiontannins (condensed potential ofand tea pseudo polyphenols tannins) has andbeen confirmed by partseveral mainly preclinical counting studies. Chennai, This andsuggests some that places polyphenol-rich of starch [5].extracts IR hasof tea been could reported be used to as possess dietary varioussupplements as Andhrapart of Pradesh a combined [1]. Traditionally,therapeutic regimenIR has beenwith conventionalused pharmacological anti-HIV drugs.actions, Phenolic mainly structures antidiabetic may [6], also anti- be considered to astreat backbones diverse clinicalfor the discoveryconditions of ranging a new generation from pain; of inflammatoryanti-HIV remedies. [7], nephroprotective This review provides [8], antibacterial a perspective [9], on the anti- feverHIV to activity neurological of tea disorders polyphenols [2]. IRand has their been development claimed antioxidantas a possible and source antimicrobial of future activitydrugs for [10]. the Further, therapy theof HIV/AIDS. to be useful for inflammation, headache, fever, cough, principle constituents of IR such as sinapic and ferulic neuralgia, rheumatism and also in liver and kidney Keywords: AIDS, Catechin, HIV, Polyphenol, Phytomedicine,acids have Tea, exhibitedTheaflavin behavioural and pharmacological *Author for correspondence Email: [email protected] *Author for correspondence Email: [email protected] Hamid Reza Sodagari. et al. 61 1. Introduction viral DNA is concealed within the DNA of the host cell by another HIV enzyme named integrase. In this way, 1.1 HIV Aetiology and Pathophysiology transcription of the host cell’s DNA during cell division 9-11 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a member causes spread of the virus within the host’s body . of the Lentivirus genus, part of the Retroviridae family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA 1.2 HIV Epidemiology viruses that are characterized by replication in a host It is estimated that worldwide over 35 million people live cell through the process of reverse transcription. HIV with HIV12, of whom 69% are resident in sub-Saharan is the etiological agent of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Africa where 1 in every 20 adults is HIV-positive13. Syndrome (AIDS) which infects cells of the human As far back as 2009 6% of Kenyan adults (15-49 years) immune system including CD4+ T lymphocytes, were infected with HIV-1, with a difference between monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells1. As a urban (10%) and rural areas (5.6%)14. Furthermore, the zoonotic disease HIV/AIDS is thought to be derived Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate from simian immunodeficiency viruses that infect that currently approximately 50,000 people contract West African primates2. Common chimpanzees (Pan HIV each year in the USA15. Another report from 2015 troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla indicated that in China 501,000 people had HIV/AIDS gorilla), and sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus among whom 205,000 were living with AIDS16. atys), are recognized as the original source of HIV- 1 and HIV-2, respectively. Of the two major types of 1.3 Current Treatment of AIDS HIV, such intrinsic features of HIV-1 as a greater rate Complications of transmission than HIV-2 and driving a quicker loss There are more than 25 Anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs of host immunocompetence have enabled it to become licensed for HIV therapy which are divided into several 2 the principal cause of AIDS around the world . M, N, groups including nucleoside RT inhibitors (zidovudine, O and P are the four identified groups of HIV-1 that are didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, isolated from chimpanzees and gorillas. Of these, group emtricitabine), nucleotide RT inhibitor (tenofovir), M, which comprises nine subtypes: A-D, F-H, J and K, is non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (nevirapine, delavirdine, known to be responsible for the global HIV pandemic. efavirenz and etravirine), protease inhibitors (saquinavir, This group was transmitted to humans in West-Central ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, 3,4 Africa approximately 100 years ago . atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and darunavir), The globalization of HIV-1 may be due to the high fusion inhibitor (enfuvirtide), co-receptor inhibitor mutation and recombination rates of the nine subtypes (maraviroc) and integrase inhibitor (raltegravir)17. of group M caused by the Reverse Transcriptase Several side effects including constipation, fever, liver (RT) enzyme5. The number of infections caused by disorders, muscular dystrophy, lipoatrophy, metabolic recombinants is reported to have increased from 17% disorders, blood disorders, hypersensitivity reactions, over the period 2000-07 to at least 20% by 20116. Drug peripheral neuropathy, hyperlactaemia, pancreatitis injection with contaminated shared needles7, unprotected and mitochondrial toxicity1,18,19, as well as multi-drug sexual contact, percutaneous blood exposure, mucous resistance and toxicity caused by the high genetic membrane exposure to contaminated blood or other variability of HIV have limited long term treatment body fluids, mother-to-child transmission and receipt of with the aforementioned