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11 Morello.Indd | 139 Obsidiana verde en Tierra del Fuego y Patagonia: caracterización, distribución y problemáticas culturales a lo largo del Holoceno Flavia Morello, Charles Stern y Manuel San Román Recibido 2 de diciembre 2014. Aceptado 17 de junio 2015 RESUMEN La obsidiana verde como materia prima utilizada por los grupos cazadores recolectores prehistóricos de Fuego-Patagonia ha estado presente en la investigación macrorregional desde su descubrimiento ar- queológico, en la década de 1950. Se presenta una nueva síntesis crítica y actualizada de los estudios en torno a esta materia prima volcánica y se discuten nuevos análisis geoquímicos, para comprender su relación con aspectos culturales como aprovisionamiento, distribución y tecnología. La localización exacta de la fuente de obtención es aún desconocida, pero indicadores arqueológicos y geológicos circunscriben su ubicación al sector del mar de Otway e isla Riesco, región de Magallanes, Chile. Se evalúan aspectos referidos a la distribución espacial y temporal del registro arqueológico de obsidiana verde, la presencia de un lapso de discontinuidad en su utilización y la discusión de su relevancia como evidencia de in- teracción cultural, entre grupos cazadores recolectores terrestres y marítimos, de oeste a este, y también entre el norte y sur del estrecho de Magallanes. Palabras clave: Obsidiana verde; Patagonia; Holoceno medio y tardío; Tecnología; Interacción. ABSTRACT GREEN OBSIDIAN IN TIERRA DEL FUEGO AND PATAGONIA: CHARACTERIZATION, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURAL ISSUES DURING THE HOLOCENE. Green obsidian as raw material used by prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups of Fuego-Patagonia has been present in the macro-regional archaeological research since its discovery in the 1950s. A new critical synthesis and updated studies for this volcanic rock are presented and new geochemical analyses are discussed in order to understand their relation with cultural issues such as sourcing, distribution and technology. The exact occurrence of the source is still unknown, but archaeological and geological signs confine its location near Otway Sea and Riesco Island, Magallanes Region, Chile. We have evaluated aspects related to the spatial and temporal archaeological record’s distribution of green obsidian, to the discontinuity in its use and arguments of its relevance as evidence of cultural interaction between land and sea hunter-gatherers, from West to East and also between the North and South of the Strait of Magellan. Keywords: Green obsidian; Patagonia; Middle and Late Holocene; Technology; Interaction. Flavia Morello. Universidad de Magallanes (UMAG). Instituto de la Patagonia. Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral. Avenida Bulnes 01890 (CP 6200000), Punta Arenas, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Charles Stern. University of Colorado, Department of Geological Sciences. Boulder, Colorado, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Manuel San Román. UMAG. Avenida Bulnes 01890 (CP 6200000), Punta Arenas, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Intersecciones en Antropología - Volumen especial 2: 139-153. 2015. ISSN 1666-2105 Materias primas líticas en Patagonia. Copyright © Facultad de Ciencias Sociales - UNCPBA - Argentina 140 F. Morello et al. - Intersecciones en Antropología - Volumen especial 2 (2015) 139-153 INTRODUCCIÓN descriptores de color, tipo de bloque o nódulo, ma- triz e intrusiones, entre otros aspectos de la materia Los estudios sobre materias primas hoy en día prima y variables cualitativas tecnológicas (Morello son un recurso común en la discusión antropoló- et al. 2004). gica relativa a grupos humanos del pasado. Como ejemplo, en Patagonia se han abordado aspectos A la síntesis de análisis geoquímicos existentes tecnológicos, y son un elemento clave en la recons- agregamos muestras inéditas (n = 24), que permitie- trucción de cadenas operativas (aprovisionamiento). ron hacer un segundo test ciego para poner a prue- También se han utilizado en estudios de movilidad ba la certitud de la identificación macroscópica de y circulación, redes de intercambio, y como me- la obsidiana verde (Stern 2000, 2004). Se incluyen dio para evaluar el conocimiento de la estructura análisis de ICP-MS, INAA y XRF (Tabla 1). regional de recursos, entre otros aspectos (Stern y Luego de nuestro último trabajo de síntesis res- Prieto 1991; Franco y Borrero 1999; Schidlowsky pecto del tema, hace más de diez años, se ha au- 1999; Franco 2004; Manzi 2004; Morello et al. mentado considerablemente la muestra estudiada en 2004; Charlin 2009; Borrazzo et al. 2010; Huidobro Patagonia austral y Tierra del Fuego. En especial, 2012). el registro arqueológico asociado a cronologías re- El interés de reubicar la fuente de aprovisiona- lativas como son las muestras de excavaciones y miento de la obsidiana verde es transversal al desa- sondeos. Por ejemplo, sitios arqueológicos en Punta rrollo de las investigaciones sobre nómades marinos Santa Ana (PSA), isla Englefield-Pizzulic (PZZ), del archipiélago patagónico y fueguino. Su locali- Marazzi 1, 2 y 32 (MA), islote Offing-Dawson, zación sigue siendo desconocida, aunque indicado- Punta Baxa 7 (PB7), Punta Catalina 3 (PC3) y sitios res arqueológicos y geológicos la circunscriben al de Última Esperanza, entre otros (Massone y Torres sector del mar de Otway e isla Riesco, al noroeste 2004; Legoupil et al. 2011; Morello et al. 2012a; del estrecho de Magallanes (Ortiz-Troncoso 1975, San Román 2013; Morello et al. 2015). Todos estos 1979; Johnson 1976; Legoupil 1980, 1989; Morello análisis son considerados con referencia especial al et al. 2004). registro de obsidiana verde (Figura 1). El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general La muestra de sitios arqueológicos con presencia realizar una evaluación crítica sobre el estado de de obsidiana verde suma 163 casos, y los sitios con los estudios en torno a esta roca volcánica, inclu- información cuantitativa, 94 (Figuras 1 y 2). yendo una síntesis de aspectos geológicos, químicos y culturales como aprovisionamiento, distribución y tecnología. OBSIDIANA VERDE EN FUEGO-PATAGONIA Planteamos tres objetivos específicos: Geología y análisis geoquímicos a) Evaluar la distribución espacial y temporal del registro arqueológico de obsidiana verde, con énfasis en lapsos La información geológica indica que la fuente de discontinuidad en su utilización. de la obsidiana verde debe ubicarse dentro del arco b) Discutir su relevancia como evidencia de interacción volcánico del Mioceno temprano, que se extiende cultural y específicamente en la circulación de bienes entre el estrecho de Magallanes (isla Carlos III) por entre grupos cazadores recolectores terrestres y marí- el sur, hasta la cordillera Baguales por el norte. Dos timos, de oeste a este, y también entre el norte y sur del estrecho de Magallanes. muestras de artefactos han sido datadas por K-Ar en c) Revisar las tradiciones culturales y subsistemas tecnoeco- 17,11 + 0,6 y 16,8 + 0,6 millones de años, fechados nómicos de poblaciones de Fuego-Patagonia durante correspondientes al evento magmático Burdigalian el Holoceno medio y tardío que han incluido a la (Stern y Prieto 1991; Morello et al. 2001). obsidiana verde como recurso. Los estudios geoquímicos caracterizan la ob- sidiana verde entre los vidrios riolíticos con alto Material y métodos contenido de sílica y destacan su notable grado Se realizó una actualización de las referencias de hidratación, con pérdida de agua de entre 4,7 publicadas, con énfasis en la ponderación de los y 6,2% en peso al calentarse a 900° C. Los análi- datos cronológicos y en la sistematización de varia- sis isotópicos de Sr y Nb señalan que la composi- bles que permitieron evaluar la importancia de la ción es similar a la de Torres del Paine (plutones presencia de obsidiana verde en Fuego-Patagonia. graníticos) y a otras rocas del batolito patagónico Estas transitan de presencia/ausencia a medicio- (Stern y Prieto 1991). Análisis petrográficos indican nes de frecuencia, porcentaje, peso, dimensiones, que el grado de desvitrificación es sólo incipiente (Fernández y Leal 2013). Obsidiana verde en Tierra del Fuego y Patagonia: caracterización, distribución y problemáticas culturales a lo largo del Holoceno 141 OObsidianabsidiana verde verde (S.Otway/I. (S.Otway/I.Riesco)Riesco) OtrasOtras obsid obsidianasianas parcial o total el ver- ICP-MICP-MSS n n = = 35 35 INAAINAA n n = = 14 14 XRFXRF n n = = 28 28 ICP-MS*ICP-MS* de oscuro caracterís- DeDess. .Est. Est. Des.Des. Est. Est. Des.Des. E Est.st. PDA1PDA1 PDA2PDA2 GVVGVV tico, translúcido en TiTi 763763 101055,2,2 TiTi 10081008 738738 11781178 casos excepcionales. La variabilidad de MnMn 252252 220,80,8 MnMn 247247 235235 206206 colores incluye el CsCs 6,46,4 00,4,4 CsCs 6,96,9 0,10,1 CsCs 9,29,2 11,211,2 10,610,6 verde claro, el gris y RbRb 170170 117,47,4 Rb Rb 1 18787 5,65,6 RRbb 118181 5,5 5,5 RbRb 165165 214214 294294 el café claro, con ga- SrSr 2222 5,05,0 SrSr 27 27 5,45,4 SSr r 24 24 3,43,4 SrSr 3434 55 33 mas intermedias entre BaBa 102102 221,51,5 Ba Ba 1 13838 16,216,2 BBaa 112626 6,8 6,8 BaBa 250250 3131 88 sí y sobre una misma YY 3737 3,23,2 YY 42 42 2,32,3 YY 3434 4141 129129 pieza (Figura 3). La ZrZr 132132 113,13,1 Zr Zr 161 161 6,26,2 ZZrr 113030 6,4 6,4 ZrZr 137137 145145 693693 distribución del color NbNb 3737 5,35,3 NNbb 39 39 3,43,4 NbNb 2626 2929 160160 verde predominante HfHf 6,16,1 00,5,5 HfHf 6,26,2 0,10,1 HfHf 5,65,6 5,75,7 24,824,8 es en un 87% homo- PbPb 38,438,4 33,4,4 PbPb 32,032,0 20,320,3 23,423,4 génea, pero también Th 22,9 1,2 Th 22,7 0,5 Th 21,5 17,1 44,9 Th 22,9 1,2 Th 22,7 0,5 Th 21,5 17,1 44,9 existe un 10% de ar- UU 5,95,9 0,30,3 UU 5,85,8 0,30,3 UU 5,25,2 6,06,0 12,212,2 tefactos que presen- LaLa 29,629,6 1,291,29 LaLa 31,4 31,4 0,510,51 LaLa 37,037,0 27,227,2 44,644,6 tan bandas oscuras, CeCe 66,166,1 5,5,1818 Ce Ce 69,069,0 1,681,68 CeCe 74,074,0 61,261,2 106,3106,3 principalmente, y en PrPr 77,98,98 1,1,3434 PrPr 8,688,68 7,517,51 15,515,5 menor grado claras, NdNd 29,229,2 3,3,1717 N Ndd 29,129,1 3,833,83 NdNd 31,031,0 29,229,2 50,850,8 las que se consti- OSmOSm 6,746,74 0,0,5858 Sm Sm 7,187,18 0,290,29 SmSm 6,596,59 7,197,19 18,518,5 tuyen en líneas po- EuEu 0,210,21 0,140,14 EuEu 0,17 0,17 0,020,02 EuEu 0,410,41 0,080,08 0,650,65 tenciales de clivaje.
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