Lucy in the Sky with Disney Surrealistiska Samt Psykedeliska Inslag I Disneys Tecknade Filmer

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Lucy in the Sky with Disney Surrealistiska Samt Psykedeliska Inslag I Disneys Tecknade Filmer Lunds Universitet Jonatan Gyllenör Språk- och litteraturcentrum FIVK01 Filmvetenskap Lars Gustaf Andersson 2011-01-13 Lucy in the Sky with Disney Surrealistiska samt psykedeliska inslag i Disneys tecknade filmer Innehåll Inledning .................................................................................................................................... 3 Syfte och frågeställning ......................................................................................................... 4 Avgränsning ........................................................................................................................... 4 Tidigare forskning .................................................................................................................. 5 Den animerade filmen ................................................................................................................ 6 Walt Disney ................................................................................................................................ 8 De tidiga åren ......................................................................................................................... 8 Mötet med surrealismen ....................................................................................................... 10 The Ultimate Tripp – Fantasia ............................................................................................. 12 Dumbo ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Synopsis ............................................................................................................................... 14 ”Pink Elephants on Parade” ................................................................................................. 15 Den ofrivilliga berusningens förgänglighet ......................................................................... 18 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ............................................................................... 21 Synopsis Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day................................................................. 21 ”Heffalumps and Woozles” .................................................................................................. 22 Begäret till honung och vad det leder till ............................................................................. 26 Surrealismens drömbilder ........................................................................................................ 28 Slutdiskussion .......................................................................................................................... 32 Käll- och litteraturförteckning ................................................................................................. 35 Otryckt material ................................................................................................................... 35 Tryckt material ..................................................................................................................... 37 2 Inledning Under en föreläsning i kursen ”Filmvetenskap introduktionskurs: Filmens form och berättande” vid Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö nämnde Olof Hedling i förbifarten sekvensen ”Pink Elephants on Parade” från filmen Dumbo (Dumbo, Samuel Armstrong, Norman Ferguson, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney, Bill Roberts & Ben Sharpsteen, 1941). Han berättade att denna sekvens upptar nästan en sjättedel av hela filmen och påpekade hur märkligt det egentligen är att denna surrealistiska drömsekvens – som till råga på allt motiveras genom att huvudkaraktärerna (Dumbo och Timothy) blir berusade – tar upp så mycket plats i en annars så konventionellt berättad film. Hedling nämnde, som sagt, endast sekvensen i förbifarten och ägnade den inte någon närmare uppmärksamhet. Detta omnämnande fick mig dock att fundera. Jag har växt upp med Disneys filmer och sett såväl Dumbo som i princip alla Disneys klassiker otaliga gånger under min uppväxt men sällan – om ens någon gång – reflekterat närmare över det, i någon mening, absurda faktum att ”Pink elephants on parade” och liknande sekvenser förekommer i annars så konventionella tecknade barnfilmer. Här föddes min fascination inför de surrealistiska och psykedeliska sekvenser som förekommer i somliga av Walt Disneys tecknade filmer. Då jag kom hem efter föreläsningen gjorde jag efterforskningar på internet men upptäckte till min förvåning att det inte gick att hitta särskilt mycket skrivet om dessa, enligt mig, oerhört spännande delar av Disneys filmskatt. Det framkom att sekvenser som ”Pink Elephants on Parade” från Dumbo och ”Heffalumps and Woozles” från The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Nalle Puhs äventyr, John Lounsbery & Wolfgang Reitherman, 1977) hyllats och uppnått någon form av kultstatus. Leonar Maltin skriver bland annat – skulle jag upptäcka långt senare – i sitt översiktsverk om Disneys filmer: ”There is no way to overpraise the ”Pink Elephants” scene. It is one of the best things ever done at the Disney studio, and, to use a much overworked but appropriate phrase, years ahead of its time.”1 Någon mer omfattande skrivning om sekvenserna har jag dock inte funnit. Denna marginella uppmärksamhet förvånade mig och intresset har funnits hos mig sedan dagen då Hedling nämnde segmentet från Dumbo. Detta är således grunden till mitt ämnesval för den här uppsatsen. 1 Maltin, Leonard, The Disney films, 3. ed., Hyperion, New York, 1995, s. 52 3 Syfte och frågeställning Intresset för filmanimation har under lång tid varit relativt marginellt inom filmforskningen. Alltsedan filmens och filmhistorieskrivningens början har den animerade filmen blivit styvmoderligt behandlad och sedd som föga likvärdig andra mer ”realistiska” former av filmmediet.2 Som Midhat janovi låter påskina i citatet ovan så har animerad film knappast ägnats särskilt mycket uppmärksamhet inom filmforskningen. I denna kandidatuppsats kommer jag att försöka bidra med ett tillskott till den bristfälliga animationsforskningen genom att lägga ett antal verk av animatören Walt Disney under den akademiska luppen. Jag kommer studera och undersöka de psykedeliska samt surrealistiska element som förekommer i dessa verk. Uppsatsens syfte är primärt att belysa de bristfälligt betraktade aspekterna av Disneys filmer genom ett närstudium av några centrala sekvenser och på så vis fylla eller åtminstone försöka förminska en uppenbart vit fläck på den filmvetenskapliga kartan. De verk som jag främst kommer undersöka är Dumbo och The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Även Fantasia (Fantasia, James Algar, Samuel Armstrong, Ford Beebe, Norman Ferguson, Jim Handley, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske, Bill Roberts, Paul Satterfield & Ben Sharpsteen, 1940) kommer behandlas. Avgränsning Ett stort antal av Walt Disneys filmer skulle kunna tänkas vara aktuella för den här uppsatsen. Jag har, som ovan beskrivet, valt att begränsa mig till främst Dumbo och The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Dumbo kändes som ett ganska självklart val då det var den filmen som väckte mitt intresse för ämnet från första början. Dumbo och The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh är likartade i den bemärkelsen att de är två konventionellt berättade animerade filmer som innehåller varsin utmärkande drömsekvens av psykedelisk och surrealistisk karaktär. De båda drömsekvenserna är estetiskt snarlika och har även likartad plats i filmernas narrativ. Det kändes därför naturligt att skriva om dessa båda filmer. Jag upptäckte snabbt att det är svårt att skriva om surrealism i Disneyfilmer utan att behandla Fantasia, vilket är anledningen till att den tillslut ägnades ett par sidor. Fantasia är dessutom utmärkt som exempel på hur Disney mycket tidigt plockade upp det surrealistiska 2 janovi , Midhat, Den rörliga skämtteckningen: stil, transformation och kontext, 1. uppl., Optimal Press, Göteborg, 2009, sid. 10 4 berättandet och bildspråket. Det finns många Disneyfilmer som kan tänkas vara naturligt att ta upp i den här uppsatsen. Flera av Walt Disneys tidiga verk (så som Saludos Amigos (Kalle Anka och Långben i Sydamerika, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney, Hamilton Luske & Bill Roberts, 1942) och The Three Caballeros (Tre Caballeros – Kalle Anka i Latinamerika, Norman Ferguson, Clyde Geronimi, Jack Kinney, Bill Roberts & Harold Young, 1944)) innehåller psykedeliska och surrealistiska inslag. Ett av de kanske tydligaste exemplen är Alice in Wonderland (Alice i Underlandet, Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson & Hamilton Luske, 1951) som består i en enda lång surrealistisk drömsekvens. Detta till skillnad från Dumbo och The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, som båda innehåller drömsekvenser som tydligt sticker ut från resten av respektive film. Douglas Brode skriver angående Alice in Wonderland: ”Dumbo’s single psychedelic sequence pales in comparison to the entirety of Alice. [---] Disney’s unique rendering of Carroll’s character is […] an imaginative child whose Freudian dream expresses, in surreal terms, frightful impulses just beneath the surface of a creative being who for years has survived in conventional society.”3 Den huvudsakliga anledningen till att jag valt bort ovan nämnda filmer har att göra med uppsatsen begränsade utrymme. Jag är av uppfattningen att det skulle vara mer givande att närstudera de surrealistiska sekvenserna i Dumbo och The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh än att försöka omfatta så många filmer som möjligt i uppsatsen. Det är givetvis värt att nämna att surrealistiska
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