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AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY of the RADIUM SPRINGS AREA, SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO Edited by Thomas R. Hester with Contributions by Stephe

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AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY of the RADIUM SPRINGS AREA, SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO Edited by Thomas R. Hester with Contributions by Stephe AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE RADIUM SPRINGS AREA, SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO edited by Thomas R. Hester with contributions by Stephen L. Black, Joel D. Gunn, Thomas R~ Hester, James E. Ivey, Paul R. Katz, Thomas C. Kelly and Erwin Roemer, Jr. Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Survey Report, No. 26 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures i i List of Tables iv Acknowledgements v I. Introduction 1 II. Research Design and Field Procedures 5 III. Environmental Setting 11 IV. Archaeological Background 19 V. Site Descriptions 29 VI. The Artifacts 47 VII. Interpretations, Predictive Models and Recommendations 113 VIII. Appendices 135 Appendix I--Notes on the Site Survey Coding Format, Radium Springs Survey 137 Appendix II--The High Lonesome Bead Cache 141 Appendix III--Trace Element Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from the Radium Springs Area 173 IX. References 175 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Radium Springs Survey Area 3 2. Views of Survey Procedures 9 3. Topography and Vegetation in Radium Springs Survey Area 12 4. Panoramic Views of Two Sites in Survey Area 32 5. Archaeological Site AR091 34 6. Views of Two Archaeological Sites in Radium Spr1ngs Area 38 7. Archaeological Sites in Radium Springs Survey Area 41 8. Bifacial Artifacts 50 9. Projectile Points from Rarlium Springs Survey Area 52 10. Projectile Points from Radium Springs Survey Area 53 11. Cores and Dri 11 s 56 12. Unifacial Artifacts 59 13. Miscellaneous Chipped Stone Artifacts 62 14. Ground Stone Artifact 64 15. Ground Stone Artifact 65 16. Ground Stone Artifact 66 17. Ground Stone Artifact 67 18. Ground Stone Artifact 68 19. Hammerstone and Mica-Schist Artifacts 70 20. Mica-Schist Artifact 71 21. Photomicrograph of Drill Tip from AR002 74 22. El Paso Brownware Rim Sherds and Modified Sherds 83 23. Vessel Fragment 86 i i Figure Page 24. Pottery Fragments 87 25. Textured Pottery 90 26. Mimbres Black-on-White Boldface Sherds 92 27. Mimbres Black-on-White Pottery 94 28. Pottery Fragments. from AR072 and AR092 100 29. Pottery Intrusives in the Radium Springs Area 108 30. Physiographic Transect and Related Variables 126 31. Recursive Interaction Between Environment and Culture and Factors As Yet Unknown 127 32. Non-recursive Interaction 127 33. Ceramics and Flake Artifacts Recovered from AR095 143 34. Calcite and Shell Beads from AR095 144 35. Large Marine Pelecypod Beads from AR095 147 36. Shell Pendants and Tubular Beads from AR095 149 37. Shell Ornaments from AR095 151 38. Bead Cache from AR095 152 39. Partially Excavated Bead Cache 155 40. Cache Vessel Under Laboratory Excavation 156 41. Shell and Calcite Beads 157 42. Experimental Reconstruction of High Lonesome Beads 160 43. Strand Connector from AR095 161 44. Bead Frequency by Diameter and Thickness 165 45. Bead Frequency by Weight, Perforation Diameter, and Type of Perforation 166 46. Shell and Stone Pendants from AR095 167 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Radium Springs Archaeological Survey 7 2. Types of Sites Found During the Radium Springs Survey 30 3. 1976 Radium Springs Survey Site Descriptions 42 4. Mean Areas of Certain Site Categories 46 5. Provenience of Lithic Artifacts, Radium Springs Survey 76 6. Radium Springs Ceramic Site Surface Densities 110 7. Pottery Type Temporal Spans and Archaeological Culture Phases 111 8. Distributional Analysis of Sites Found During Radium Springs Survey 114 9. Optimal Util ization Model 116 10. Site Density, Radium Springs Area 118 11 . Cramer V for Va ri ous Models 119 12. Rotated Principal Components Matrix for Environmental and Cultural Relationships in the Radium Springs Survey Area 123 13. Rotated Principal Components Results for Post-Laboratory Analysis 128 14. Rotated Principal Components Results for Post-Laboratory Analysis 129 15. Data on Pendants from AR095 168 16. Data for Bead Collection, AR095 170 iv ERRATA rage 15. Thi rd paragraph, 1 i ne 2: "such" shoul d be "some ll , Page 21. Fourth paragraph, line 8: IIhughll should be IIhuge ll . Pages 21 and 22 should be reversed Page 26. Third paragraph, line 4: "1800" should be "1800s". Fourth paragraph, 1 i ne 3: "Espedjo" shoul d be "Espejo". Page 37 should begin with the following: IILithia Saatters During the 1976 survey, eight lithic scatters were recorded (Table 2). The" Page 55. Third paragraph, line 3: II we ights" should be "weighs", Page 86. Capt; on for Fi gure 23: "RX029" shoul d be IIRS029". Page 119. Line 9: "Table 1111 should be "Table 11". Page 130. Under XIV in Table: "Tmll should be "Tn". Page 140. Line 2: "menbers ll should be "members". Line 5: "qreas" should be lIareas". Page 150. First line under Turquoise Bead Pendants: "(Fig. 29)" should be "(Fig. 39)11. Page 158. First paragraph, line 7: IIbaed" should be "bead ll . Page 163. Fourth paragraph, line 4: lIorll should be "of II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people contributed to the success of the Radium Springs Archaeological Survey. Mr. Daniel C. B. Rathbun, District Manager, and Ms. Karen L. Way, District Archaeologist, of the Las Cruces District Bureau of Land Manage- ment (BLM), were most helpful in the orientation phase of the project. They provided written introduction to the ranchers in the survey area and a variety of useful literary source material, and made available to us BLM publications, maps, and their own special knowledge of the local geology, ecology, and archaeology. The help of Mr. Richard Meninger, contracting officer in the Bureau of Land Management's Denver office, in the administration of this project is greatly appreciated. Mr. Stanley Adams of Salem, New Mexico, aided the project to completion through his vast knowledge of the survey area, and his invaluable contribution in the search for and the staking out of the survey sections. He also gra­ ciously provided camping facilities for the survey team at his San Andres ranch. Mrs. Vicki Adams' cooking boosted the morale of the survey team. Mr. Jack Harkey and his wife, Chris, of Carrizozo, New Mexico, contributed to our efforts by providing many miles of four-wheel-drive transportation. Field director for the project was Col. Thomas C. Kelly, Research Associate of the Center for Archaeological Research. The survey crew, all graduate-level archaeologists, consisted of crew chiefs Stephen Black and Erwin Roemer, and crew members Michele Nicklow, Roger Filson, Robert Wilkerson and Steve Vollmer. They walked more than 1600 miles in 26 days over terrain that varied from bad to impossible with the weather ranging from burning heat to snow. Dr. Joel D. Gunn, James Ivey, and Lynn Highley handled the computer programs. Thomas Kelly, Stephen Black and Erwin Roemer conducted the laboratory analysis, microwear studies, and photography, and helped prepare many sections of the report. Editing of chapter drafts and overall supervision of the project were handled by Dr. Thomas R. Hester, Dr. Joel D. Gunn and Dr. Paul R. Katz. Kathy McCauley, the secretary of the Center for Archaeological Research, de­ serves special recognition for her outstanding support of the survey crew in the field. She acted as logistics officer, communications center and pay­ master. Jack D. Eaton, Center Research Associate, also devoted many hours to logistical and administrative tasks. We also extend our thanks to Dr. Michael Whalen (The University of Texas at E1 Paso) for sharing his knowledge of the regional ceramic traditions with us. Among the staff and administrative units at The University of Texas at San Antonio, we are grateful to: William Stern (Budget Officer), Everitt M. Mahon v (Vice-President for Business Affairs) and Joe Powell (Director of Accounting) for their aid in handling the budgetary aspects of this project; Barbara Johnson and Gregory Milliger (Purchasing Division), Bob Smith (Printing Division), David Barrera, Nancy Reid and John Poindexter (Office of Instruc­ tional Services), the Computer Center staff, Dr. Richard McGehee (geologist, Division of Earth and Physical Sciences), and the University administrative officials who, in a variety of ways, supported this research (Dr. Peter T. Flawn, President; Dr. R. E. W. Adams, Dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences; and Dr. Thomas C. Greaves, Director of the Division of Social Sciences). Finally, we are very appreciative of the typing staff who prepared this report: Jeanette Burch, Diana Netardus, Janette Schott, Margie Pyka, Rowena Archer and Margie Benke, administrative assistant to Dean R. E. W. Adams. Proofreaders for this report were Wanda Kaufman, Lynn Highley and Margarita A. Vazquez. vi I. INTRODUCTION Thomas R. Hester During October and November 1976, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio carried out an archaeological survey of the Radium Springs area in southern New Mexico (Fig. 1). This survey was conducted under the terms of a contract (YA-5l2-RFP6-80) between the Center and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Dr. Thomas R. Hester, Director of the Center, was Project Administrator, and Dr. Joel D. Gunn and Dr. Paul R. Katz served as Principal Investigators. Fieldwork was under the supervision of Dr. Gunn, with direct field responsibilities handled by Col. Thomas C. Kelly, Research Associate of the Center. Contract Officer for the BLM was Richard Meninger (Denver), and the Contract Officer's Authorized Representative was Karen L. Way (Las Cruces). The Radium Springs survey was initiated because the BLM desired information on the cultural resources of the region for inclusion in the "Radium Springs Geothermal Leasing Environmental Analysis Record." Thus, the survey was designed to provide an assessment of cultural resources within selected areas owned by the government. A major objective of the fieldwork was to provide the BLM with a statistically valid estimate of cultural resource densities within various environmental zones in the project area.
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