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The Alcohol Textbook 4Th Edition
TTHEHE AALCOHOLLCOHOL TEXTBOOKEXTBOOK T TH 44TH EEDITIONDITION A reference for the beverage, fuel and industrial alcohol industries Edited by KA Jacques, TP Lyons and DR Kelsall Foreword iii The Alcohol Textbook 4th Edition A reference for the beverage, fuel and industrial alcohol industries K.A. Jacques, PhD T.P. Lyons, PhD D.R. Kelsall iv T.P. Lyons Nottingham University Press Manor Farm, Main Street, Thrumpton Nottingham, NG11 0AX, United Kingdom NOTTINGHAM Published by Nottingham University Press (2nd Edition) 1995 Third edition published 1999 Fourth edition published 2003 © Alltech Inc 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers. ISBN 1-897676-13-1 Page layout and design by Nottingham University Press, Nottingham Printed and bound by Bath Press, Bath, England Foreword v Contents Foreword ix T. Pearse Lyons Presient, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA Ethanol industry today 1 Ethanol around the world: rapid growth in policies, technology and production 1 T. Pearse Lyons Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA Raw material handling and processing 2 Grain dry milling and cooking procedures: extracting sugars in preparation for fermentation 9 Dave R. Kelsall and T. Pearse Lyons Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA 3 Enzymatic conversion of starch to fermentable sugars 23 Ronan F. -
Historic Costuming Presented by Jill Harrison
Historic Southern Indiana Interpretation Workshop, March 2-4, 1998 Historic Costuming Presented By Jill Harrison IMPRESSIONS Each of us makes an impression before ever saying a word. We size up visitors all the time, anticipating behavior from their age, clothing, and demeanor. What do they think of interpreters, disguised as we are in the threads of another time? While stressing the importance of historically accurate costuming (outfits) and accoutrements for first- person interpreters, there are many reasons compromises are made - perhaps a tight budget or lack of skilled construction personnel. Items such as shoes and eyeglasses are usually a sticking point when assembling a truly accurate outfit. It has been suggested that when visitors spot inaccurate details, interpreter credibility is downgraded and visitors launch into a frame of mind to find other inaccuracies. This may be true of visitors who are historical reenactors, buffs, or other interpreters. Most visitors, though, lack the heightened awareness to recognize the difference between authentic period detailing and the less-than-perfect substitutions. But everyone will notice a wristwatch, sunglasses, or tennis shoes. We have a responsibility to the public not to misrepresent the past; otherwise we are not preserving history but instead creating our own fiction and calling it the truth. Realistically, the appearance of the interpreter, our information base, our techniques, and our environment all affect the first-person experience. Historically accurate costuming perfection is laudable and reinforces academic credence. The minute details can be a springboard to important educational concepts; but the outfit is not the linchpin on which successful interpretation hangs. -
Technical Bulletin 2 – Flood Damage-Resistant Materials Requirements
Flood Damage-Resistant Materials Requirements for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program Technical Bulletin 2 / August 2008 Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 NFIP Regulations ...........................................................................................................................2 Required Use of Flood Damage-Resistant Materials ....................................................................2 Flood Damage-Resistant Material .....................................................................................2 How Flood Damage-Resistant Materials Affect Flood Insurance Rates ..........................3 Classification of Flood Damage-Resistant Materials ....................................................................3 Notes Regarding Classification of Materials .....................................................................5 Fasteners and Connectors ...........................................................................................................12 Construction Examples ...............................................................................................................13 Buildings in Zones A, AE, A1-A30, AR, AO, and AH .....................................................13 Buildings in Zones V, VE, and V1-V30 ............................................................................14 Additional -
Hemicellulose Extraction from South African Eucalyptus Grandis Using Green Liquor and Its Impact on Kraft Pulping Efficiency and Paper Making Properties
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Hemicellulose Extraction from South African Eucalyptus grandis using Green Liquor and its Impact on Kraft Pulping Efficiency and Paper Making Properties Jonas Johakimu* and Jerome Andrew The feasibility of enhancing the efficiency of the kraft pulping operations while at the same time evolving the process into a biorefinery, and thus producing hemicelluloses together with paper products, was studied. Hardwood chips (Eucalyptus grandis) were pre-treated with green liquor prior to pulp production. At optimal pre-treatment conditions, the pH of the resulting extract was 7.8, the wood weight loss was 14%, and the hemicellulose extracted was almost 40 kg/ton of woodchips. In the subsequent kraft pulping, the resulting data revealed that the woodchips from which hemicellulose had been pre-extracted could be pulped much faster than woodchips pulped without hemicellulose extraction. As a result, to maintain the target kappa number, a 20% reduction in pulping chemicals was achievable. Hemicellulose pre-extraction led to a 10% reduction in black liquor solid contents. Moreover, the strength properties of the pulps produced with and without hemicellulose extraction were comparable. Industrial acceptance of this concept, however, still requires a more accurate understanding of the effect of specific mill operating conditions on mill energy balance. Careful economic assessment of the options for handling the calcium carbonate scale problem will also be required before the technology can be considered for implementation. -
Textiles for Dress 1800-1920
Draft version only: not the publisher’s typeset P.A. Sykas: Textiles for dress 1800-1920 Textile fabrics are conceived by the manufacturer in terms of their material composition and processes of production, but perceived by the consumer firstly in terms of appearance and handle. Both are deeply involved in the economic and cultural issues behind the wearing of cloth: cost, quality, meaning. We must look from these several perspectives in order to understand the drivers behind the introduction of fabrics to the market, and the collective response to them in the form of fashion. A major preoccupation during our time frame was novelty. On the supply side, novelty gave a competitive edge, stimulated fashion change and accelerated the cycle of consumption. On the demand side, novelty provided pleasure, a way to get noticed, and new social signifiers. But novelty can act in contradictory ways: as an instrument for sustaining a fashion elite by facilitating costly style changes, and as an agent for breaking down fashion barriers by making elite modes more affordable. It can drive fashion both by promoting new looks, and later by acting to make those looks outmoded. During the long nineteenth century, the desire for novelty was supported by the widely accepted philosophical view of progress: that new also implied improved or more advanced, hence that novelty was a reflection of modernity. This chapter examines textiles for dress from 1800 to 1920, a period that completed the changeover from hand-craft to machine production, and through Europe’s imperial ambitions, saw the reversal of East/West trading patterns. -
Design of Tree Bark Insulation Boards: Analysis of Material, Structure and Property Relationships
Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt Lehrstuhl für Holzwissenschaft Design of Tree Bark Insulation Boards: Analysis of Material, Structure and Property Relationships Günther Kain Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Cordt Zollfrank Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus Richter 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jan-Willem van de Kuilen 3. Prof. Dr. Alexander Petutschnigg, FH Salzburg/ Österreich Die Dissertation wurde am 26.04.2016 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 01.12.2016 angenommen. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Table of contents I Acknowledgements IV Summary V Zusammenfassung VII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Main research objectives 4 2 State of the art 7 2.1 Insulation materials based on renewable resources 7 2.1.1 Overview of bio-based insulation materials 7 2.1.2 Critical discussion of insulation material choice 9 2.2 Potential of tree bark as insulation material 11 2.2.1 Anatomy 11 2.2.2 Physical and chemical properties 14 2.2.3 Technical applications 18 2.2.4 Availability 24 3 Materials and methods 26 3.1 Production of bark insulation boards 26 3.2 Determination of physical-mechanical bark insulation -
Why Is It So Difficult to Make Cellulosic Ethanol? Ethanol Can Be Created from a Variety of Source Materials and Through a Number of Methods
Why is it so difficult to make cellulosic ethanol? Ethanol can be created from a variety of source materials and through a number of methods. Beer and wine Yeast fermentation uses a well-understood biological process Enzymes in which yeast are fed simple sugars from barley malt or grapes. Yeast digest these sugars to grow and reproduce, and brewers and vintners then harvest the ethanol the microbes create as a waste product. Yeast has special Glucose 2 Ethanol 2 Carbon Dioxide enzymes, or protein catalysts, capable of converting a simple sugar, called glucose, into ethanol as they extract Fermentation equation: enzymes in yeast convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. energy from the molecule. Creating ethanol from sugar cane, as they do in Brazil, is fairly straightforward Cellulose, like starch, is a complex carbohydrate made because cane juice contains these simple sugars that up of chains of glucose. However, the nature of the links yeast can digest. The production of ethanol becomes holding the glucose together is different in cellulose, more difficult when starting with more complex and there are fewer identified organisms with enzymes carbohydrates from corn grain or other plant materials. that are capable of breaking down cellulose. Enzymes work in a lock and key system; each enzyme matches Starch conversion is also relatively simple. Corn grain and a particular molecule—without the right enzyme potatoes, for example, are heavy in starches, which are you cannot build or degrade a molecule biologically. composed of long chains of glucose molecules. Enzymes that chop the long chains of starch into smaller glucose Starch units are readily available. -
Runaway Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Britain Glossary
Runaway Slaves in eighteenth-century Britain Glossary The advertisements contain many words peculiar to the eighteenth-century, here is a list of the trickiest words, as well as some general definitions. • A seeton (health) A seton is a thread, piece of tape or similar in a small wound to prevent it healing and allow for drainage. • A three years protection in his pocket (item) Most likely some kind of document given to the enslaved man by his master authorising him to hire himself out for wages, negotiating salary and then paying an agreed amount to his master. • Apprentice (occupation) A boy or man being trained in a skilled trade (for example shoe-making, carpentry, etc.). • Baker Kneed (health) See "In-kneed". • Banyon [banyan] (clothing item) A banyan was a loose, informal robe to be worn instead of a coat. • Bavarian coat (clothing item) A coat based on the Bavarian style. • Bays (clothing material) Coarse English worsted and woolen fabric. • Black (racial descriptor) British-used designation for a person from any dark-skinned group of peoples, especially sub-Saharan African. • Blackamore/Blackmore/Blackamoor (racial descriptor) British-used designation for a person from any dark-skinned group of peoples, especially sub-Saharan African. • Bonnet (clothing item) A hat, usually tied under the chin and often framing the face • Breeches (clothing item) Precursor to trousers, stopped just below the knee. • Burdet (clothing material) Cotton fabric. • Camblet (clothing material) Plain woven or twilled fabric. • Cast (referring to eyes) (health) A squint. • Chymist (occupation) A chemist. Runaway Slaves in eighteenth-century Britain Glossary • Cloaths (clothing item) A variant spelling of clothes. -
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry Appleton, Wisconsin Doctor's Dissertation A Study of the Order and Nature of the Aspenwood Hemicellulose Removed During a Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Cook Robert Harold Quick June, 1955 A STUDY OF THE ORDER AND NATURE OF THE ASPENWOOD HEMICELLULOSE REMOVED DURING A NEUTRAL SULFITE SEMICHEMICAL COOK A thesis submitted by Robert Harold Quick B.S. in M.E. 1948, University of Washington M.S. 1953, Lawrence College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Institute of Paper Chemistry for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisconsin June, 1955 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY iv INTRODUCTION Background of the Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 3 Historical Review 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Approach to the Problem 7 Wood Data 7 Cooking Conditions 7 Spent Liquor Study During a NSSC Cook Cook C2P1 8 Hydrolysis of C2P1 Spent Liquor 10 Approximate Organic Balance on C2P1SL 10 Study of the Pulp and Liquor Cooks C3P1, C4P2, and C5P1 17 Hydrolysis of Spent Liquor 19 Wood and Pulp Analyses 23 Spent Liquor "Hemicellulose" Analysis 31 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Liquor Study 35 Pulp and Liquor Study 37 SUMMARY 51 CONCLUSIONS 54 APPENDIX I Experimental Procedures Preparation of Chips 56 Pulping 56 iii Preparation of Holocellulose 57 Extraction of Hemicellulose from Holocellulose 59 Recovery of "Hemicellulose" from the Spent Liquor 61 Isolation of the Cold Water Extract of Aspenwood 62 Determination of the Degree of Polymerization Hemicellulose 63 Alkali-Resistant Cellulose 64 Hydrolysis Procedures -
Appendix 6-3
APPENDIX 9.3 REFERENCES MADE TO FABRICS AND CLOTHING BY K.T. KHLEBNIKOV (Compiled by Margan Allyn Grover, from Khlebnikov 1994) 322 REFERENCES MADE TO FABRICS AND CLOTHING BY K.T. KHLEBNIKOV Compiled by Margan Allyn Grover from K.T. Khlebnikov (1994) When and at What Price Goods Were Purchased from Foreigners: Frieze, 150 yards, 1805 - 2 piasters 14 cents, 1808 – 4p, 1810 – 20p, 1811 – 2p Blue nankeen, 100 funts, 1808 – 1p 50c, 1811 – 2p Large blanket, piece, 1808 – 3p 50c, 1811 – 2p (from Khlebnikov 1994: 20, Table 2) Goods traded by Mr Ebbets in Canton under contract with Mr Baranov: 4,000 pieces of nankeen – at 90 centimes 2,000 pieces of blue nankeen – at 1 piaster 20 cents 800 pieces of flesh-colored nankeen – at 90 cents 300 pieces of black nankeen – at 2p 75c 200 pieces fustian – at 2p 75c 600 pieces of cotton – at 6p 50c 10 piculs velvet – at 28p 250 pieces of demi-cotton - at 1p 50c 10 piculs of thread – at 100p 55 pieces of seersucker – at 4p 595 silk waistcoats for 840p 500 pieces of silk material – at 9.20p (from Khlebnikov 1994: 21-23) Goods Issued in Sitkha to Mr O’Cain and Exchange of Same in Canton, 1806: 500 pieces of silk material, 6p 85c 200 pieces of silk material, 5p 147 pieces of satin, 20p 25c 50 packets of handkerchiefs, 9p 75c 70 pieces of satin, from 18p to 19p 150 pieces of satin, 16p 50c 30 pieces of taffetta, 12p 75c 28 catties of silk, 6p 50c 5 pieces of camelot, 26p Mr Baranov continued to figure the piaster at the exchange rate of two rubles throughout his administration. -
Development of a Biofilm Bioreactor for Enhanced Ethanol Production Mahipal Reddy Kunduru Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1994 Development of a biofilm bioreactor for enhanced ethanol production Mahipal Reddy Kunduru Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Food Microbiology Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Kunduru, Mahipal Reddy, "Development of a biofilm bioreactor for enhanced ethanol production " (1994). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11280. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11280 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Q^ewriter face, while others may be from aity type of computer printer. Hie quality of this Teprodaction is dependent upon the quali^ of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and inq)roper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
The Life and Works of Charles Lamb
DATE DUE Cornell University Library yysj The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924064980240 Edition de Luxe The Life and Works of Charles Lamb IN TWELVE VOLUMES VOLUME X The Letters OF Charles Lamb Newly Arranged, with Additions EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY ALFRED AINGER VOLUME II LONDON MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited 1900 All rights reserved This Edition consists of Six Hundred and Seventy-five Copies s 1 CONTENTS CHAPTER II—(Continued) 1800—1809 LETTERS TO COLERIDGE, MANNING, AND OTHERS PAGE LXXX. To Thomas Manning Dec. 13, 1800 i LXXXI. To William Godwin Dec. 14, 1800 4 LXXXII. To Thomas Manning Dec. 16, 1800 6 LXXXIII. „ „ Dec. 27, 1800 9 LXXXIV. To Samuel Taylor Coleridge [No date—end of 1800] 12 LXXXV. To William Words- worth . Jan. 30, 1801 17 LXXXVI. „ „ Jan. 1801 19 LXXXVII. To Robert Lloyd . Feb. 7, 1801 22 LXXXVIII. To Thomas Manning Feb. 15, 180 25 LXXXIX. „ „ [Feb. or Mar. J 1801 30 L. X V b 1 LETTERS OF CHARLES LAMB LETTIR DATE PAGE XC. To Robert Lloyd . April 6, i8or 34 XCI. To Thomas Manning April 1801 38 XCII. To Robert Lloyd , April 1801 40 XCin. To William Godwin June 29, 1801 42 XCIV. To Robert Lloyd . July 26, 1801 43 XCV. To Mr. Walter Wilson Aug. 14, 1801 46 XCVL To Thomas Manning [Aug.] 1801 47 XCVIL „ „ Aug. 31, 1 80 49 XCVin. To William Godwin Sept.