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The First Farmers of Mehrgarh Pakistan and Jeitun Turkmenistan: Archaeological History of Commerce and Communication

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The First Farmers of Mehrgarh Pakistan and Jeitun Turkmenistan: Archaeological History of Commerce and Communication Ancient Sindh, 11, 2010-11: 7-16 QASID H. MALLAH AND M. ASLAM MEMON THE FIRST FARMERS OF MEHRGARH PAKISTAN AND JEITUN TURKMENISTAN: ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION The history of f Indus farmers starts from the times when earliest human moved out of Africa and spread in every corner of the World. For reaching to the South and East Asia, they must have crossed several types of landforms and moved at great distances, for example, from east Africa to Southeast Asia covered almost 16000 km and it might have taken thousands of generations but their living pattern and material culture remained the same thus carries the similar definitions and descriptions of their cultural assemblage. The early stone age culture(s) comprises of heavy duty tools like hand axes, scrapers and core. During upper Palaeolithic period reduction in tool size happened and new tool repertoire was produced from Core and flake. The subsistence economy of these people was dependant on hunting wild animals. It was Mesolithic period when a turning point in human history happened in which tool size was decreased at greater extent and hence micro tools were prepared and subsistence pattern was supplemented with gathering edible fruits in addition to hunting. Most importantly, they started to return at one place, for instance, Aq Kupruk in Afghanistan and Sanghao cave in Pakistan, were occupied continuously for residential purpose. Soon after a new revolution happened simultaneously at various specific places of the world; known as Neolithic green revolution in which domestication of plants, animals; utilization exotic raw material resources technology of producing cultural items and villages appeared everywhere for instance Mesopotamia, Indus and Turkmenistan. After long journey of human cultural experiences, now the economy was based on farming and commerce. The earliest among all was the settlement of Jericho in Levant (Pre-pottery Neolithic around 8350-7350 BCE where hunting was supplemented by planting wheat (emmer) and barely (two row hulled) further east at the site of Ali Kosh (southwest of Iran ) from 8000-6500 BCE the dependence on wild resources gradually shifted to domestic plants and animals (Kenoyer 1998:35). At Mehrgarh from 7000 BCE and at Jeitun 6000 BCE people started living at one place in the plain areas under Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Department of Commerce, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 7 artificially constructed houses with degree of planning to face the severity of climate and any other danger. The villages of farming communities were made of mud and mud bricks with roofs covered with wooden thatch and mud plaster. They had multi roomed houses in rectangular shape with storage facilities. The open space near to house was used for burial purpose. In material culture they contained utilitarian items made of stone, and terracotta; for body decoration and cult the objects were made from exotic commodities like semiprecious stone, and shell. These forming communities gave birth to the Indus civilization which is amongst ancient civilizations of the World indigenously flourished within territorial boundaries of South Asia. It also has deep roots into the earliest period of Human History –the Stone Age. After crossing through huge journey of Stone Age, it was during new revolutionary era of modernization known as „Neolithic period‟ in which Indus valley people exclusively relied on their own by building houses, domesticating animals and plants and understanding working properties of essential commodities like clay, shell, and semiprecious stones. In addition to several faunal species (domesticated and wild), the wheat, barley, date and Jujube became vital part of subsistence. People became farmers and enough was produced and stored in storage pits for the consumption throughout the year. The evidences of early agriculture have occurred at several earliest settlements of Indus Valley, for instance, Mehrgarh, Kalibangan, Harappa and others. Around 2800 BCE, Indus valley people established towns and intensified activities by introducing new crops, technologies and control over the property. About 2600 BCE, this cultural complexity resulted in prosperous mega urban centers with complex mechanism of town planning and all facilities of lavishness. At this time civilization spread over 186000 square kilometers covering entire Pakistan and parts of India. The rice, millets, peas, lentils, gram, sesame, mustard, cotton, and melon were added as a staple food in the list of previous cultivated crops. The yield was stored in huge granaries not only consumption for a single family but for entire city. After seven hundred years of this luxuriousness, it was fallen apart around 1900 BCE at the level of small local cultural entities showing poorness in all avenues of life. Nevertheless, some traditions continued and still exist in the society till today. The farmers provided nutritional grains, meat, animals for transportation and consequently the urban centers became hub of commercial activities. Hence, this paper will provide (a) archaeology of Indus farmers and farming, and (b) their relations with the farming communities in the Central Asia particularly in Jeitun cultural complexes. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TURKMENISTAN FARMERS Turkmenistan has long historical progression –beginning from Neolithic continue into Late Bronze age. Jeitun is the best type site for having credit of Neolithic culture. The other settlements, like, Chakmakli-Depe and Mondjukli for Pre-Anau culture; Anau for Anau 1A culture and Namazga represent the Chalcolithic and Bronze cultures. 8 In south Turkmenia , around 6000 BCE, the Mesolithic hunter gatherer reduced relying on the game and started domestication of plants and animals for which scholar define the “Neolithic revolution” in which hunter gathers became first farmers. These first farmers settle down at the place known with a name of Djeitun Depe and signifies as most developed Neolithic culture. It is situated in desert ecology not far from hilly sequence Kopet Dagh situated about 36 km from Ashgabat, the capital city of Turkmenia, on top of a low sandy hill on the southern edge of the Kara Kum desert. The archaeological research has shown that first farmers of Djeitun consists of nuclear families (mother, father and children only) lived in single room houses with a large room. Every family was engaged individually in the producing necessary stone implements for processing of skin, wood working and preparing food (Masson and Sarianidi 1972: 44-45 as cited by Asthana 1985: 32) The houses of Jeitun farmers were made of cylindrical mud bricks and stone wherever it was easily available in adjacent locality. The houses walls and floor has a lime plastered. Their material culture is characterized by handmade plain and painted pottery ( a pale-red and coarse gritty textured handmade, and painted with red); terracotta human and animal figurines; geometric microlithic made of flint such as blades, sickle blades, polished stones axes, bone tools, beads of turquoise and other semi precious stones, bone and sea shells, and (Asthana 1985:32) They cultivated crops of barley (Hordeum disticum) and wheat (triticum vulgare, Triticum compactum) and livestock breeding was equally important for these people – sheep, goat and dog were favored. Hunting continued side by side though it decreased in time as indicated by decreasing quantity of wild animal bones(Asthana 1985: 33). After initial developments of Djeitun period; this culture was fully developed as witnessed at several sites including Namazga Depe, Altin Depe and Geoksyur dated as 3600-1500 BCE in south Turkmenia and bracketed into two broader cultural phases as Chalcolithic dated as 3600 -3000 BCE and Bronze age 3000-1500 BCE. The Namazga received more attention for its all 1 to VI periods. The essential points are repeated here Namazga –I had single room houses plastered with mud plaster and painted with red ocher. The cultural assemblage consisting on objects made of stone, metal and terracotta of period I continued in subsequent periods. It was Namazga II people whose economy was solely based on the agriculture; domestication of animals increased and reliance on wild game was decreased. Generally during this period with cultural complexity seen, for instance, elaborate burials with necklaces, bracelets, beads etc. (Asthana 1985: 39). At this stage the cultural contact were not as elaborated but some trends in ceramics, terracotta figurine, and lithic assemblage formed large cultural geographical unit that constitutes central Asia, northwestern Iran Afghanistan and Baluchistan where people have moved frequently(Asthana 1985: 39). Town planning with adequate internal 9 arrangements having courtyard, storage, and dustbin became hallmark of the period III of Namazga cultural phase as documented at Kara Depe (Masson 1960 as cited by Asthana 1985: 41). During the Bronze age, the farmer of Turkmenia aggregated at one place started complex socio-economic system, lived into large towns with fortification walls with monumental structures as defined characteristics of “beginning of urbanism” where temples and large houses having toilet boxes appeared all over the land of southern Turkmenia with emphasis on material culture as the technology of copper smelting, pottery, stone and terracotta seals. The Namazga IV depicts fauna, flora, birds and geometric designs as pottery painting scheme. The natural scenes like birds
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