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By: Tekaleg By: Tekalegn Balcha DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ASSESSMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN SODO ZURIA DISTRICT, WOLITA ZONE, SNNPR By: Tekalegn Balcha ADVISOR: BEHAILU TADDESSE (PhD) CO: ADVISOR: MULATU TILAHUN (MA) OCT, 2018 A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art (MA) in Natural Resource and Environmental Management at the University of Gondar Assessment of soil and water conservation Practices in Wolita Zone: a case of Sodo Zuria District, SNNPR. Tekalegn Balcha MA Department of Geography and Environmental Studies College of Social Sciences and Humanities University of Gondar 2018 Approved by ______________ ___________ Advisor Signature Date ______________ Co-advisor Signature Date ________ ______ _____ External examiner Signature Date ____________ Internal examiner Signature Date ___________ Head, Department Signature Date ABSTRACT The study was conducted in Soddo Zuria District, Wolita Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Soil erosion, over grazing and over cultivation was the most common problem in the study area. The objective of the study is assessment of soil and water conservation practices .Cross sectional study design was used and purposive sampling technique used to select the study area .The Kebeles stratified into two based on their agro ecology. Two kebeles were selected by simple random sampling. 324 households were selected. For house hold survey through Household survey, FGD, key informant interview and field observation were used to get primary data. And also different documents, journal articles and reports were used as secondary data. In the study area farmers used both traditional and improved swc measures i.e. physical measures like soil bund, contour farming, as well as biological methods like planting trees, grass strips, area closure and agronomic measures like leaving crop residues in the field/mulching. Lack of knowledge to apply swc methods, narrow farm size, and crop destroy pests in the structural swc measures and technical challenges at selection of technology were challenges of swc works in the study area. Farmers get extension education from public meetings, peer group farmers, kebele extension agents, development agents and electronic media. Chi-squre and t-test were used to measure the association between the variables and swc practices. According to the t-test and chi-square- test result, the sex, education level, farm size and extension contact was significantly affects the adoption of swc technologies at less than 1% significant level. Age, family size and marital status of the the house hold head was no significant at 0.286, 0.545 and 0.387siginificacnt levels. To sustain swc works select best technology that favorable for the agro ecology of the area, give attention for structural swc works and maintain regularly and give lessons about swc practices was important to manage soil and water in Dega kebele and protect community level swc works like planted trees, community ponds,water diversion canals with regular maintainance is important in Woina Dega keble. Key terms: Soil degradation, soil conservation practices, conservation i ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to thank almighty God for helping me to start and successfully complete this work. Then I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisors, Dr. BehailuTadesse and Mr.MulatuTilahun for helping me in working the thesis by providing the necessary advices and kind communication. Then my gratitude also extends to Soddo Zuria Woreda Agriculture and natural resource development Office, all the development agents of the study kebeles, respondents who participated in this work by giving their precious time in answering the questions. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to my family specially my mother (BizuneshAshengo) and my father Ato Balcha Bekele for their support to me by giving motherly and fatherly love and strength to achieve my study. In addition, I extend my heartfelt and deep gratitude to all my lovely brothers (Sintayehu and Hailu,) and sisters (Aynalem and Birtukan). Finally I deeply thank University of Gondar and all the Department of Geography and Environmental Study staffs for their kindness. ii List of Acronyms ADLI: Agricultural development Led to Industrialization DAs: Development Agents FDG: Focus Group Discussion GDP: Gross Domestic Product UNCED: United Nation Conference on Environment and Development UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. SWC: Soil and Water Conservation SLM: Sustainable land Management SPSS: Statistical package for Social science SNNPR: Southern Nations Nationalities peoples Region WOCAT: World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies iii Table of contents Contents----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pages ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................................. ii List of Acronyms........................................................................................................................................ iii List of figures............................................................................................................................................. vii List of tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii Lists of Appendices................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Back ground of the study............................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem...............................................................................................................3 1.3 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................................5 1.3.1 General objective of the study................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study..............................................................................................5 1.4 Research questions.........................................................................................................................5 1.5 Significance of the study.................................................................................................................6 1.6 Scope of the Study ..........................................................................................................................6 1.7 organization of the study ................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................7 Review of Related Literatures ..............................................................................................................7 2.1. Concepts of Soil and Water Conservation..............................................................................7 2.2. Soil and Water Conservations......................................................................................................9 2.2.1. Global Overview ......................................................................................................................9 2.2.2. Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in Africa ......................................................11 2.2.3. Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia...........................................................................12 2.3 Community participation in sustainable soil and water conservation ....................................13 2.4 Woreda level decentralization and participatory development planning...............................15 iv 2.5 Causes of soil erosion...................................................................................................................16 2.5.1 Woodland Clearing.................................................................................................................16 2.5.2 Poor Arable Land Management ...........................................................................................17 2.5.3 Degradation of Grazing Land ...............................................................................................17 2.5.4 Population Pressure and the Problem of soil erosion.......................................................18 2.5.5 Tenure Right and the Problem of soil erosion ...................................................................18 2.5.6 Lack of Awareness as Factors for soil erosion ..................................................................19 2.6 Types of Soil and Water Conservation.......................................................................................20
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