ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Faith and Ideologies 19 Omslagets bild är målad av Lisa Camnerin. Försoningens mellanrum – en analys av Daphne Hampsons och Rita Nakashima Brocks teologiska tolkningar Sofia Camnerin Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Uhus IV, Universitet- shuset, Uppsala, Friday, December 19, 2008 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Theology. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Abstract Camnerin, S. 2008. Försoningens mellanrum. En analys av Daphne Hampsons och Rita Nakashima Brocks teologiska tolkningar. (The Space-in-Between of Atonement/Redemption. An Analysis of Daphne Hampson’s and Rita Nakashima Brock’s Theological Interpretations). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala Studies in Faiths and Ideologies 19. 213 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-7365-5. The overall purpose of this thesis is to illuminate and critically evaluate Christian theology of atonement and redemption, in order to contribute to contemporary theology of atonement and redemption. The purpose is reached through an analysis of the work of two contemporary feminist theologians; Daphne Hampson and Rita Nakashima Brock. Hampson has formulated a sharp post-Christian position. Brock has distinguished herself through her critique of the Christian concept of atonement and through her contributions to reconciliation and redemption. Both Daphne Hampson and Rita Nakashima Brock argue that Christian atonement-theology, primarily the so called objective model, is hurtful to children and victims of abuse and violence. They both argue that theological language is not innocent. At the same time, they illustrate broken relationships, sufferings, and problems they want to change, give theological interpretations of how that change is to take place and present methodologies on how to reach reconciliation between human beings and God as well as between human beings. In two steps I undertake a critical analysis of content and presuppositions in Daphne Hampson’s and Rita Nakashima Brock’s theologies of atonement and redemption. In the first step, I describe Hampson’s and Brock’s critique of Christian atonement-theology. I analyze their theological critique and theological construction in a model "from-transition-to". My critical analysis focuses especially on internal consis- tency. In the second part, the analysis of presuppositions, I explain basic principles upon which they shape their theology. The analysis is made up by the analytical concepts; theoretical arguments of knowledge, understandings of faith, and the position of the subject. I also analyze other essential concepts out of which gender is one. In the last chapter I present my own constructive contribution, structured by content and presupposi- tions. I argue that theology is both a critical and constructive discipline. In the content-response I discuss images of God, the tragic, the cross, and the hope. In the presuppositions-response I discuss the concept "space-in-between". In conclusion I propose that theology of atonement/redemption is shaped between post and Christian. I argue that space-in-between-perspectives are necessarily experimental and critical, a space on the border where marginalized voices are to be included. Keywords: Daphne Hampson, Rita Nakashima Brock, Christian, post-Christian, atonement, redemption, reconciliation, knowledge, identity, abuse, violence, contexts of death, eros, images of God, the cross, hope, the tragic, space-in-between. Sofia Camnerin, Department of Theology, Box 511, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden © Sofia Camnerin 2008 ISSN 1102-7878 ISBN 978-91-554-7365-5 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9413 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9413) Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2008. Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala www.uu.se, [email protected] Till Mille och Louise Innehåll Förord..............................................................................................................9 Inledning .......................................................................................................11 Syfte, metod, problemställningar och disposition ....................................14 Avgränsning och materialpresentation.....................................................16 Rita Nakashima Brock.........................................................................16 Daphne Hampson.................................................................................18 Jämförelsen Daphne Hampson och Rita Nakashima Brock ................19 Tidigare forskning....................................................................................20 1. Teori och metod ........................................................................................25 Studium av teologiska tolkningar.............................................................25 Innehållsanalys.........................................................................................26 Kristen försoningslära..........................................................................27 Försoningsteologisk modell.................................................................29 Frågor och motiv .................................................................................33 Dikotomier...........................................................................................34 Förutsättningsanalys.................................................................................37 Kunskapsteoretiska argument..............................................................37 Troslärouppfattning .............................................................................39 Subjektsförståelse ................................................................................42 Andra centrala begrepp ............................................................................44 2. Försoning i feministisk teologi .................................................................47 Feministisk teologi och teori ....................................................................47 Feministteologisk översikt .......................................................................52 Tematik sammanfattad och exemplifierad...........................................58 3. Hampsons och Brocks teologiska kritik....................................................61 ”Den Andre”.............................................................................................61 Gudsbild ...................................................................................................67 Kritik av kristen försoningsteologi...........................................................74 Från......................................................................................................74 Övergång .............................................................................................79 Till .......................................................................................................88 Konklusioner ............................................................................................89 4. Hampsons och Brocks teologiska alternativ .............................................91 Daphne Hampson .....................................................................................92 Från......................................................................................................92 Övergång .............................................................................................93 Till .....................................................................................................101 Sammanfattande kritisk granskning av innehåll................................102 Rita Nakashima Brock ...........................................................................105 Från....................................................................................................109 Övergång ...........................................................................................113 Till .....................................................................................................126 Sammanfattande kritisk granskning av innehåll................................129 Frågeställningar till modellen från – övergång – till..............................132 5. Hampsons och Brocks förutsättningar ....................................................137 Daphne Hampson ...................................................................................137 Kunskapsteoretiska argument............................................................138 Troslärouppfattning ...........................................................................140 Subjektsförståelse ..............................................................................145 Hampsons ”nya” postkristna teism....................................................147 Rita Nakashima Brock ...........................................................................148 Kunskapsteoretiska argument............................................................149 Troslärouppfattning och subjektsförståelse .......................................152 Kriterier och avgränsningar....................................................................156 Slutsatser kriterier och avgränsningar................................................159 Förutsättningar sammanfattade ..............................................................160 6. Försoningsteologi i mellanrum ...............................................................163 Innehåll...................................................................................................165