DOCSLIB.ORG

A Descriptive Study of Cancer and Other Health Outcomes Around the Former Fresh Kills Landfill, Staten Island January 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Descriptive Study of Cancer and Other Health Outcomes Around the Former Fresh Kills Landfill, Staten Island January 2020 A Descriptive Study of Cancer and Other Health Outcomes Around the Former Fresh Kills Landfill, Staten Island January 2020 Aerial view of Staten Island. Photo by Alex MacLean. Image courtesy of Freshkills Park and the City of New York. Fresh Kills Landfill Area A satellite image of Staten Island overlaid with 2010 United States Census tract definitions. Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. vi I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Background ................................................................................................................................................. 1 B. Previous Research on Cancer, Asthma, and Mortality in Staten Island ..................................................... 4 C. Study Development .................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Methods .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Objectives ................................................................................................................................................... 7 B. Fresh Kills Landfill Study Area and Comparison Areas ............................................................................ 7 C. Health Outcomes of Interest and Sources of Data ...................................................................................... 8 1. Selection of Specific Cancers for Analysis ...................................................................................... 9 D. Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Limitations ..................................................................................................................................... 12 III. Findings ................................................................................................................................................... 12 A. Cancer ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Bladder Cancer ............................................................................................................................... 18 2. Breast Cancer (women only) .......................................................................................................... 20 3. Kidney Cancer ............................................................................................................................... 22 4. Lung Cancer ................................................................................................................................... 24 5. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma .............................................................................................................. 25 6. Thyroid Cancer .............................................................................................................................. 27 7. Total Childhood Cancer ................................................................................................................. 28 B. Asthma ...................................................................................................................................................... 29 C. Cause of Death.......................................................................................................................................... 31 IV. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 33 V. Appendices ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix A. Scientific Advisory Committee Members ................................................................................. 35 Appendix B. List of Census Tracts .................................................................................................................. 36 Appendix C. Maps of the Areas of Interest for this Study ............................................................................ 37 Appendix D. Analysis Methods ........................................................................................................................ 39 Appendix E. Results of the Analysis of Cancer Incidence ............................................................................. 47 Appendix F. Results of the Bayesian Analysis ................................................................................................ 60 Appendix G. Results of the Analysis of Cause of Death ................................................................................ 72 Appendix H. Asthma ........................................................................................................................................ 74 Appendix I. Demographic and Behavioral Cancer Risk Factors ................................................................. 79 ii Executive Summary Introduction The former Fresh Kills Landfill site – once one of the world’s largest landfills – is being transformed into one of New York City’s largest parks. The landfill began operation in 1948. Both while the landfill was operating and since its closure in 2001, residents of Staten Island have had concerns about potential environmental exposures resulting in adverse health impacts, such as cancer and asthma. In response, the New York City (NYC) Health Department has conducted three descriptive studies. The first study in 1996, the second in 2000, and this study -- which examines cancer rates from 1995 to 2015, describe the incidence (new cases) of specific types of cancer in adults and total cancer among children living near the landfill compared with the rest of Staten Island. Given the community concerns about respiratory disease, this third study also looks at rates of asthma-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations, as well as deaths due to chronic lower respiratory disease, and deaths due to all causes other than injury (such as car crashes, suicides, poisonings, etc.). Study Objectives This study looked for patterns that could suggest a connection between living close to the landfill and health. We evaluated the strength of the evidence for increased risk of disease in the former Fresh Kills Landfill study area. If exposures from the former Fresh Kills Landfill increased health risks in nearby communities, we would expect to see consistent patterns in rates over time, as well as similar increases in rates in both men and women. Our objectives were to: 1. Compare the rates of new cases of total cancer and specific cancer types diagnosed from 1995 to 2015 among people residing in the 24 census tracts that make up the former “Fresh Kills Landfill study area” with rates in the rest of Staten Island for 1995-2015. For context, we also compared cancer rates in Staten Island with the rest of NYC. 2. Compare rates of asthma-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations in the neighborhoods near the former Fresh Kills Landfill study area, Staten Island as a whole, and the rest of NYC for 2012-2016. 3. Compare the rates of death due to causes other than injury or poisoning and death due to chronic lower respiratory diseases, among people living in the former Fresh Kills Landfill study area, in the rest of Staten Island and in the rest of NYC for 1995-2016. 4. Describe cancer incidence and mortality trends (over time) in the former Fresh Kills Landfill study area, the rest of Staten Island, and the rest of NYC. 5. Examine available data on known cancer risk factors, such as smoking, in neighborhoods next to the former Fresh Kills Landfill compared with Staten Island neighborhoods farther away and New York City. iii Methods The New York State (NYS) Cancer Registry provided data on total cancer and 17 specific types of cancer for adults by sex (e.g., male, female) and total cancer for children. We chose the 17 types based on their frequency in the general population, the potential for an association with landfill exposures, and community concern. The cancer types were: bladder, brain and nervous system, breast (women only), colon, Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney, larynx, leukemia, liver, lung, myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreas, pharynx and oral cavity, prostate (men only), rectum, and thyroid. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were calculated separately for men, women, and children in the former Fresh Kills Landfill study area, the rest of Staten Island and the rest of NYC for 1995- 1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2015. The observed number of cancer cases in the Fresh Kills Landfill study area for 1995-2015 was compared with the number expected, based on rates for the rest of Staten Island. For cancer types identified as potentially elevated (using statistical criteria), we conducted a more rigorous proximity analysis over two periods
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Record of Decision Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site Operable Unit No
    - -Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Environmental Remediation Record of Decision Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site Operable Unit No. 2 New York City, Richmond County,New York Site Number 243006 March 2007 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ELIOT SPITZER, Governor Brookfield Avenue Landfill Inactive Hazardous Waste Disposal Site Operable Unit No. 2 New York City, Richmond County, New York Site No. 243006 Statement of Pur~oseand Basis The Record of Decision (ROD) presents the selected remedy for: Operable Unit #2 the Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site, a Class 2 inactive hazardous waste disposal site. The selected remedial program was chosen in accordance with theNew York State Environmental Conservation Law and is not inconsistent with the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan of March 8, 1990 (40CFR300), as amended. This decision is based on the Administrative Record of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (the Department) for: Operable Unit 2 of the Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site inactive hazardous waste disposal site, and the public's input to the Proposed Remedial Action Plan (PRAP) presented by the Department. A listing of the documents included as a part of the Administrative Record is included in Appendix B of the ROD. Assessment of the Site Actual or threatened release of hazardous waste constituents from the Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site will be addressed by implementing the OU-1 Remedy identified in this ROD. The capping of the landfill and other engineering controls at the site will significantly reduce the threat to public health and the environment. Descri~tionof Selected Remedy Based on the results of the Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RVFS) for the Brookfield Avenue Landfill Site and the criteria identified for evaluation of alternatives, the Department has selected the following remedy for OU-2: Alternative #2, Institutional Controls and Monitoring, in combination with the OU-l selected alternative as the remedy for this site.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Atonement in Fresh Kills: from Landfill to Landscape Marissa Reilly
    Vassar College Digital Window @ Vassar Senior Capstone Projects 2013 Ecological Atonement in Fresh Kills: From Landfill to Landscape Marissa Reilly Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone Recommended Citation Reilly, Marissa, "Ecological Atonement in Fresh Kills: From Landfill to Landscape" (2013). Senior Capstone Projects. 187. http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone/187 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Window @ Vassar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Window @ Vassar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ecological Atonement in Fresh Kills: From Landfill to Landscape Marissa Reilly Urban Studies April 2013 Senior Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Urban Studies ________________________________________ Adviser, Brian Godfrey ________________________________________ Advisor, Tobias Armborst TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………...….3 Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………..…..…..4 Chapter 2: A History of New York City’s Atoned Spaces……………….………………..16 A Park for the People………………………………………….……………..….17 Atonement Atop The High Line………………………………….………….…..22 From Landfill to Landscape……………………………………….……...….….27 Chapter 3:The Competition: Re-conceptualization Nature Atop a Space of Track……35 Parklands by Hargreaves Associates………………………………….…...….37 Fresh Kills by John
    [Show full text]
  • Lightsmonday, out February 10, 2020 Photo by Teresa Mettela 50¢ 57,000 Queensqueensqueens Residents Lose Power Volumevolume 65, 65, No
    VolumeVol.Volume 66, No. 65,65, 80 No.No. 207207 MONDAY,MONDAY,THURSDAY, FEBRUARYFEBRUARY AUGUST 6,10,10, 2020 20202020 50¢ A tree fell across wires in Queens Village, knocking out power and upending a chunk of sidewalk. VolumeQUEENSQUEENS 65, No. 207 LIGHTSMONDAY, OUT FEBRUARY 10, 2020 Photo by Teresa Mettela 50¢ 57,000 QueensQueensQueens residents lose power VolumeVolume 65, 65, No. No. 207 207 MONDAY,MONDAY, FEBRUARY FEBRUARY 10, 10, 2020 2020 50¢50¢ VolumeVol.VolumeVol.VolumeVol. 66, 66,66, No.65, No. No.65,65, 80No. 80 80184No.No. 207 207207 MONDAY,THURSDAY,MONDAY,MONDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY, FEBRUARY FEBRUARY FEBRUARYFEBRUARYJANUARY AUGUST AUGUSTAUGUST 8,6,10, 6,10,6,10, 10,20212020 20202020 20202020 50¢50¢50¢ Volume 65, No. 207 MONDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2020 50¢ VolumeVol.TODAY 66, No.65, 80No. 207 MONDAY,THURSDAY, FEBRUARY AUGUST 6,10, 2020 2020 A tree fell across wires in50¢ TODAY AA tree tree fell fell across across wires wires in in ‘These experiences TODAY QueensQueensQueens Village, Village, Village, knocking knocking knocking outoutout power power power and and and upending upending upending continueA treea achunktoa chunkfell chunk acrosshappen’ of of ofsidewalk. sidewalk. sidewalk.wires in VolumeVolume 65, 65, No. No. 207 207 during intenseMONDAY,MONDAY, FEBRUARY FEBRUARY 10, 10, 2020 2020 QueensPhotoPhoto PhotoVillage, by by byTeresa Teresa Teresa knocking Mettela Mettela Mettela 50¢50¢ VolumeQUEENSQUEENSQUEENSQUEENS 65, No. 207 LIGHTSLIGHTSMONDAY, OUTOUTOUT FEBRUARY 10, 2020 New York court system begins 50¢ QUEENS out power and
    [Show full text]
  • About Fresh Kills
    INTERNATIONAL DESIGN COMPETITION : 2001 ABOUT FRESH KILLS Fresh Kills Landfill is located on the western shore of Staten Island. Approximately half the 2,200-acre landfill is composed of four mounds, or sections, identified as 1/9, 2/8, 3/4 and 6/7 which range in height from 90 feet to approximately 225 feet. These mounds are the result of more than 50 years of landfilling, primarily household waste. Two of the four mounds are fully capped and closed; the other two are being prepared for final capping and closure. Fresh Kills is a highly engineered site, with numerous systems put in place to protect public health and environmental safety. However, roughly half the site has never been filled with garbage or was filled more than twenty years ago. These flatter areas and open waterways host everything from landfill infrastructure and roadways to intact wetlands and wildlife habitats. The potential exists for these areas, and eventually, the mounds themselves, to support broader and more active uses. With effective preparation now, the city can, over time, transform this controversial site into an important asset for Staten Island, the city and the region. Before dumping began, Fresh Kills Landfill was much like the rest of northwest Staten Island. That is, most of the landfill was a salt or intertidal marsh. The topography was low-lying, with a subsoil of clay and soils of sand and silt. The remainder of the area was originally farmland, either actively farmed, or abandoned and in stages of succession. Although Fresh Kills Landfill is not a wholly natural environment, the site has developed its own unique ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • Staten Island, New York Draft Master Plan March 2006
    FRESH KILLS PARK: LIFESCAPE STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK DRAFT MASTER PLAN MARCH 2006 FRESH KILLS PARK: DRAFT MASTER PLAN MARCH 2006 prepared for: THE CITY OF NEW YORK Michael R. Bloomberg, Mayor NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING Amanda M. Burden, Director New York City Department of Parks & Recreation New York City Department of Sanitation New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Transportation Offi ce of the Staten Island Borough President New York State Department of State New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Transportation Municipal Art Society prepared by: FIELD OPERATIONS 475 Tenth Avenue, 10th Floor New York, New York 10018 212.433.1450 in collaboration with: Hamilton, Rabinovitz & Alschuler AKRF, Inc. Applied Ecological Services Arup GeoSyntec Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Stan Allen Architect L’Observatoire International Tomato Richard Lynch Curry & Kerlinger Mierle Laderman Ukeles The New York Department of State, through the Division of Coastal Resources, has provided funding for the Fresh Kills Park Master Plan under Title 11 of the Environmental Protection Fund for further information: www.nyc.gov/freshkillspark Fresh Kills Park Hotline: 212.977.5597, ex.275 New York City Representative: 311 or 212.NEW.YORK Community Advisory Group James P. Molinaro, President, Borough of Staten Island Michael McMahon, Councilman, City of New York James Oddo, Councilman, City of New York Andrew Lanza, Councilman, City of New York Linda Allocco, Executive Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Fresh Kills Park GEIS
    APPENDIX B PHASE 1A ARCHAEOLOGY DOCUMENTARY STUDY Phase 1A Archaeological Documentary Study Fresh Kills Park Richmond County, New York Prepared for: New York City Department of City Planning and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Prepared by: AKRF, Inc. 440 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10016 March 2008 Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction.............................................................................................................I-1 A. Project Overview ............................................................................................................ I-1 B. Research Goals And Methodology ................................................................................. I-3 Chapter II: Environmental/Physical Setting......................................................................... II-1 A. Geology and Topography..............................................................................................II-1 B. Paleoenvironment ..........................................................................................................II-2 C. Current Conditions.........................................................................................................II-2 D. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Investigations Within One Mile of the Project Area .........................................................................................................II-3 Chapter III: Precontact And Contact Period Resources.....................................................III-1 A. Introduction.................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freshkills Park a Communications Strategy to Address Public Health Concerns
    Freshkills Park A Communications Strategy to Address Public Health Concerns 1 The Team Jenni Chun Daniel Giuffrida Daniel Held Sarah Hogue Tyler Johnson Dina Mustafa Monica Perez Nevarez Pamela Quinlan Robert Sciortino Julie Shershavin Jonathan Simkins Sean Simpson Faculty Advisor: Louise Rosen 2 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 9 Project Scope of Work 9 Freshkills Park Background 10 Infrastructure Background 13 Survey Data Research 15 Data Provided 15 Research Methodology & Key Findings 15 Scientific Research 19 Communications Best Practices 23 Landfill-to-Parks Case Studies 23 Risk Communication Theory 25 Crisis Communication Case Studies 27 Freshkills Park Current Communications Approach 29 Community Outreach 29 Print 29 Social Press 30 Newsletter 30 SWOT Analysis Key Findings 33 Recommended Communication Plan 35 Elements of a Communications Strategy 35 Establishing the Communications Goal 35 Target Audience 36 The Message 39 Tactics: How to Reach the Audience 43 Message Customization Strategy 51 3 Communications Strategy Action Plan 53 Budget Scenarios 55 Implementation of Communications Strategy 58 Acknowledgments 60 Appendix 63 Appendix A: Fresh Kills Landfill History 63 Appendix B: Data Analysis 65 Appendix C: Freshkills Park Scientific Research 66 Appendix D: Airborne Risks 67 Appendix E: Groundwater Risks 69 Appendix F: Soil Risks 70 Appendix G: Surface Water and Sediment Risks 71 Appendix H: Landfill-to-Parks Case Studies 73 Appendix I: Risk Communication Theory 80 Appendix J: Crisis Communication Case Studies, BP Oil Spill 86 Appendix K: Crisis Communication Case Studies, Banks 90 Appendix L: Influencer Marketing 92 Appendix M: Controlled Messaging 94 Appendix N: Influenced Messaging 108 Appendix O: Best Practices with News Press 115 References 118 Tables and Figures 130 4 Executive Summary 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshkills Park What Is Freshkills? at 2,200 Acres, Freshkills Park Is the Largest Landfill-To-Park Project in the World
    Freshkills Park What is Freshkills? At 2,200 acres, Freshkills Park is the largest landfill-to-park project in the world. New York City’s residential waste was brought here from 1948-2001. Now, the City of New York is working to create a great new park for nature, art, recreation, and education through engineering, design, science and technology. In the past it was trash. New York City first processed waste at Fresh Kills between 1914 and 1918 at a plant that converted trash into useful fuels. The City also dumped trash into the ocean until a Supreme Court ruling in 1934 put a stop to that method. In 1938, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses proposed a landfill at Fresh Kills. The site’s wetlands were considered a nuisance and Moses planned to fill them in with trash for three years and then use the area for parks, private residential development, and industry. The first scow* of garbage arrived at Fresh Kills in 1948 and by the mid 1990s Fresh Kills Landfill was the largest landfill in the world and the main collector of household garbage in NYC. *SCOW: a flat-bottomed boat used to transport large loads Closing the landfill The Fresh Kills Community voices were finally heard in site in its natural 1996 when a law was passed that required state, before the landfill to stop accepting waste by De- landfilling began, cember 31, 2001. By 1997, The City of New was primarily tidal creeks and York Department of Sanitation (DSNY) had coastal marsh. capped two of the landfill’s four mounds, covering the garbage with layers of soil, impermeable materials, and thousands of linear feet of underground pipes and infra- structure, topped with clean soil and seeded with grasses.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Discourses in Landscape Exploring the Value of Parks in New York City
    U H P H 2 0 1 6 I c o n s : T h e M a k i n g , M e a n i n g a n d U n d o i n g o f U r b a n I c o n s a n d I c o n i c C i t i e s | 198 Shifting Discourses in Landscape Exploring the value of parks in New York City Philip Hutchinson University of Canberra [email protected] Dr Andrew Mackenzie University of Canberra [email protected] Urban parks are valued by residents and tourists alike as they are a pleasant juxtaposition from the intensity of the surrounding city. But parks haven’t necessarily been considered in the same economic or political terms as other parts of the city. In recent years, the potential of urban landscapes to contribute to the economic health and vibrancy of the city has become more apparent to the political elite in the higher profile parks such as New York City’s High Line Project. However, some aspects of the political role that urban parks play still have not been recognised. Contrary to the economic value that has been attributed to some other high profile parks in New York City, the cost of Freshkills Park is enormous and this suggests that there are other political narratives associated with the closure of the landfill and the creation of the Park. That is, the Park offers some form of political value to the New York City administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Waste Management Plan Executive Summary
    FINAL COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nearly 50,000 tons of waste and recyclables are collected in New York City each day. Roughly 25% of that total is generated by the City’s residents and institutions—waste that is directly managed by the Department of Sanitation (DSNY). The remainder is privately managed and generated by the City’s businesses or through construction activities. The system necessary to handle this volume of waste is vast and complex, involving a network of City employees, garages and specialized vehicles, as well as a far-flung array of private haulers, transfer stations and disposal companies. For years, this complex network converged at the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island. But with the phasing out and ultimate closure of that landfill in 2001, a new network replaced the old: with no remaining in-City disposal options, both residential and commercial waste had to find another home. The result was a new, predominantly truck-based system that relied on a combination of local, land-based private transfer stations and disposal of waste in neighboring states. This system, while meeting the immediate needs of both commercial and residential waste streams, is unsustainable as a cornerstone of any long-term disposal plan. Perhaps most importantly, the heavy reliance on trucking has impacts on the environment and on local communities along major truck routes. In addition, the costs of this system are rising as nearby landfills fill up and the City is forced to rely on long-haul trucking to more distant landfills. The Final Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan, September 2006, (SWMP) presented here offers a framework for dramatically reducing the number of truck trips and miles associated with disposal of New York City’s waste.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Waste Management Plan: Post Fresh Kills Landfill
    SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: POST FRESH KILLS LANDFILL Assistant Commissioner Phillip Gleason, PE Solid Waste Management Engineering Game-Changing Initiatives for Solid Waste The Cooper Union June 10, 2015 TOPICS + SPEAKERS Fresh Kills Closure and Stewardship Phillip Gleason, PE Assistant Commissioner, Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Management Plan Overview Sarah Dolinar Director of Environmental Review, Solid Waste Management Long-Term Export: Here and Now Thomas Killeen Director, Solid Waste Management 2 FRESH KILLS LANDFILL – Located on Staten Island – Started Operations in 1948 – 3,000 acres – Grew to Six MSW Units – Barge- and Truck-Fed Operations 3 4 FRESH KILLS LANDFILL – 1948 Sequence of Land Acquisition Fresh Kills Landfill--1948 5 6 BACKGROUND 1976 – Resource Conservation and Recovery Act – Differentiated Solid Waste Landfills from Open Dumps – Established regulatory timeline to upgrade Open Dumps to Solid Waste Landfills – or required closure – Transferred oversight to approved State programs, such as established under New York State’s Part 360 regulations 1979 – Fresh Kills Landfill Part 360 Application Submitted NYSDEC – Permit Application deemed administratively incomplete 7 BACKGROUND CONTINUED 1980 – Order on Consent with NYSDEC – Authorized interim operation of the landfill – Established mitigation schedule to upgrade landfill – Established schedule to submit permit applications to NYSDEC 1985 – Order on Consent with NYSDEC – Removed Richmond Truckfill and Brookfield Avenue Landfill MSW Units from Fresh Kills Landfill
    [Show full text]
  • Fresh Kills Dumped : a Policy Assessment for the Management Of
    Copyright Warning & Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user may be liable for copyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to distribute this thesis or dissertation Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty. ASAC ES KIS UME: A OICY ASSESSME O E MAAGEME O EW YOK CIYS ESIEIA SOI WASE I E WEYIS CEUY b Arn Wll Crv New York City ceased disposing of its daily residential solid waste output within its municipal borders in March 2001 when the Department of Sanitation completed its phase-down of the Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island.
    [Show full text]