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Bull. Zool. 8Ur". India, 6 (1-3) : 87-93, 1984 22-65

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Bull. Zool. 8Ur Bull. zool. 8ur". India, 6 (1-3) : 87-93, 1984 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE AMPHIBIANS OF GUJARAT A. K. SARKAR Zoological Survey of India., Oalcutta ABSTRACT The brief systematic account, details of material collected, geographical distribution, observa­ tions on the field ecology. food and association with other animals of nine species of amphibians (256 ex.) from Gujarat are discussed in the present paper. INTRODUCTION rashtra, Goa, West Bengal, South India and The amphibians of Gujarat are very little Sri Lanka. known in the Indian fauna. Even the funda­ Ecology: The frogs prefer to live in mental work of Boulenger (1890 and 1920) shallow muddy rain water tanks with muddy contains no information on the amphibians bottom and embankments. The vicinity of of Gujarat. Mc Cann (1938), Soman (1960) the above collection spots exhibited perfect and Daniel and Shull (1963) have published xeric environment and Pro8opi8 and Acacia short accounts on the amphibians from Kutch bushes were in abundance. As evidenced by area and Surat Dangs (Southern Gujarat) of the stomach contents the food of Rana hexa­ the State. So, this will be first detailed dactyla in the said localities during February account on the amphibians of the area. and March consists of large black ants Collections have mostly been made by Dr. Oamponotu8 sp. and various species of beetles. R. C. Sharma, Superintending Zoologist, Remarks: Porous warts on neck, under Zoological Survey of India. the thighs and along each side of belly are most prominent. The dorsal region of head SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT and body is quite smooth and light olive-green Class : AMPHIBIA in colour. Order : ANURA 2. Rana cyanophlyctis Schneider Family : RANIDAE (Skittering Frog) 1. Rana hexadactyla Lesson Material: 127 ex.., Palanpur, Deesa, Bhuj, (Pond Frog) Anjar, Patna, Himmatnagar, Virarngam, Material: 3 ex., Halwad and Jamnagar. Dhrangadhra, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Collected in February and ~1at'ch. Godhra, Dwarka, Dantiwada, Ahwa, Melegaon M ea8urement8: Snout to vent length 30 and Veraval. Collected between January and mm. in aU the examples. December. Distribution: Gujarat: As above (first Measurements: Snout to vent length ftcord). Elsewhere ; Punjab, Rajasthan, Maha- 22-65 mm. 88 Bulletin 01 the Zooiogical Survey 011""ala Distribution: Gujarat: As above (new olive to brown with dark-brown round spots, locality records), Bhuj, Ahwa and Waghai. scattered irregularly. Some of the examples Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India, Sri possess reddish-olive tinge in dorsal Lanka, Thailand, Malaya Peninsula, Nepal, coloration. Iran, South Arabia and Pakistan (Swat and lCalat [)istricts). 3. Rana tigerina Daudin Ecology: Frogs are equally comfortable (Indian Bull Frog) in funning as well as stationary water. In various localities the frogs were found to Material: 7 ex., Bhuj, Anjar, Mehsana, be living in stagnant pools of water. Veraval and Rajkot. Collected between September and October. According to Minton (1966) this species in Pakistan feeds on aquatic invertebrates, Measurements: Snout to vent length 69- diving bettles, odonata larvae, crustaceans, 97 mm. snails, terrestrial insects, muscid flies etc. Distribution: Gujarat: As above (new The species is found to be a predator on a locality records), Bhuj, Surat Dangs in smaller species of the same genus i. e. Rana Southern Gujarat and Baroda. Elsewhere: limnocharis Wiegmann (Plate 4) and also Rajasthan, Base of Himalayas through Punjab, devours its own tadpoles. As evidenced by Uttar Pradesh to South India, Orissa, Bihar, the study of gut contents the food of this West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. Sri Lanka, species in Gujarat consists of various species Burma, Thailand, South China, Nepal, of aquatic and terrestrial beetles and their Taiwan and Pakistan. larvae, mainly of families Carabidae, Ecology: In Gujarat the Bull frogs prefer Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae and Hydro­ to live in tanks with muddy bottom and in pbilidae; large black ants (Oamponotu8 sp.); shallow wells. The frogs were observed feed­ Crickets, grasshoppers and various other ing near the banks of ponds. Wadekar (1963) orthopterous insects; dipterous nymphs; states that the diet of these frogs at Baroda cockroaches; earthworms; spiders; various comprises cockroaches, termites, silverfish, hymenopterous insects; earwigs; large mole crickets, earwigs, bugs, beetles, moths, number of arthropod eggs; many small to house flies and various dipterous larvae, ants, large red and black species of ants; moths; spiders, snails, earthworms, millipedes, dragon flies and their nymphs; bugs; centipedes, juveniles of its own kind, house numerous pupae and adults of mosquitoes; lizards, small birds, mouse, paddy grains and gastropod molluscs; centipedes; lepidopter­ leaves of onion. According to Minton (1966) ous caterpillars; numerous white ants; its food in Pakistan consists of belestomids, seeds, grass and fibres of certain wild plants dytiscids, snails, small frogs, including its and Acacia leaves. own kind. Remarks: In most of the examples On the examination of the stomach ventrum is spotted with dark brown in contents of the material included here it was adults whereas in young this ventral colour found that the food of this species in Gujarat pattern is confined to the throat and chin during September and October consists of pnly. The dorsum in most examples is dark- beetles of the families Scarabaeidae, Carabidae SARICAl: Eoological 8ludi6a on the Amphibians oJ Gujarat 89 and Blateridae ; locusts, Schistoaerca gregari~.; 4. Rana Iimnocharfs Wiegmann grasshoppers ; large lepidopterous caterpillars various species of small to large ants; winged (Cricket Frog) termites; earwigs; bugs; dragon flles and Material; 37 ex., Bhuj, Mehsana, their nymphs ; spiders; Crustacea-Conchos­ Himmatnagar, Rajkot, Dwarka, Jasdan, traca; scales of reptiles; seeds and fibres of Godhra, Veraval and Jamnagar. Collected some wild plant; grass. The present observa­ between January to November. tions add various new items to the known range of its food. Measurements: Snout to vent length 13- Rem.arks: In most of the above examples 22-mm. the dorsal longitudinal warts are most promi­ Di8tribution: Gujarat: As above (new nent and ridge like. In the examples from locality records), Bhuj and Surat Dangs in Anjar the cream coloured line on, the thigh South Gujarat. El8ewhere: Widely distributed and tibia is absent. While in the examples in India, Sri Lanka, Southern Japan, Phili­ from Bhuj a most prominent cream line on ppines, Indonesia, Malaya Peninsula and the outer dorsal aspect of thigh is present Archipelago, Borneo, Lombak, Eastern and which is continuous upto the foot joint Central China, West Nepal and Pakistan. through the inner aspect of tibia. In the frogs from Mehsana a faint cream line on Ecology; In Gujarat Cricket frogs prefer thigh does not extend on tibia ; in adult the to live in marshy and shallow water habitats, ~roat is densly spotted with dark-brown, fl,?oded agriculture fields and shallow pools on margins of the lower jaws are with a series of river beds. At Veraval numerous such tiny ", brown spots, general dorsal colour is light­ frogs were observed in a grassy damp plot brown with a raddish tinge and the complete of land where the wat.er waste of the Indian dorsuln and upper surface of thighs are Rayon factory is drained. provided with dark brown irregular spots, a dorsolateral white band originates from As evidenced by the study of the gut the level of axilla and reaches upto the contents, the food of these frogs in Gujarat groin.. The examples from Veraval exhibit a consists of various small orthopterous insects general greenish black colour with longitudi­ and their nymps; odonata larvae; small nal series of dark-black spots with white or beetles of families Scarabaeidae, Carabidae yellow centres, inner aspects of the thighs and Hydrophilidae; mantids; thysanurans; are with black cross-bars (with yellow or muscid flies; ho~ey bees (family Apidae); white shades in middle), outer aspects of small red ants; eggs of arthropods; spiders thighs speckled with darker spots, a narrow and isopod crustaceans. cream stripe from snout to vent is present in both the examples but in one of them Remarks: In all the Gujarat examples there are white lines along the outer margins the dorsal region of head and body possesses of the thighs, in both the frogs upper lips dark distinct spots. Throat and ventral are with dark spots and streaks whereas the aspects of thighs are bri~k-ted. Few examples lower lips are spotted with black. In all the from Jamnagar possess a faint cream verte­ G\1jarat examples lower parts are dirty white. bral stripe, 12 90 Bulletin of tke ZoologicaZ Survey. oj India 5. Rana breviceps Schneider bulged eyes, tympanum half of t.he eye, (Indian Burrowing Frog) irregular warts on the dorsum, half webbed toes, shoval-shaped inner metatarsal tuber~le, Material: 2 ex., Vijarkhi, Jamnagar. warts on the belly, a distinct longitudinal Collected in September. fold along the back, brownish dorsum with Measurements: Snout to vent length 23-42 darker spots and a prominent cream coloured mm., width of head 18 mm. vertebral stripe. Distribution: Gujarat: As above (new locality records), 'Shu) and Surat Dangs in Family : BUFONIDAE Southern Gujarat. El8ewhere: Rajasthan, 6. Bufo melanostictus Schneider Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, South India. (Common Indian Toad) Sri Lanka, North Burma, Eastern Nepal and Material: 20 ex., Vijarkhi, Jamnagar; Pakistan. Ranavav, Porbandar; Somnath, Veraval; Ecology: The
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