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Community Readiness for Ecotourism Management in a Royal Project Development Site, Northern Thailand

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Community Readiness for Ecotourism Management in a Royal Project Development Site, Northern Thailand Kasetsart J. (Soc. Sci) 30 : 338 - 346 (2009) «. ‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ( —ߧ¡) ªï∑’Ë 30 : 338 - 346 (2552) Community Readiness for Ecotourism Management in a Royal Project Development Site, Northern Thailand Tanya Promburom1, Piyaphan Klunklin1 and Suwipa Champawalaya2 ABSTRACT The objectives of the research were to investigate the need and readiness of community in managing community-based ecotourism; and to gather and assemble local knowledge to develop guideline for community-based ecotourism management. The Hmong and Karen stakeholders from 14 villages of Mae Wang and Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai Province, within responsible area of the Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station, were involved in this study. The participatory community-based ecotourism concept, qualitative research method and participatory action research were conducted. The data were collected by observation, in-depth interview, focus group technique and a formal questionnaire. The tourism program was developed and trialed with volunteer tourists to evaluate their satisfaction. The results were presented to and analyzed together with the stakeholders to develop community-based ecotourism management guideline. It was found that community was willing to have ecotourism and would like to promote their culture and tradition, and way of life including highland agricultural practice to tourists. They thought that the ecotourism could generate supplemental income and culture expression. However, the possible impact on environment, culture and social were concerned, and should be carefully considered and well planned. Most of the stakeholders expressed that the communities were ready for ecotourism, and there should be representatives from the communities participating in the ecotourism management process. Some disagreed concerning with communication problem, hospitality, facilities and road condition. Local knowledge was gathered and integrated into an ecotourism program which was implemented with volunteer tourists. The evaluation of pilot ecotourism program revealed that the tourists were satisfied with and interested in the tour program. They would like to discover folklore. In addition, the folklorists who guided and accompanied the tour could create value added to the program and good impression for tourists. It was suggested that, to develop such ecotourism, the tourism committees be established altogether with agreeable tasks and responsibilities. Key words: ecotourism, participatory, royal project 1 Faculty of Business Administration, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Rd., Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 2 Social Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Rd., Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. «. ‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ( —ߧ¡) ªï∑’Ë 30 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 3 339 ∫∑§—¥¬àÕ ¿“æ√«¡π—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¡’§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫¡“° ·≈–¡§«“¡µ’ Õß°“√¡“‡√â ¬π√’ «Ÿâ ≤π∏√√¡— «∂‘ ™’ «’ µ™π‡º‘ “à ß“π«®‘ ¬°“√‡µ√— ¬¡§«“¡æ√’ Õ¡¢Õߙ⠡™π„π°“√ÿ »÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß·≈–𔇠πÕ ®—¥°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫»„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë»Ÿπ¬åæ—≤π“ √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ºà“π¡—§§ÿ‡∑»°å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ®–™à«¬ √â“ß¡Ÿ≈§à“ ‚§√ß°“√À≈«ß„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑“ßµÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ¢Õß°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«·≈– √â“ߧ«“¡ª√–∑—∫„®„Àâπ—° ‰∑¬π’È¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“§«“¡µâÕß°“√·≈– ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ §«“¡æ√âÕ¡„π°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß™ÿ¡™πµàÕ°“√ ª√–°Õ∫°“√ ·π«∑“ß„π°“√æ≤π“°“√®— ¥°“√∑— Õ߇∑à ¬«’Ë ®—¥°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫» √«∫√«¡Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ·≈– ‡™‘ß𑇫»π—È𠧫√¡’°“√®—¥µ—Èߧ≥–°√√¡°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« «—≤π∏√√¡¢Õß∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ·≈–À“·π«∑“ßæ—≤π“°“√ ·≈–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥¿“√–Àπâ“∑’Ë„Àâ™—¥‡®π ®—¥°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫»·∫∫¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß™ÿ¡™π §” ”§—≠: °“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫», °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡, ‚¥¬„™â·π«§‘¥°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫»·∫∫™ÿ¡™π¡’ ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘‚§√ß°“√À≈«ß «π√à «¡à „™‡∑§πâ §«‘ ∏‘ «’ ®‘ ¬‡™— ߧ‘ ≥¿“æÿ ‡ππ°√–∫«π°“√â «‘®—¬‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√·∫∫¡’ à«π√à«¡ ‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ INTRODUCTION ®“°°“√ —߇°µ —¡¿“…≥凙‘ß≈÷° π∑π“°≈ÿà¡·≈– Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, ·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡®“°ºŸâ¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë»÷°…“ is a form of tourism that appeals to ecologically and ®”π«π 14 À¡Ÿà∫â“π ¢Õß™π‡ºà“¡âß·≈–ª°“‡°Õ–≠Õ socially conscious individuals. It typically involves ¿“¬„πæπ∑◊È »’Ë π¬Ÿ æå ≤𓂧√ß°“√À≈«ß·¡— ·Œà §√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible ‡¢µÕ”‡¿Õ·¡à·®à¡·≈–·¡à«“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß„À¡à ‚¥¬¡’ ecotourism includes programs that minimize the °“√®—¥∑”‚ª√·°√¡·≈–‡ âπ∑“ß°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ·≈– negative aspects of conventional tourism on the ∑¥≈Õß‚ª√·°√¡∑Õ߇∑à ¬«‚¥¬™’Ë ¡™π¡ÿ ’ «π√à «¡ªØà ∫‘ µ— ‘ environment and enhance the cultural integrity of µ≈Õ¥®πª√–‡¡‘πº≈§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®®“°π—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« local people (Wikipedia, 2007). Therefore, in addition Õ“ “ ¡—§√ º≈¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬æ∫«à“™ÿ¡™π¡’§«“¡ to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of µâÕß°“√¥â“π°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡™‘ß𑇫» µâÕß°“√„Àâπ—° recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¡“»÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ«—≤π∏√√¡™π‡ºà“ «‘∂’™’«‘µ the creation of economic opportunities for the local ·≈–°“√‡°…µ√ ‚¥¬‡Àπ«Á “°“√∑à Õ߇∑à ¬«®–™’Ë «¬ √à “ß√“¬â communities. ‰¥â‡ √‘¡„Àâ™ÿ¡™π ‡º¬·æ√à«—≤π∏√√¡ ·µà™ÿ¡™π¬—ß Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫∑“ß≈∫∑’ËÕ“®‡°‘¥µ“¡¡“µàÕ ‘Ëß initialized the national ecotourism policy in 1996 involving related organizations and supporting budget ·«¥≈âÕ¡ «—≤π∏√√¡ —ߧ¡ ·≈–‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√¡’°“√ to push forward ecotourism nationwide such as «“ß·ºπ°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«°àÕπ ™ÿ¡™π à«π„À≠à‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’ tourism area-based development, research, public §«“¡æ√âÕ¡À“°®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¢÷Èπ ·≈–§«√¡’ relations, setting up networks for transferring µ—«·∑π™ÿ¡™π‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑·≈–¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√ knowledge and coordinating tourism activities, and ®—¥°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ·µà™ÿ¡™π∫“ß à«π‡ÀÁπ«à“¬—߉¡à¡’ tour guides (Tourism Authority of Thailand, 1987). The Thai government expects that the Community §«“¡æ√âÕ¡„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß°“√ ◊ËÕ “√ °“√µâÕπ√—∫ ·≈– Based Ecotourism (CBT) will have a potential to ¿“æ∂ππ∑’ˉ¡à¥’„π∫“ß®ÿ¥ ”À√—∫Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˇ°Á∫ encourage natural resource conservation, generate √«∫√«¡ ‰¥âπ”¡“‡ªìπ∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√®—¥°“√ income and also ensure cultural conservation for the ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß®—¥‚ª√·°√¡∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‚¥¬ community (Sarobon, 2004). 340 «. ‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ( —ߧ¡) ªï∑’Ë 30 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 3 The Royal Project Foundation (RPF) villages which are part of Mae Chaem and Mae recognized that most of its development stations Wang district, Chiang Mai province (Figure 1). were located in mountainous areas with diversification There are two major ethnic groups, Hmong and and abundance of natural resources as well as Karen that practice agriculture under supervision of cultural attractions, which have potential to promote the Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station the ecotourism. Thus, the RPF has responded to the (MHRPDS). This research was conducted during CBT policy in 2002 by launching the tourism May 2007 - May 2008. development pilot project in ten development sites. The Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station in The research framework Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai province was one CBT can be effectively managed only through of the ten pilot tourism development projects that has community participation in all development processes. been implementing the CBT project since then, Researchers and local institutes should facilitate however, the tourism in the area had been unstructured community to increase their knowledge and skill on and disorganized until 2007. tourism management. Indigenous knowledge should In order to prepare the community readiness be gathered to develop community tale for visitors for improving the ecotourism, the local stakeholders and the local tour guides. Learning by doing process participated through a çlearning by doingé study enhances local community to gain better understanding approach. This research focused on the obstacles and of the tourism management process, allows community constraints and supporting factors needed for improving to identify problems and solutions. The results could community-based ecotourism management. be used for guiding further community-based Community knowledge including attitudes toward ecotourism management in the area. the readiness for participating in tourism management Thus, the participatory community-based is a crucial key that was explored. Local knowledge ecotourism concept, qualitative research method and that includes folk-tales describing the site as well as participatory action research were used in this study. landscape attractiveness are important areas to be The data were collected by using observation, developed. interview, focus group and a formal questionnaire. A tourism program was developed and trialed with OBJECTIVES volunteer tourists to evaluate their satisfaction. The study results were presented to and analyzed together 1) To investigate the need and readiness of with the stakeholders to develop community-based community in managing community-based ecotourism management guidelines (Figure 2). ecotourism. 2) To gather and assemble local knowledge. Research methodology 3) To develop guidelines for community- Research approach based ecotourism management. This research applied community-based ecotourism concept using participatory action research SCOPE, FRAMEWORK AND (PAR) that cooperated among research, action and METHODOLOGY participatory to bring better understanding through PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) learning process. Scope of the study Participation among researchers and stakeholders The study area of Mae Hae lies within 900- within the community are useful for identifying the 1,600 meters above sea level in the highland areas problems and requirements
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