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Abstract Son Ngoc Thanh, the United States, and The ABSTRACT SON NGOC THANH, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CAMBODIA Matthew Jagel, PhD Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2015 Kenton Clymer, Director The Khmer Rouge period of Cambodia’s history is one of the most scrutinized in studies of modern Southeast Asia. What has yet to be examined in sufficient detail is the period leading up to Democratic Kampuchea and the key players of that era, aside from Cambodia’s King (later Prince) Norodom Sihanouk. The story of Son Ngoc Thanh, one of Cambodia’s modern heroes, has yet to be told in detail, and will be a goal of this project. This is not a traditional biography, but instead a study of how Cambodian nationalism grew during the twilight of French colonialism and faced new geopolitical challenges during the Cold War. Throughout Son Ngoc Thanh is the centerpiece. Following a brief stint as Prime Minister under the Japanese, Son Ngoc Thanh’s influence pushed Sihanouk toward a hard-line stance with respect to independence from France, resulting in a free Cambodia by 1953. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Thanh and his group the Khmer Serei (Free Cambodia) exacerbated tensions between Cambodia and its Thai and South Vietnamese neighbors as he attempted to overthrow the Sihanouk government. Thanh also had connections to both American Special Forces and the CIA in South Vietnam. He was involved with the coup to unseat Sihanouk in 1970, and returned to the new Khmer Republic government later that year, only to be pushed out by 1972. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS MAY 2015 SON NGOC THANH, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CAMBODIA BY MATTHEW JAGEL ©2015 Matthew Jagel A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: Kenton Clymer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. History,.as.a.discipline,.is.very.much.a.collaBorative.endeavor...This.work. would.not.have.Been.possiBle.without.the.generosity.and.support.of.many.others,. especially.at.the.Northern.Illinois.University.Center.for.Southeast.Asian.Studies.and. History.Department...Both.provided.welcoming.and.stimulating.environments.that. allowed.me.to.grow.Both.as.a.scholar.and.as.a.person...Special.thanks.to.Anne. Hanley.and.Sean.Farrell.for.their.advice.and.encouragement.as.I.inched.closer.to. completion.of.this.work.. This.project.would.not.have.been.possible.without.the.generous.research. grants.of.various.institutions...The.Institute.of.International.Education.provided. support.in.the.form.of.a.FulBright.Research.Fellowship.for.study.at.the.National. Archives.in.Phnom.Penh,.Cambodia...Thank.you.to.DeBora.Pierce.of.the.Division.of. International.Affairs.for.her.help.in.preparing.for.my.application...Thanks.as.well.to. the.Center.for.Khmer.Studies,.which.provided.a.Ph.D..Dissertation.Research. Fellowship.for.study.in.Cambodia...The.United.States.Department.of.Education,. through.the.Center.for.Southeast.Asian.Studies.at.Northern.Illinois.University,. provided.three.years.of.Foreign.Language.and.Area.Studies.Fellowships.(FLAS),. without.which.I.would.not.have.been.aBle.to.dive.into.the.archives.in.Phnom.Penh... The.South.East.Asian.Summer.Institute.provided.a.FLAS.Fellowship.for.Khmer. iii. language.study.as.well...The.History.Department.at.Northern.Illinois.University. provided.two.summer.research.grants.for.archival.research.at.various.locations.in. the.United.States.. Throughout.my.travels,.there.were.several.people.who.made.my.research. experience.vastly.more.rewarding.than.otherwise.possible...In.Cambodia,.thanks.to. the.archival.staff.at.the.National.Archives.of.Cambodia.for.indulging.my.pursuit.of. all.things.Son.Ngoc.Thanh...Thank.you.to.Youk.Chhang.and.staff.at.the. Documentation.Center.of.Cambodia.for.helping.me.locate.materials.on.Son.Ngoc. Thanh.during.the.Khmer.Republic...The.archival.staff.at.both.the.Siem.Reap.and. Phnom.Penh.Center.for.Khmer.Studies.was.most.helpful...Special.thanks.to.Michael. Sullivan.for.his.advice.and.support...The.United.States.is.home.to.many.great. collections.with.dedicated.archivists...Thanks.to.the.staff.at.the.National.Archives.II. in.College.Park,.Maryland.and.the.staff.at.the.Truman.and.Kennedy.Presidential. Libraries...Cornell.and.Harvard.were.also.most.welcoming.and.accommodating.on. research.trips.as.well....Special.thanks.to.David.Chandler.for.providing.feedback.of. several.draft.chapters.as.I.tried.to.conceptualize.Thanh’s.place.in.Cambodian. history.. Northern.Illinois.University.has.been.my.academic.home.for.nearly.a.decade,. and.this.project.would.never.have.come.to.fruition.without.the.guiding.hand.of. many...Thank.you.to.Kheang.Leang.for.his.years.of.support.and.aid.in.the.study.of. iv. Khmer,.without.which.this.dissertation.would.not.have.been.produced...Thanks.to. David.Kyvig.for.his.advice.over.the.years.and.long.talks.on.Richard.Nixon...Thanks. to.E..Taylor.Atkins.for.all.things.Japan.and.for.his.overall.support.of.the.project.and. of.me...Committee.members.Judy.Ledgerwood.and.Trudy.Jacobsen.offered.smart. critiques,.challenges,.and.endorsements.of.this.project...They.certainly.have.made. this.work.a.better.one...Great.thanks.to.Eric.Jones,.for.initially.brainwashing.me.into. studying.Southeast.Asia.and.for.being.a.constant.counselor.and.friend.throughout. this.journey...I.am.most.grateful.to.Kenton.Clymer,.who.advised.this.project.from. start.to.finish...He.believed.in.this.project.even.when.I.had.my.own.doubts...It.would. not.have.been.possible.without.his.dedication.and.support.and.mentorship.. Additionally,.thanks.to.Tyler.Jagel.for.editorial.advice...Thanks.to.Ryan,. Maggie,.and.Maran.Jagel.for.their.neverWending.love.and.support...Thank.you.to.my. parents,.Mark.and.Monica...They,.as.always,.supported.me.in.this.endeavor.in.more. ways.than.one...A.final.thank.you.to.my.family,.Jessica,.Mark,.and.Mirah...Your.smiles. remained.the.constant.in.this.long.strange.trip,.and.I.love.you.all.. ! ! DEDICATION! ! ! ! To!my!parents! ! TABLE&OF&CONTENTS& ! Page&& ! LIST&OF&FIGURES&..................................................................................................................................&&vii& && INTRODUCTION&.................................................................................................................................... &&&&1& & &&Chapter& & 1. THE&FIRST&INDEPENDENCE,&1908B1945.....................................................................&&13& & 2. RETURN&TO&EXILE,&1946B1955 ........................................................................................&&53& & 3. LOST&IN&THE&WILDERNESS,&1955B1959 ......................................................................&&81& & 4. THE&BREAKING&POINT,&1960B1964 ............................................................................. &116& & 5. PATH&TO&POWER,&1965B1970......................................................................................... &158& & 6. ALWAYS&AN&OUTSIDER,&1970B1972&........................................................................... &205& & CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... &245& & BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... &255& ! ! LIST!OF!FIGURES! ! ! Figure!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Page! ! 1. Son Ngoc Thanh and Suzanne Karpelès............................................................. 56 2. Thanh shortly after being sworn in as Prime Minister........................................ 232 3. Son Ngoc Thanh meets with Thomas Enders..................................................... 242 INTRODUCTION The Khmer Rouge period of Cambodia’s history is one of the most scrutinized in studies of modern Southeast Asia. What has yet to be examined in sufficient detail in the period leading up to Democratic Kampuchea are the key players of that era, aside from Cambodia’s King (later Prince) Norodom Sihanouk. The story of Son Ngoc Thanh, one of modern Cambodia’s most controversial figures, has yet to be told in detail, and that is the goal of this project. Briefly, this dissertation will answer the questions: How did Son Ngoc Thanh influence the creation of an independent Cambodian state? How did he influence Cambodia’s relationships with both its neighbors and the superpowers during the Cold War? What precisely was his relationship with United States and its intelligence agencies? Was he involved in the overthrow of Sihanouk in 1970? What was his role in the years leading up to the communist revolution? This is not meant to be a traditional biography, but instead a study of U. S. – Cambodian relations with Son Ngoc Thanh as the centerpiece. In analyzing this man, this period in time, and America’s role with respect to this newly autonomous nation, one will have a better understanding of the geopolitical considerations that influenced American foreign policy. One will also have a glimpse into the individuals that attempted to steer an independent Cambodian nation as global forces pressured from all sides of the political spectrum. I argue that following a brief stint as Prime Minister under Japanese occupation, Son Ngoc Thanh’s influence pushed Sihanouk toward a hard-line stance with respect to ! 2! independence from France, resulting in an independent Cambodia by 1953. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Thanh and his group the Khmer Serei (Free Cambodia) had connections to both American
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