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Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020 17(3): 1712-1723. OPEN ACCESS Comparative Ecology of Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus), Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) in Swegalai Game Reserve, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department, Pakistan *Correspondence: [email protected] Received 06-07-2020, Revised: 18-08-2020, Accepted: 19-08-2020 e- Published: 20-08-2020 Animals select resources for food, cover and nest sites. If a variety of habitats are available to an animal, it selects some and avoids others. We compared habitat preferences of three species of the order Galliformes, Black francolin, Grey francolin and Chukar partridge in Swegalai Game Reserve in district Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan during June 2007. We observed 75 Black francolins, 58 Grey francolins and 146 of Chukar partridges. Black francolins were observed singly or in pairs; Grey francolin in small groups and Chukar in larger groups of up to 13 birds. Six habitat types were identified in the reserve and were mapped using GIS and field surveys. Black francolin and Grey francolin were distributed in three of the of the available six habitat types: woody ravines, shrub land and agricultural fields. Chukar partridge occurred five out of six: agricultural fields, shrub lands, mountain slopes, grass lands and barren rocks. Chi-square tests showed that each species displayed significant habitat selection in relation to the availability Black francolin and Grey francolin had selected broadly similar habitats and showed highly significant preference for woody ravines. By contrast Chukar partridge preferred mountain slopes highly significantly and avoided woody ravines completely. All the three species preferred northerly aspects and foraged in the morning and evening, interpreted as a strategy to reduce heat stress in summer. We reviewed record of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan pertaining to population of all the three species include Black francolin, Grey francolin and Chukar partridge from 2010 to 2019 and revenue generated in the last ten years from 2010-11 to 2019-2020. It was found that highest total population of Black, Grey francolin and chukar partridge was observed in 2014 with 586 followed by 2012 (570) and 2013 (545) while the population in the remaining years ranged between 188-336. A fluctuated population trend was observed during the period. The gross revenue of Rs. 663300 was generated by hunting of 1284 all the three species include Black francolin, Grey francolin and Chukar partridge through issuance of 198 permits. The community of the reserve was paid Rs. 596970 as their 90% share and the government retained Rs. 66330 as 10% share out of the total revenue generated. Keywords: Comparative ecology, Black Grey francolins and Chukar partridge, Swegalai, District Swat INTRODUCTION Chordata; Class Aves; Order Galliformes; Family The Black francolin, Grey francolin and Chukar Phasianidae. Black and Grey francolin have a large partridge belong to the Kingdom Animalia; Phylum range, with an estimated global extent of Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel Comparative Ecology of Black Francolin, Grey Francolin and Chukar Partridge occurrence of 1,000,000–10,000,000 km2. It has a cultivated mountain valley. Parties of four are birds large global population, including an estimated are usually met with, but coveys of up to fifty and 12,000–36,000 individual in Europe. Global more are not uncommon in late autumn (Roberts, population trends have not been quantified, but 1991). Sufficient amounts of utilizable resources populations appear to be stable (Del Hoyo et al. are needed to meet with animal population. 1994) so the species are not believed to approach Therefore, biologists often identify resources used the thresholds for the population decline criterion of by animals and document the availability of those the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in resources. The need for such documentation is ten years or three generations). For these reasons, critical in efforts to preserve endangered species the species is evaluated as Least Concern It is and manage exploited populations. Determining found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, which resources are selected more than others is Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cyprus, Georgia, Guam, of particular interest because it provides India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, fundamental information about the nature of Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, animals and how they meet their requirements for Spain, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and an survival. Differential resource selection is one of introduced population in United States (Birdlife the principal relationships, which permit species to International 2004). In Pakistan they occupy co-exist (Rozenzweig 1981). It is often assumed Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation, that a species will select a resource that is best able grasslands, open, grassy brush lands and to satisfy its life requirements and that high-quality cultivation from semi deserts riverain valleys to resources will be selected rather than low quality openings adjacent to forested areas. Not a forest ones (Manly et al. 1993). If variety of habitats are or true deserts inhabitant. Occurs from sea level to available to an animal, it uses certain and avoids 750 m, on flat, rolling hilly terrain. Soil varies from others (Krebs, 1999). However, many factors, desert sandy clay in drier habitats to alluvial loam including population density, competition with other in river valleys to mountain forest soils in hilly species, natural selection, the chemical region (Roberts 1991). They are found in dry to composition or texture of forage, heredity, and semi-deserts grasslands and scrub to fairly well predation contribute to resource selection. watered pastures and cultivation. Grey francolin Although the reason why a particular resource is occupies the widest range of dry habitats. Absent selected or avoided is not directly revealed by the in bare treeless or shrub less deserts, swampy estimation of use or avoidance, however, by grounds, dense forests steep terrain and humid learning that there is selection for or against a tracts. Common from sea level up to 600 m, resource, then this could be used as a starting point occasionally to 1400 m. Topographically Grey for further in-depth study (Petrides, 1975). Among francolin occurs in flat to rolling habitat with hilly the game bird species in Pakistan, three of the country avoided. Soil varies from sandy deserts, most widely distributed are the Black francolin Gray reddish prairie or black gray of wet-dry subtropics francolin and the Chukar partridge. Encroachment to sandy alluvial (Roberts 1991). into marginal lands for agriculture, human Fourteen subspecies of Alectoris chukar are settlements the use of mechanized farming, currently recognized. The native distribution pesticides and unregulated hunting are the main ranges across mountainous areas of the Middle causes of decline of the population. However, the East and Asia from eastern Greece and true picture of their population decline is unknown southeastern Bulgaria through Asia Minor east to and the precise causes remains un-investigated Manchuria China (Del Hoyo 1994). Alectoris (Khan, 1999). To achieve a better understanding of chukar are not globally threatened. In most areas, the habitat selection we examined the comparative populations are stable or increasing, though habitat ecology of Black francolin, Grey francolin and loss and intensive hunting may affect some local Chukar partridge in Swegalai Game Reserve in populations in their native distribution (Del Hoyo June 2007. 1994). The Chukar is eminently a mountain partridge living on barren rocky slopes, and MATERIALS AND METHODS ravines, sparsely dotted with stunted grass and bushes. In winter it comes down to elevations of Study area 1200-1500 m but descends with the advance of The area was selected for the study because summer to 2500 m. It commonly keeps to the the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa notified neighborhood of terraced wheat fields on the the area as Swegalai Game Reserve since 1984 hillsides, and also works its way down to feed in the with an area of 1820 Hectares on October 10, Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(3): 1712-1723 1713 Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel Comparative Ecology of Black Francolin, Grey Francolin and Chukar Partridge 1984. The game reserve is of historical and Methods national importance. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa The main method for collecting data for the Wildlife Department manages the area and hunting target species was line transects. Line transects is allowed only in the prescribed shooting season were selected randomly and duration of the survey through special permits. The study area is situated was from 06h00-20h00 each survey day. A total of in the district Swat of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of 12 transects were selected, varying from 2.02 to Pakistan. Geographically, Swat lies from 340-34` to 5.43 km in length and thus the whole study area 350-55` North latitudes and 720-08` to 720-50` East was covered. In order to maximize the detection of longitudes with an area of 5337 km2. The District the target species two assistants were used, one boundaries cover, the North by central District and each side of the author. Each assistant also had a Ghizer District of Northern Areas, on the east by trained pointer dog to flush the birds. Therefore, Shangla and Kohistan, on the South by Buner and each transect was 200 meters wide, as suggested Malakand Protected Area and on the West by the by Bibby et al. (1992) and it was assumed that all lower and upper Dir Districts. The present work is birds had the same chance of being sighted within confined to Swegalai Game Reserve Swat, located the 200 m wide transect strip. For each sighting, a at the north of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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