Chairman Mao Meets Former US President and Mrs. Ninon Criticism Of

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Chairman Mao Meets Former U.S. President and Mrs. Ninon

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• Criticism of "Water Margin

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Five Years of Continual Backsliding ^-From the Soviet revisionists' 24th congress to their 25th congress Vol. 19, No. 9 February 27, 1976

Published in English, French, Spanish; Japanese and ©er-man. editions

CONTENTS

THE WEEK 3

Chairman Mao Meets Former U.S. President and Mrs. Nixon

Former U.S. President' and Mrs. Nixon in China

Zairese Government Delegation Ends Visit

.ARTICLES-AND! DOCUMENTS - _ _V': - ' ' '

. Ap 'Banquet in Honour of Former U.S.. President Nikon:" Acting; Premier Hua Kuo-feng's Toast (Excerpts) 5 Mr. Nixon's Toast (Excerpts) 6 Criticism of "Water Margin"—Chu Fang-ming 1 For Your Reference: About "Water Margin" 11 Socialist Industry: The Immense Strength of Co-operation 13 Five Years of Continual Backsliding — From the Soviet revisionists' 24th congress to- their. 25th congress — Hsiao' Lou _ " - • 15 Report From" London; Soviet -Spies— 'Objects of-Hate- and Abhorrence- - 19

ROUND THE WORLD 21

"Rruga e Partise" (Albania): Self-Reliance — A Basic Marxist-Leninist Principle Bangladesh: Condemning India's Hegemonic Action Latin America's Public Opinion: Soviet Union —An Out-and-Out Expansionist

... Soviet -Sc«:iarMmperidlism:' Flirting: With South Korea , • •

ON THE HOME: FRONT; '_' ; _ - 23

Achievements by Science Students A Mechanized Lake Saltern

Published every Friday, by. PEKING REVIEW, Peking (37), Ghino Post ©ffice Registration No. 2-922 Pfihted in ttie People's Republic of China: Chairman Mao Meets Former

Irs.

/CHAIRMAN Mao Tsetung on February 23 met with •Chairman Mao asked Mr. Nixon to convey his regards: Richard M. Nixon, former President of the United to. President Gerald R. Ford upon returning home. States of America, Mrs. Nixon and John V. Brennan, Present at the meeting and conversation were Hua a member of his party. Kuo-feng, Chinese Acting Premier; Chiao Kuan-hua, Foreign Minister; Huang Chen, Chief of the Liaison At the meeting, Chairman Mao shook hands with Office of China in the United States; Wang Hai-jung, the American guests, welcoming them to China, and Vice-Foreign Minister; and Tang"Weh-sheng and Chang had a friendly conversation with Mr. Nixon.©n a.wide IIan.-eh.ib, Deputy, Departmental Directors of the range of subjects. • At the -end of the conversation, Foreign Ministry.

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February 27, J.976 Foreign Minister Chiao Kuan-hua Former U.S. President and gave a banquet in honour of the delegation on February 15. In his Mrs. Nixon in China speech at the banquet, the Foreign Minister: said: In the past year and ICHARD M. Nixon, former Pres• Talks, were held between Acting more, the Zairese ' Government and R ident of the United States of Premier Hua Kuo-feng and Mr. people, under the leadership of His America, and Mrs. Nixon arrived in Nixon. Excellency President Mobutu Sese Peking by special plane on February Mr. Nixon and Mrs. Nixon called Seko, have stood firm against the pressure of the superpowers, firmly 21 on a visit to China at the invita• on Madame Teng Ying-chao and ex• tion of the Chinese Government. safeguarded national independence pressed their deep condolences on the and state sovereignty, supported the Welcoming them at the airport death of the late Premier Chou En-lai. were Acting Premier Hua Kuo-feng, African national-liberation movement Vice-Chairman of the Standing Com• On February 23, accompanied by and pushed forward . the African mittee of the National People's Con• Chinese leaders Hua Kuo-feng, countries' joint struggle against hege• gress Ya'o Lien-wei, . Minister of Chiang Ching and Yao Lien-wei, Mr. mony. On the question of Angola, Foreign Affairs Chiao . Kuan-hua, and Mrs. Nixon attended an evening the Zairese Government has" upheld Minister of Public Health Liu Hsiang- performance given by the Peking justice and strongly condemned and ping, "Chief "of- the Liaison Office of Municipal Revolutionary Committee. opposed aggression and interference the People's Republic of China in the by Soviet social-imperialism. In the • During their stay in Peking,. Mr. United States Huang Chen, and more face of Soviet threat, intimidation and Mrs. Nixon visited the Exhibi• than 300 people in the capital includ• and military provocation, Zaire has ing people of Various circles who tion .. on the National Movement to defied brute force and given, it a tit- have visited the United States. Learn From Tachai in Agriculture, for-tat rebuff, and has demonstrated the Museum of-Chinese History and the indomitable courage of the third Also meeting them at the airport other places. world to oppose big-power hegemon- were Harry E.T. Thayer, Deputy ism. The firm stand of the Zairese Chief of the Liaison Office of the Government has won the sympathy Zairese Government Delegation United States of America in China, and admiration of the third world and members of Mr. Nixon's entou• Ends Visit countries and all other countries in rage who had arrived in Peking the world that uphold justice. This eariier. The Government Delegation of the we sincerely hail. On February 22, Acting Premier Republic of Zaire led by Engulu "To contend for world hegemony Hua Kuo-feng hosted a banquet Baangampongo Bakokele Lokanga, Commissioner of State for Political with U.S. imperialism," he added, given in their honour by the State "Soviet social-imperialism has single^ Affairs, left Peking on February 19 Council in the Great Hall of the handedly provoked the civil war in after a five-day friendship visit to People. Angola and openly carried out mili• Acting Premier Hua Kuo-feng and China. Acting Premier Hua Kuo-feng tary aggression against Angola in an Mr. Nixon spoke at the banquet. (For met and had a cordial and friendly attempt to turn the country into its excerpts of their toasts see pp. 5 talk with members of the delegation colony and further stretch its tentacles and 6.) on February 18. to other areas of Africa. All this fully shows that the Soviet Union which has wild ambitions is.the most dangerous enemy of the Angolan peo• ple and other African peoples. Like all other reactionaries, Soviet social- imperialism, outwardly arrogant, is merely a paper tiger. The deeper it gets bogged down in Angola, the more it will meet with the strong resistance of the people of Angola and other African countries. Africa is the Africa of the African people, and Angola is the Angola of the Angolan people. We believe that so long as they persevere in struggle, the Angolan people who have rid themselves of Portuguese colonial rule through protracted struggle will surely be able to end all- outside

(Continued on p. 20.)

Peking - Review,, ,$Jq. -9 At Banquet in Honour of Former U.S. President Nixon '

(Excerpts)

TpOUR years, ago, President Nixon visited our counT situation characterized by great disorder under heaven try, and China and the United States issued the is developing further and becoming better and better. famous- Shanghai; communique.. That, historic event has The danger of the outbreak of - a new war keeps growing played a major role in improving and developing Sino- as a result of the intense rivalry for world hegemony; U.S. relations, and exerted a far-reaching influence in• and in particular, that imperialism which flaunts the ternationally. Mr. Nixon certainly showed farsighted• signboard of "socialism" has "reached out its grasping ness in taking this courageous action in his capacity as hands everywhere and carried.out rabid expansion; it . U.S. President at a time when contacts between the has become the main source of war. This is a fact Chinese and American peoples had been suspended for which attracts people's attention today. The only more than 20 years. The redwood saplings President realistic and effective way to cope'with this situation' Nixon brought here as a gift from the American people is for the peoples of the world to heighten their vigi• to the Chinese people are growing sturdily, symbolizing lance, strengthen their unity and get well prepared a new phase of " friendship between the Chinese and against war. It will be.recalled that Mr. Nixon wrote American peoples. In the four years since then, con• in June 1972 that aggressive ambitions are held in check'

tacts between our two peoples have resumed" and* the ;-h'6t 'by idealism. ' It should also be noted that this ex- -. J relations - between: our two countries .improved on the pansionism 'is ' pitiable; being' lacking in capabilities . . basis of the principles set forth in the Shanghai com- though wild in ambition. Its aggression and expansion V^munique. On the significant occasion of the fourth ^an• everywhere bear.the seed of defeat. History has time

niversary of President Nixon's first visit to; China,;. Mr; and again proved that expansionists never come to a:.

and Mrs. Nixon have come again to visit our-,country good end; such was the case, with Hitler, and.the hege- at the invitation of the Chinese Government. It is my monism of todays will come to no better end. It is the- pleasure to extend, on behalf, of the.. Chinese Govern• people, and definitely not hegemonism, that is really ment and people, our warm welcome to you and-the powerful...... , other American guests. ' . In China, a revolutionary mass debate is going on The American people are a great people. The in such circles as education, science and technology. Chinese people are a great people. Our two peoples It is a continuation and deepening of the Great Prole• have'always been friendly to each other.- -True,-China . tarian'Cultural Revolution. 'It fully demonstrates the . and the United States have different social "systems and •extensive democracy'practised"in bur country under the

ideologies • gild'"there are differences of ^principle -'on system-: of.; socialism.-. 'We are: confident. -that, - 'through

quite ~a number of issues; however, our" two:.- countries this"' debate,"• Chairman/Mao's .-proletarian revolutionary/ have many points in: common in the world".today/.; The line will find its way deeper into" the hearts'of ".the peo• Chinese Government has always'pursued and willrcqn-r ple,: and our socialist niotheiflahd: will be further con-'- sistehtly pursue the line,, principles and-.policies!laid solidated.'>' It;will also enable us:.to .do,"better, in making; down-by Chairman Mao in the field of foreign.affairs) a greater contribution.to humanity in?,-accordance: with We. remain convinced that so long as both.sides.earnest^ Chairman..Mao's, teachings... ".;\; .,'"%— ly -implement the principles of the Shanghai communi• '....': The next: 50 to .100 years or so, "will'.be" a.great era que, Sino-U.S. relations will further improve, and: that of .radical change .throughout the. world, - an" earthshaking this conforms to the common desire of the Chinese and era .without'equal. in. any .previous:;-historical jperiod. American peoples.. , .. .:•:-. ..The:"road of; advance of human history^ is; always jtor-

•^J Tn the past'four'years, the -world has witnessed1'-a.: tuous.' But-.--vfe^fi^miy5be]ieve-'tha.1?..i^ie;|ieeple -of the series of important events, and encouraging changes' world, by waging...unremittirig' struggle, ;will usher,;in have taken place in the international'-situation. The,,. a.-most splendid:future.... .-, .

February 27, -1976 •5- Mr* Ninon's Toast w (Excerpts)

QOON after we arrived last night in Peking for our million people who live in the People's Republic of • second visit, a Chinese' friend said to'me that to China and of the '200 million people who live in the meet someone after a long period :of being apart is a United States of America but the future of all the people special pleasure. That is exactly 'the way we feel in this world depend upon the reliability, and the cap• tonight. ability and the determination of our two nations to As has already been indicated, it was just four work together for the cause of peace with security for years ago this week that the Shanghai communi• all nations. - . - . que-was issued. That historic document ended a gener• There are of course some who believe that the ation of confrontation and conflict between our two mere act of signing a statement of principles or of a countries and began an era of negotiation and consulta• diplomatic conference will bring instant and lasting tion and also progress toward those goals we share peace. This is naive. There cannot and will not be last• together. , , ing and secure jpeace until every nation in the world Acting. Premier Hint tonight has- eloquently sup• respects, the. security and independence of every other ported the principles of the' Shanghai, communique. nation large or small. Let me illustrate that point by And President Ford in his state. visit to China in reading directly from the Shanghai communique: "Both December strongly affirmed the support of the United sides are of the view that it would be .against'the inter• States for the principles. of the. Shanghai communique. ests of the peoples of the world for.any major country -

This indicates that, this document was something more to collude with another against other countries, or for \*Jl than the .usual statement signed by two leaders of a major countries to divide up the world into spheres of nation or two nations at any particular time.- Because interest." - : what we see -here is that while, the interests of great powers are involved, that even .though the leaders may And when all countries in the world as have the change, the interests remain the same. And it is People's Republic of China and. the United States of because the principles of the. Shanghai communique America subscribed to and support that principle,, were principles that were in the interests of both the then, there will be real peace and security for all coun• People's Republic of China and the United States of tries in the world. America, that those principles are just as strongly held In his remarks tonight, the Acting Premier has today as they were four years ago. spoken eloquently of the redwood saplings that we I recall when I first had -the. honour of meeting had the honour to plant at the beautiful city of Hang- Chairman Mao four years ago.. 'We spoke very candidly chow four years ago. When my daughter Julie and and honestly about the fact that we came from dif• her husband David Eisenhower returned from their ferent backgrounds and that we had many areas in trip to China, they told us that they had been informed which our beliefs on philosophical, political and in Hangchow that over 5,000 seeds had already been .economic matters were different. taken from those saplings and would-be planted all over What then brought us together? This was his China. And when a dinner was given for them as they .answer: History has brought;us together. And. now were about to leave China from Shanghai, their Chinese four years after that meeting, history calls on our two host made the statement that those California redwoods nations to continue to work -together to build on the were a symbol of the evergreen -friendship between •foundation that we laid four years ago and. to build China and the United States. And tonight I hope and on the document which set forth the principles on trust that in the years ahead like the giant.Californiav^/ •which- we-had .agreed.... We must realize, how vital it is redwoods China.and.the United States, will grow, strong

that we do so, because the future, not i:only••of the 800 and tall .in their friendship, ... ;;. . •-

16, Peking, -Review, No. 9 Criticism of "Water Margin

by Chu Fang-ming

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S Water Margin (see p. 11") a novel "eulogizing the In,feudal society, the emperor was the chief rep• I peasants'-revolutionary struggle"? No. It is a.novel resentative of the landlord class and the mainstay of all advocating capitulationism. feudal officials. The rule of the landlord class could not be overthrown if attacks were directed at corrupt Is it a "revolutionary textbook"? No. It is teach• officials only but not the emperor. The Yellow Turbans ing material by negative example. Uprising in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) and the uprising led by Fang La in the Northern Sung Dynasty Chairman Mao has pointed out* "The merit of the all had their spearheads directed at the emperors. book Water Margin lies precisely in the portrayal of capitulation. It serves as teaching material by negative Sung Chiang and his cohorts were loyal to the example to help all the people recognize capitulationists." emperor. That was why they feared Li Kuei who was Poisonous "weeds can be turned into fertilizer; The •against the emperor. Whenever Li Kuei declared that he revolutionary people can extract experience and draw wanted to fight all the way to the capital and seize • lessons from this teaching material by negative example. the throne, Sung Chiang threatened to cut his head off. Even when he was dying, Sung Chiang did not forget that Li Kuei was. a menace to the emperor and so he A Capitulationist Line managed to poison LI. Kuei. 'Sung Chiang decked himself .out as one "carrying out the right way on Water Margin is -a classical novel depicting a behalf .of Heaven." In his terminology, "Heaven"' was peasant uprising the end of the Northern Sung the reigning emperor, and the "right way" was the rule Dynasty (S60-1127). Chairman Mao has pointed out: of. the feudal "landlord class. In short, "carrying out

."The ruthless jeconoinie exploitation .and political the right way on behalf "of' Heaven'5 meant-placing oppression of the peasants by the landlord class, forced himself in the service of rulers of the Sung Dynasty. them into numerous uprisings against its rule." (The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party.) In the novel, fighting against corrupt -officials and By the end of that dynasty, class contradictions and being loval to the . emperor were identical. In fighting national contradictions had sharpened to breaking point. against corrupt officials, Simg Chiang and his followers .Peasant uprisings which.erupted one after .another dealt were -merely showing their loyalty to the emperor. In their -attempt to eliminate corrupt officials, they were heavy "blows to the rule of the landlord class. Hqw.does actually- trying to mend the state - machinery and con• Water Margin, once praised as "an epic of peasant rev• solidate the dictatorship of the feudal landlord class. olution," describe the -peasant uprisings at that time? Just as Chairman Mao has pointed out: "Sung'.Chiang's ' . The novel is against corrupt officials-only, but not struggle - against Kao Chin is a struggle swaged by one faction .against another within the. landlord class," The against the emperor. two. had identical basic political interests- safeguarding Running Ehrongh it is the theme that corrupt offi• feudal rule -and opposing the.peasant revolution... The cials are bad and' the emperor is good. The novel says only differenee. between them was in the method em• that "Emperor Uui Tsuhg who ruled during the years ployed: one used the. tactics of armed suppression; while 1101-25 was a sage and was most intelligent but un• the other caused the peasant revolution to disintegrate fortunately power "was in the hands of evil officials," from within. with the result that the country "was in ^upheaval. Regimes of the landlord class always resorted to Whenever -officers sent by the .court were captured, dual counter-revolutionary tactics in dealing with peas• •Sung Chiang, tiead of the insurgent forces on the Liang- ant uprisings: suppression as well as offering amnesty •shan Mountain {in present-day Liangshan 'County in and enlistment. If they could destroy the peasant forces, "Shantung Province),; would say~ ^'How dare I, Sung they resorted'to suppression; otherwise, they "offered Ohiang, turn-against the'court."" "I was only driven "to amnesty and enlistment. The imperial court in Water this pass by corrupt officials." - The main 'targets of Margin used these two tactics -alternately in dealing with .attack of the Lrangshrui peasant insurgents--led by Sung the Liangshan .peasant, insurgents and finally offered Chiang were the local corrupt officials. ...':•'.' amnesty-and .enlistment to them.

February '27.. 1976 7 To meet the needs of the court, Sung Chiang pushed The view that Sung Chiang's surrender stemmed a? capitulationist line and made acceptance of the offer from the "limitations of the peasantry" was once prev• of amnesty and enlistment the aim of the uprising. What alent. This viewpoint negated the principled difference the novel praises is just this specimen of "revolt in between the two opposing; classes — the peasantry. and order to accept the offer of amnesty and enlistment." the landlord class •—• and between the two diametrically opposed lines-—'the line which upholds peasant upris• The two-line struggle within the peasant insurgent ings and the line of capitulation. Thus this viewpoint forces of Liangshan focused on accepting or rejecting actually amounted to an apology for the capitulationists. the offer of amnesty and enlistment. Sung Chiang -In. Chinese history, peasant uprisings which broke out and Lu Chun-yi were capitulationists while Li Kuei; one after another with" unremitting and '' fierce Wu Yung and the three Juan brothers were good attacks on the rule of the landlord class demonstrated characters and were not willing to surrender.' In the the undaunted revolutionary spirit of the Chinese novel, - however, Sung Chiang's capitulationist line peasants. It was. only because at that time there were dominated while the anti-capitulationist line of Li Kuei no new productive forces, no new relations of produc• and others was in an inferior position. It ridiculed the tion, no new class forces and no advanced political party anti-eapitulationist: line and described it as sheer stu• to lead them that those uprisings ended in failure. pidity -to make it serve as a foil to the "correctness" of Sung Chiang's capitulationist line. So acceptance of But defeat must not be equated with surrender. the offer of amnesty and enlistment was good, capitula• Traitors and lackeys capitulated to the feudal -ruling tion was excellent! That was the theme of the novel classes; this must not be mentioned in the same breath Water Margin. • — —-- with "hmitations of the peasantry." There was nothing in common between defeat after undaunted struggle

¥'> When Sung Chiang was still a "bandit,'1 ^'carrying and surrender for the purpose of getting high official out the right way on behalf of Heaven" meant opposing posts and personal gain! The peasantry. might have corrupt officials. What did he and his cohorts do "limitations" of one kind or another, but not the "limi• after they had been offered an amnesty and enlisted as tation" which would lead them to surrender to the "Imperial troops"?. On their own initiative.they. peti-. feudal ruling classes. tioned for and ..obtained an. "imperial decree" to, fight. Fang. La (?-1121), the,.famous .leader of another peasant, Typical Image of a Capitulationist uprising towards the .end of the Northern Sung Dynasty;-; For ,a period, his troops, occupied 25 counties in eight In a literary work, its main character is a represen• prefectures, in. present-day Anhwei and Chekiang Prov• tative of a certain class and trend. Water Margin, which inces in southeast China. He not only gave his reign eulogizes capitulationism, laid it on thick in its subtle a title, but .dared to .proclaim himself a king. His troops portrayal and praise of Sung Chiang, a typical capitula• were a peasant revolutionary force determined to over• tionist. " . > . ' ' throw the Sung. Dynasty. In Water Margin Sung Chiang was a member of the landlord class. "Having studied the Con• When Sung Chiang was face to face with Fang La's fucian canon since boyhood," Sung Chiang whose troops, he was hb longer the obsequious man he was mind was saturated with this trash was a dyed-in-the- previously in front of the "imperial troops." Spitting wool follower of Confucius' and Mencius. A peasant out threats, Sung Chiang blustered: "We troops of uprising was in his eyes "lese-majesty" and taking part, Heaven have arrived!" "We will never turn back until in it meant "disloyalty to the emperor and unfilial we have killed you all!" He was most ruthless towards behaviour to one's parents." That was why he refused the captured leaders of Fang La's army,' "disembowelled several times to join the Liangshan peasant insurgents. them" and had their hearts gouged out." How clear his He eventually joined them because he had no other counter-revolutionary'stand was and how vicious were choice. But his feelings were: "Though I am here by the features of this butcher in suppressing the peasant the Liangshan marshes, my heart is still with the court." uprising! The reactionary nature of "carrying out the And he often declared: "I Sung Chiang and the rest of right way on behalf of Heaven" by Sung Chiang and us never really meant to revolt in the first place." He his band was completely bared there and then. pledged that he, "with unmatched loyalty," "will work faithfully "to serve the country until death." ' That Sung Chiang had turned to fight against Fang Later, having accepted the emperor's offer of La was an out-and-out counter-revolutionary action. Yet amnesty and enlistment, he became more devoted than the novel Water Margin lauds if to the skies." But this ever to serving the feudal ruling class and volunteered only helps the revolutionary people see more clearly the to suppress other peasant insurgent forces. Even when counter-revolutionary stand of this novel. ' he.was dying, he still'muttered: "I'd rather let the Opposing corrupt officials but not the emperor, court deal unfairly with me. But I will remain loyal and never, turn against the court." ; accepting the offer of amnesty and enlistment, arid sup• pressing -the peasant 'uprisings — this 'Is the trilogy in - The highest tenet abided by Sung Chiang through•

praise of the capitulationist line 'in: Water M'argim'1 • out ;>his. life was. "loyalty-, to the emperor"; he was in

Peking -Review,. No; 9 •• no way "ah outstanding leader'of the peasant in• declaring: "It is my ardent Wish that the court would surgents," as some people said, but a filial son- of-the before long give, us blessings and absolve us from our landlord class and a faithful'lackey of. the" emperor of heinous, crimes.".. Later, he wrote a poem expressing the Sung Dynasty. — what he had in mind: • " W Because of his' "loyalty to the emperor," Sung. I wish the Son of Heaven would soon issue an edict Chiang had.all the time, set his mind on. getting amnesty , for our enlistment, - . • • , and enlistment from the emperor. Even before he went . Only then will I rest content. . to Liangshan,- he had counselled some captains of the peasant insurgents to surrender. Sung Chiang would To secure amnesty •and enlistment. Sung Chiang went never have joined the peasant uprising if he could climb in person to Li Shih-shih, the emperor's favourite cour• up the official ladder. It was only after he.had failed to tesan, asking her to put in- a word for him and get the "achieve fame and get an official post" and when his emperor's permission for him to surrender. He also sent very life was in danger — first he was sentenced to im• his men to bribe.the Secretary of the Imperial Court for prisonment for having killed his kept woman after a Military Affairs Su Yuan-ching to talk to the:emperor quarrel and later given the sentence of death for'his on his behalf, When the Liangshan insurgents captured impromptu poems written in inebriety-—-that he de• their deadly enemy Kao Chiu, Sung Chiang acted so cided to "make Liangshan his temporary refuge" until obsequiously as "to prostrate himself [before the cap• the emperor offered amnesty and enlistment. ' tive], saying he had committed a 'capital offence,' " and begging for "mercy and forgiveness." • How nauseating Chao Kai was the founder of the peasant army of and despicable his conduct was! Liangshan. He adhered to the line of uniting all the captains of the insurgent force in their struggle against The novel excluded Chao Kai from the 108 insurgent the emperor. He called the assembly hall where he leaders and, as the story developed, had. him shot to and his men met to' discuss matters the Chu Yi Hall death by an enemy arrow not long after Sung. Chiang (chu yi meaning to unite and rise in revolt). In order to came to Liangshan. This was a calculated move to place accept the offer of amnesty and enlistment in the future the capitulationist Sung Chiang in the spotlight and also Sung Chiang schemed in a thousand and one ways to to make way for him to secure amnesty and enlistment. replace Chao Kai as leader of the insurgents. Using Chao Kai, founder of 'the Liangshan peasant revolu• double-dealing tactics and bestowing petty favours, he tionary cause who was determined to "fight the emperor •<^J finally succeeded in winning people over to his side and of the Great Sung Dynasty" to the finish, adhered to usurping the leadership over the insurgents. After Chao the revolutionary line. of the peasant uprising.. Sung Kai's death, Sung Chiang lost no time in changing Chu Chiang, having wormed his way into the.ranks of the- Yi Hall into Chung Yi Hall (chung yi meaning loyal to peasant insurgent force, engaged in counter-revolu• the emperor), thereby tampering with the revolutionary tionary activities in the guise of a revolutionary and, line of the Liangshan peasant insurgents. revising Chao Kai's revolutionary. line , and replacing it with his capitulationist line, practised revisionism. In the hope of securing amnesty and enlistment This was how the once raging peasant uprising of Liang• from the emperor, Sung Chiang refrained from "taking shan fizzled out, a tragedy for which Sung Chiang and cities and prefectures" and expanding the territory held his capitulationist cohorts must be held responsible. by the peasant insurgent force, but went out of his way to release captured generals and troops sent by the Sung Chiang was hardly, a "fellow-traveller" of imperial court on "punitive" expeditions. All these were revolution, still less the leader of a peasant revolution. designed to facilitate his surrender to the court at a later He' was a traitor who led. the peasant, uprising to des• date. truction. .He had not made any "contribution" to the peasant uprising; in fact, he was the arch traitor who. 7- -

aristocrats; generals of the" imperial army, landlords and' the praises 'of the; capitulationists1 Sung Chiang and prominent members of the gentry and "appointed' them company-, Water Margin peddled the decadent doctrines

to important" posts, thereby building up a backbone of Confucius and Mencius and advocated'in a; com• force to push his capitulationist line. ' ' ' . • . prehensive way the philosophy ox capitulationism.

To secure amnesty and enlistment, Sung Chiang • '-;•• "The mandate of'.heaven:" - This is an ideological announced: at a gathering of-the 108 leading members weapon .used by"' the exploiting classes to safeguard their of-the insurgent force his programme for -a surrender, reactionary -rule-and poison the minds of the working

February 27, 1976- people.. All peasant.uprisings in 'Chinese history, in their stranger"; as ..for Sung 'Chiang, "all his life, he believes •resistance.to the rule-of the landlord class, without ex-." only in two words: 'loyalty and righteousness.' "• With ception:-directed the spearhead .of their criticism at this . regard to. Sung Chiang's joining the "rebellion," the reactionary- spiritual shackle. novel described him as a "loyalist" driven to take up arms by the "treacherous ministers," not as one joining i But Water Margin, in its very first chapter, said by a popular revolt caused by despotic rule. This being way of an introduction that peace or disorder on earth the case, Sung Chiang made Liangshan his temporary and good fortune or bad are all "decided by heaven." abode, waiting for an offer of amnesty and enlistment The emperors of the Sung Dynasty, as the novel had it, by the emperor and a chance to serve the imperial court were all deities deputized by the King of Heaven to •—this was "loyalty to the emperor" in a roundabout rule on earth, while the 108 persons of Liangshan were way, so to say. On the question of peasant uprising; "demons" loosed upon -mankind to create troubles. Thus Water Margin provided the landlord class with .ideas the relationship between the landlord class and the peas• and tactics far more vicious than suppression by brute antry ceased to be one of two antagonistic classes since' force; it recommended using the rope of "loyalty and both had •come to the world by -"the mandate of heaver.." righteousness" to drag the peasant insurgent force It was on this cornerstone that the novel Water Margin towards capitulation. •rested. . . — ...... The philosophy of life of all exploiting classes is . Then there was the "'Goddess of the -Ninth Heaven" that one should do his best to move to the top of the who appeared twice,at the crucial moments of the story, official ladder and get rich; position, fame, high emolu• This was an attempt to impress.. the .readers. with the ments and other material gains are baits used by all omnipotence of the "mandate of heaven." For instance, reactionary ruling classes in enlisting lackeys. Water when 'Sung 'Chiang had just joined the Liangshan insur• Margin propagated this reactionary and decadent philo• gents; the "Goddess "of the Ninth Heaven" passed on to sophy of life by giving .an. account of the life of Sung him a "holy decree" which said: '"You are to carry out. Chiang. "Though loyal to the emperor, he iailed to make the right way on behalf of "Heaven. As the chief, see to much.headway" at the start. He joined the.Liangshan it that loyalty and" righteousness prevail, - As. a govern-. insurgents against -his will and later accepted an offer,of ment official, your duty is.to.serve the state and pacify, amnesty .and enlistment, . went to fight Fang La and the people. So break -away from the evil and .return to wound up with fame and success in his official career. the saintly way." . , . To .Sung -Chiang, a man should live to seek promotion in 'Officialdom, get- rich, win honour and distinction for Thus, it "conforms to the will of heaven" if the his family and "make ,a name in history."' . - • - peasant insurgent force should surrender to the landlord class; and to ""carry out the right way on behalf of Sung Chiang died like a dog, and most of the Heaven" required that one be loyal to the emperor and captains under him got killed hi the fight against Fang fight in defence of the state of the landlord class. This La. But the authors of Water Margin -considered that was how Water Margin put an aura of holiness about, they .all deserved to be extolled. So Sung Chiang,. as the' despicable conduct of capitulation and made the the .novel said, was..conferred posthumously the title..of theory of the "mandate, of heaven" the theoretical basis marquis by the emperor. who built a temple for him for spreading capitulationist ideas. on liangshan Mountain and wrote a dedicatory.inscrip• tion as a tribute to -Sung Chiang. All this, according fo. "Loyalty and righteousness." They constituted the the landlord class, was Indeed a feather in the cap. ., - core of the feudal-patriarchal ideology. Wafer Margin did its utmost to laud the capitulationists represented by- Sung Chiang, describing them as men with' "the twin At all times — past, present and future — it is inevi• virtues of loyalty and righteousness." In this novel, table that there are capitulationists in' a, revolutionary capitulation and "loyalty and righteousness1" were syno• camp.. .Sung Chiang was a capitulationis't of 'bygone- nyms, and to uphold "loyalty and righteousness," one days. Liu Shao-ehi, Lin Piao and their like, who pushed must capitulate. Some" members of the landlord class a revisionist line, were.modern capitulationists. Inter• were well aware: of the .subtle role played by Water nally, they practised .class capitulationism and, external• Margin in propagating "loyalty and righteousness,'" ly,, national capitulationism. In. the historical period of around which contradictions-in the story were unfolded, socialism, it is necessary for us to learn to identify the

; the plot built and.-the characters delineated.' . , ' capitulationists and fight them in order to. combat and; prevent revisionism and persevere in continued, revo• The authors" of the novel wrote: "As far as bene• lution under the dictatorship of the proletariat. volence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, sincerity, acting In. accordance with the code of conduct,..loyalty At present, the Chinese people are unfolding a and 'kindness ..are -concerned," Kao Chiu :"is. a compleje criticism and discussion of the novel Water Margin fey m Peking: 'Review, No. 9 using- the'MJaradst viewpoint and adhering to: the method arid draw a line of principle; between.the .two classes, and: of class analysis. They are making good use of this the two. roads. This is of great and'profound significance' teaching material by negative example as they criticize not only to- the • study of classical literature,, to literary "\^J "Water Margin for propagating the eapitulaMonist line, criticism and the work of literature and art as, a whole expose the true colours of Sung Chiang who practised but also to the Chinese people in upholding. Marxism,, revisionism and capitulationism,. criticize-the theory of combating revisionism and adhering to Chairman Mao's reconciliation in class struggle in the study of the novel revolutionary line.

fo# Yom Reference he has no--other alternative. Being.a man of some re• nown, he becomes the second, in command. After Chao Kai's demise, he manages to. win the confidence ox the About "Water Margin" other insurgent captains and. becomes the No. 1 chief of the Liangshan army. STJ'l HU',/or Water • Margin, is a widely read,, long As soon as he assumes leadership-, Sung Chiang S •classical novel running.to a.million. Chinese..charac• changes: the: Chu; Yi Hall, named by Chao Kai, into- the ters..- .Itsr.subject-matteE.is-. a; peasant uprising-, that.took Chung Yi Hall (chung yi meaning loyal to the emperor), place around the liangshan Mountain, (in present-day and has a; banner hung, in front of the hall bearing the Liangshan .County of Shantung Province}, towards, the words: "Carrying; out the right way on behalf of endi of the Northern Sung Dynasty .(96(1-112^), but it Heaven." Here,. Heaven means the emperor. This, advocates, .capitulationism-.. - . banner and the change, in the name of the assembly- hall mark Sung Chiang's adulteration of. Chao. Kai's, Synopsis line of peasant revolution., . , - , . . Chao. Kai, founder of the Liangshan peasant army, Sung Chiang recruits a number of government an.dt.Wu: Yung,.- Juan." Hsiao-erh;- Juan Hsiao-wu, Juan army officer's and: big landlords ahd" appoints them to Hsiao-chi and two: others make their way. to: Liangshan. leading positions, thereby radically changing the com-' in revolt after seizing' a huge- amount, of money and position of the leadership of this peasant revolutionary

w effects; which, was sent to. Prime Minister Tsas Ching. army According; to- Sung Chiang, only those - born in and beating off government, forces, trying to, round them rich and aristocratic families, having the- looks of a' up^ There,, they all pledge "to work together and be dignitary and with great learning- are eligible to be of, one- mind and rise in revolt" against the emperor. chiefs. Acting on this principle,, he invites Lu Chun-yi Accordingly, they call the assembly hall where the to Liangshan. An arrant rogue and big landlord who chiefs of the Liangshan army meet to discuss matters gives his allegiance to the emperor,. Lu has once vowed the Chu Yi Hall (chu yi meaning to unite and rise in to extirpate the entire Liangshan army. revolt);. Chao, Kai is popularly known as the "Heavenly King." But the authors of the novel considered rising It is true that Sung Chiang also fights the govern• against the emperor and, calling himself a king to be ment troops of the Sung Dynasty, but he does so- only a ease of lese-majesty., So they contrived,, with mali• to strengthen his position in bargaining for a surrender; cious intent, to have him killed, by a poisonous arrow Every time- an officer of the imperial army is captured in a battle with the, armed forces- of the landlords.. in- battle. Sung Chiang without fail humiliates himself to say:-' We are guilty of crimes. In offending Your The novel lavishly praises Sung Chiang, a repre• Exceliehcy today, we have committed another crime- sentative of the capitulationists. A member of the deserving death ten thousand times over: But we will landlord class, this man is a disciple of the reactionary never dare to turn against the emperor. We are hoping Confucian school and has served as a petty official in- all the time that His Majesty will grant us amnesty

the Yuncheng (in - present-day- Shantung Province) and allow us to: surrender. Once our wish comes true, county government until his involvement in a murder we will serve the state together. At. a gathering at• case. He is- subsequently sentenced to imprisonment tended by all the captains of the Liangshan army, Sung for killing his mistress and banished to. Chiangchow Chiang* announces- in explicit terms that their goal is (near present-day -Klukiang- in Kiangsi Province). to .wait with one- mind for an.offer of amnesty and Filled with discontent over the misfortune that. has. enlistment to be granted by the- emperor. ... struck him, he gets drunk one day and gives vent to - ! , Ms, resentment and desire for revenge by composing Among the 108 chiefs of the Liangshan army, Li \^/ a couple of poems. For this he is accused of high Kuei, Wu, -Yung -and the. three Juan brothers .oppose •treason and condemned to death, but he Is- rescued by surrender. A well-known slogan Li Kuei is often heard, the Liangshan 'army.-j Later,1 -he-is- -forced" by- e£ee»gJi«s-, to; shout is: • 5'Let's; Jighii all-the way to the capital, "and

stances to join the Liangshan revolutionary army' wfien- seize • the throne.:-'' LI Kuei and thel others have told1: February 27, 1976 to Sung.Chiang's.fac'e-that,he is wrong in,making plans,; Southern Sung Dynasty (1127-1279) and in the dramas for a-surrender. .LI .Kuei has even, torn to pieces, an, of the, Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). It is believed;that, imperial decree granting them amnesty. The authors these stories were pieced together and published as a of the novel,. however, portrayed. him as an. .ungainly, novel under the. title Water Margin. by Shih Nai-an. and rash man. : '• • . . .. •:. •', . : c "•. and Lo K.uan-chung towards the .last years, of .the Yuan Dynasty and in the early years. of the Ming Dynasty. f' Using both coercion and persuasion, Sung Chiang (1368-1644). , . tries to suppress Li Kuei and the other revolutionaries in the Liangshan army. Simg Chiang has said that the Throughout the Ming and Ching (1644-1911) 108 of them have united in a group by-the will~of~~" Dynasties,- and later in the old China under the rule Heaven, so they must live or die together. They are of the Kuomintang reactionaries, this novel Water sworn brothers and' they must treasure brotherhood; Margin was very popular among the landlord and- above everything else. .Since he is the "eldest" brother, capitalist classes. " " "" """*""~ ' everyone should- listen to 'him. If any of the revolu• tionaries should • disobey *his words, he threatens to put In Chinese feudal society,-the landlord class always

him in solitary confinement or- behead him. ; >•"' • - applied the dual counter-revolutionary, policy of alter• nating armed suppression;with,buying over and bring-, With'a view: to realizing his desire for capitulation, ing, about internal • disintegration in dealing with the' Sung< Chlahgi sneaks into'the capital to the • emperor's' peasant revolutionary forces.: At the later stage of mistress, a courtesan-called^Li Shih-shih, asking her to' feudal -'society, : however/ the ' Central governments of speak on his behalf. Kao Chiu, a.-favourite minister in the landlord class tended more 'consciously to apply: the- the court; is'the Liangshan army's-bitter enemy arid is' also one of the representatives of the corrupt officials i li• counter-revolutionary policy Of'buying over arid disin• the 'novel. But when Kao Chili is captured while leading-* tegrating the peasants' revolutionary' armed'forces.' his' troops -in an'attack oh Liangshan, Sung Chiang • The emergence of Water Margin and its wide circula• falls on his knees begging for Kao's forgiveness. lie tion were a reflection of this .policy in literature and art. gives Kao Chiu a lot .of money and. other valuables -'.•Some people of the landlord class in the Ming,and and entreats Kao to speak- to the emperor in his favour. Ching Dynasties' did ban the• novel for a period.;;They: After much haggling, Sung, Chiang finally - surrenders. considered it a challenge to the dignity of the emperor with all his,men and arms. to. the-emperor, and. replaces, that- Water ^Margin- should spread the idea that outlaws, the banner, bearing,the. words "carrying out,the right, could ' be' permitted to -surrender; to them the- way on .behalf of Heaven" - with another one saying: right • thing to do was to suppress outlaws by armed- "Follow the will-of Heaven and protect -the -state."- force and kill them all. -But whether Water Margin After his.surrender, Sung Chiang willingly serves' was used to advantage or was banned, it only reflected' as the vanguard In the campaign to suppress Fang La the controversy within the landlord class itself over the' arid other peasant Insurgent' forces. In"recognition of tactics to be used; .'; "' his service, the emperor appoints Sung Chiang cdmmis-' sioner of an administrative district in charge of both •During the period - of democratic, revolution in. military and, government affairs.'. Later, Tsai Ching,,. China; Lu Hsun (188T-1936), chief commander of, the' Kao, Chiu and other treacherous, ministers in a joint,- proletarian cultural revolution of his time, ' criticized- conspiracy, put, poison, in the , wine offered by the em• the reactionary nature'.' of the novel for propagating- peror to Sung Chiang. Knowing that he will soon die- capitulationism. . He "said: "Water Margin makes it after, drinking-the wine, Sung Chiang calls in Li Kuei quite - clear - that because they, were net''against -the- and'let him drink poisonous wine so that. Li Kuei will emperor,, they accepted the offer of amneS;ty and, enlist• also die and never cause trouble again. He explains ment when the government troops.arrived and,, set. out, away in a talk.with Li.Kuei: "I am going to die though, to, fight other brigands for. the state — brigands , who- I am innocent. I'd rather let the court deal unfairly did not. ,'carry. out the right way on behalf of Heaven.',

with me. But' I ..will remain loyal and never turn They. were., lackeys ;-after all." .. ("The - Evolution .of against, the court." After Sung Chiang's death, the Roughs."). But for-a; long time in the past practically emperor bestows on him the title.of marquis.and builds, all the appraisals of Water, Margin, in literary and art him. a, temple on Liangshan with sacrificial .offerings, as well, as; educational-circles in our country-have run every year,. The authors of, the novel said, in praise:. .. counter;-.to Lu.Hsun's; viewpoint and advocated- the- Sung Chiang is.-a paragon. of loyalty and righteousness,, revisionist .viewpohit; -. :. , / 'j • and he ends up in great glory. - vl . . ..> -"."j :, i:j :'.. . '-..,- -1 V'A.--~'J, ..: Recently, the Chinese people,^acting in.accordance. with Chairman. Mao's instruction,'.. are' .using',.Water ; "Water .Margin" — Novel and Fo^ldore Margin as teaching material by negative, example.,/to - -There were stories about: the Liangshan; peasant, distinguish capitulationists, and. are unfolding an in-. insurgents' in the literary,, and art.performances in the ' "depth- criticism^of,the -noyel. ; , ; ,

12 Peking Review, No, 9 Socialist Industry

e immense

[ARX said: "When numerous labourers work Shanghai has accumulated annually for the state has' together side by side, whether in one and the same surpassed the original value of the fixed assets of the process, or in different but connected processes, they are city's industry under ownership by the whole people. said.to co-operate, or to work in co-operation." (Capital.) Whether in the setting up. of a number of new indus•

trial departments, or in .the successful. trialTproduction "Socialist'co-operation"marks' a brand-new stage in of many advanced and precision products, the populari-: the history of the development of co-operation in human- zation of new advanced techniques, the technical trans• society. Socialist public ownership of-the means of pro-- formation of old enterprises and the building and put-' duction has not only fundamentally changed the nature ting into operation of'major capital construction proj-: of co-operation but opened up an unprecedented broad ects, socialist co-operation has played a significant role. road for, it. .With the deepening,of the socialist revolu• tion ,in China, our, productive forces have.been further liberated and co-operation has developed to a still higher , Creating New Productive Forces , ~r " stage., . Since the,Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • Hi' expounding/the- role of cd-operatiohy 'Marx began in 1966, the scope qf socialist, co-operation .which pointed out: "Not only have we here an increase 'mi the; takes many forms, has been enlarged,, thereby creating productive power of the individual, by means of co• ever greater productive, forces. The, industrial develop• operation, but the creation"of a rie'wpower, namely; the ment in our country's biggest metropolis Shanghai serves collective power, of masses." (Capital.) '"' "" ' j as. a good illustration.- , , ,;• ,., ......

In China;today, socialist co-operation- is playing, a During, the nine years from 1.9.66 to 1974,. the total tremendous role; in raising and creating- productive amount of state investment. for"' capital construction forces. - - - • . . " . - ' - ... '•-. • ...V spent on Shanghai's industry was only about 5 per cent of the total.amount of funds if accumulated "for the state Take Shanghai's, textile industry as an example.' in the same period, while the progressive .annual .in• Basically, no new mills have been built since liberation, crease of its total-output value averaged 9.2 per. cent. and over 80 mills have, according.to the needs of.the Since the beginning of the 1970s, the amount of funds state, either been moved to,other places or readjusted to . turn .out other products." Notwith• standing a decrease of 25 per cent" in \ «j '. " .spindles,. 18 per cent in looms and 12 'per . 'cent in the number'"of workers''and--staff " members, the industry's total output value in 1974 was nearly five times that of 1949. Ill What did they rely onto achieve "this? The - answer is they gave full play to the super• iority of the socialist system by" "carrying * • out socialist co-operation on. a large scale and constantly going in for'mass'technical innovations within" the trade. What they actually "did was, within a certain period, Wm . they pooled. all possible efforts to solve' one - - or two outstanding^ problems' in "order to promote production, -just like corfcentrat- 'Wm - ing a superior force to annihilate the enemy • in a battle. ' ' ' '."' ' " ' .

^Silli In 1970,- spinning "frames in the whole HfH city ' were - renovated, with the result that per 1,000 spiridle-hour output jumped from 35 to 43 kilogrammes.^ In the next'year, the city concentrated Its efforts to expand the Products manufactured by a small glassware factory in Shanghai are- production of synthetic fibres and succeeded supplied to dozens of factories and scientific research institutes. i'n raising the productive capacity by 100 per

February 27, 1976 .13 cent. The number of high-efficiency automatic broad- capacity of turning out 100,000 TV sets and 100,000 width looms increased 2.6-fold in 1972 as a result of a picture tubes every year and making complete sets of boost in production. Thanks to co-operative efforts in the equipment for television stations. In addition, a con• years 1973-74 to develop the production of dacron. fibres, tingent of more than 6,000 people specialized in making output of dacron prints in 1974 was 43 times that of TV sets has been trained. 1965. In the last two years machines for printing and dyeing, silk textile and colour weaving have been ren• Keeping the Interests of the Whole in Mind ovated, thereby raising the proportion of high-grade textile products to over 50 per cent. In the 26 In sharp contrast to the relations of forced labour years since the founding of New China, the. amount, and the state of anarchy characteristic of capitalist co• of. funds accumulated by Shanghai's textile in• operation, socialist co-operation reflects in essence a new dustry for the state is 62. times the amount of investment type of socialist relations of production with close co- • made by the state for its capital construction. operation between the labouring people. With the; realization of public ownership of the means of produc• In the last few. years, more than 20 branches of in• tion, the working, people have become their, own masters. dustry in Shanghai, including those in making steel, This, coupled with a unified socialist planned, economy, motor vehicles, tractors, refrigerators,, daily utensils, has opened up. a broad road for developing socialist co• medical appliances,- refractory materials, insecticides operation. and electroplates,, have followed the example of textile industry in bringing the strength of mass co-operation In the. historical period of socialism, however, there- are still class struggle and the struggle-between the two. into full play. Technical transformation has been ex• roads. Shanghai's experience proves that to develop pedited and there has been" a marked change in the socialist co-operation on an extensive scale, it is neces• means.of production "and in.the quality and quantity sary to take class struggle as the key link, keep to the of their products. Party's basic line, deepen the criticism of the revisionist Shanghai's medical appliances industry has 11,000 line of Liu Shao-ehi and Lin PiaO and overcome such- workers and staff. members,' and two-thirds of the erroneous ideas as departmentalism, the thinking that factories are small ones in the lanes." Before the Great techniques are private properties, and preferring to'do- Cultural' Revolution, they mainly turned out "general light work and shirking the heavy. .__*'• ',•[. products such.as scalpels, scissors, syringes and stetho• The Shanghai No. 1 Chemical Engineering Equip• scopes. In 1972, the city's leading departments concerned ment Plant makes two major products. One is the three- broke down the barriers of different trades and or• roll lapping machine. Much material but little labour is v ganized over. 300 factories, hospitals, colleges and scien• required to make such machines which are high in' tific research institute's, to "join in a common'effort to output value. The other is the tooth-paste filling ma• change the backward state of .'this industry. The. upshot chine. Less material is required to make these machines, was that nearly 300 kinds of precision niedlcal appliances but the work-hour spent in making one such machine were successfully trial-produced in the last four years, is 15 times that of the former while the output value for including.electronic linear accelerators for treating can• every work-hour is only one-fifth of that of the former. cer and cobalt-60 therapeutic machine, each of which Early last year, the workers' theoretical group of this weighs over a dozen tons, and micro-surgical in• plant paid a visit to the Shanghai Tooth-Paste Factory struments such as thinner-than-hair needles for sutur• and learnt that it urgently needed nine tooth-paste ing blood.vessels. Thus what could not be done by one filling machines in order to realize automation in pro• trade was quickly achieved through the co-operation of duction. If this were achieved, the tooth-paste factory several trades. would be able to boost production by 3,0 million yuan, . Thanks to socialist co-operation, Shanghai has with economize on labour force equivalent to 120 workers and only a few additional factories set rip many new in• save 1,800 square metres of space. Should the chemical dustrial departments for producing, among other prod• engineering equipment plant undertake to make these ucts, cinema projectors, TV sets, electronic computers, nine machines, its own plan of increasing output by lighting apparatus using new light sources, and highly 300,000 yuan might be affected. What should be done? effective insecticides with low toxicity. Before the The plant's Party branch organized the workers and Great Cultural Revolution,' there was almost no such staff members to discuss the question. Should they industry which ' manufactured TV sets in Shanghai. help the tooth-paste factory boost production at their Beginning in 1970, some instruments and meters plants own expense? After criticizing the revisionist line in and' factories making toys, mouth-organs, electric light running enterprises, the workers pledged that they sockets, clothing and fortntain pens were organized to would do everything possible to. help the tooth-paste make use of part of their manpower and materials to factory increase production by 30 million yuan even. produce' TV parts which were then assembled into TV if their own plan of increasing output might be affected.^ •sets; Today there are 35 factories. in .Shanghai produc• As it turned out, they not only made the nine machines. ing TV sets with the help of over .100-units. 'So Shang- •hai, without, building any new factory, now has .the (Continued on p. 24.)

Peking Review, No^ 9 Five Years of Continual Backsliding

— From the Soviet revisionists7 24th congress to their 25th congress

by Hsiao Lou

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„T^P7E years have gone by since the Soviet revisionists been constantly rising and exorbitant taxes and miscella• • held their 24th congress in 1971. To give the current neous levies are continually on the increase. According 25th congress a shot in the. arm, the.Soviet revisionist to' what the Soviet revisionist authorities themselves renegade clique, has in recent months been shamelessly have published, every Soviet employee paid, on an bragging about their so-called "achievements" obtained average, 157.6 rubles In taxes in 1973 as against 84.1 since the 24th congress. What have the Soviet revision• rubles in 1969 — an increase of 87.4 per cent. ists done in the past'five years and what are the results? Debts have piled high. Incomplete figures show Five-Year Pian on the Rocks that since Brezhnev came to power in 1964, the Soviet Union has borrowed more than .20,000 million U.S. . The 9th . five-year. plan adopted by the dollars from the Western countries, more than. 80 per Soviet revisionists at the 24th congress has . gone cent of which were secured in the period of the 9th five- on the rocks. This fact which is known to all year plan, , . shows that the militarization of. the national economy ha^/brought- serious,'consequences to the Soviet econo• : Such : examples :•'•• are numerous and are quite my; It reveals the extremely decadent nature of. Soviet revealing, ' • '-• • ••• • state monopoly capitalism and completely explodes the ..'.However, it should be pointed out that there is .lie of "high-speed" development and the. "welfare plan" indeed "high-speed" development of certain projects in % trumpeted by Brezhnev and company at the 24th eon- the Soviet Union and these are the munitions industry -Vgress. Let's look at. the facts. and certain related heavy industries, which have 'all The basic targets of the national economy all came developed like a malignant growth; If is estimated'that a cropper. The national income merely attained the in the Soviet Union today, about 60 per cent of the' target set in the five-year plan for 1974; that is, it took industrial enterprises are directly or indirectly involved five years to accomplish the tasks set for four- years. in arms production and they employ some 3.5 million people. During the 9th five-year plan, the output of the The production of consumer goods was astonishingly machine-building industry, of automatic meters, instru• low. Statistics, show that the gross output value in the ments and tools and of computer technology •—• all linked production of consumer goods only came to about 89 with arms production — have grown by 70, 80 and 300 per cent of the. target and there is a serious shortage of per cent respectively. According to an estimate by many important consumer goods on the market. Western countries, the Soviet Union has surpassed the Agriculture showed a decline. In the five years, United States in expenditures on military research since -the average annual total output value of agriculture.was 1973. •far short of the target. Grain production was even The Soviet Union's all-out drive for arms ex• worse, showing a decrease in output in four.of the five pansion and war preparation inevitably reduces the peo^ years with the average annual output coming only to pie's consumption, sacrifices, agriculture and light indus• about 91. per cent of the planned 'quota. In the "disas• try and brings, .about a serious lopsided development of trous" year, of 1975, in particular, even the official the national economy. The result: a huge industry but figures given out by the Soviet authorities showed, that a very weak agriculture, with heavy: industry, par• grain production met only two-thirds of the planned ticularly the machine-buildhig industry, steadily expand• target. If we reckon on a per-capita. basis, grain output ing while production in, light industry is extremely was even lower than in 1913 when the tsars ruled. The poor; technology In the arms, industry has developed amount of grains imported during the 9th five-year plan rapidly while technology, in industries, producing-goods was five times that of the 8th five-year plan period. for civil use Is backward; there is a large number of The ..people's .standards, of. living are low. . Ac- nuclear weapons while the people's standards of living

J^ording to reports in the Soviet press, one-quarter. :of, are on-the decline; and-more and more investments-are- the total population are now -living below the. level made in capital construction centred on expanding "guaranteeing the lowest standard. of material life." military might while there Is a steady fall in- the Retail, prices of major foodstuffs, and.other goods have effects.of-investments in all fields. Such .a situation was-

February 27, 1976 " IS- particularly pronounced during the period of the 9th tachments for various specialized fields. In addition, they five-year plan. have established many "mass" organizations exclusively controlled by secret and police agencies. The main task The decadent nature of state monopoly capitalism of such organizations as "public. committees," "law-^J^V determines that the Soviet revisionists' 9th five-year breaking prevention committees" and "public and police plan is simply impossible to fulfil. They want to tighten social security stations" is to, deal with persons hold• the monopoly and control by the bureaucrat state ing "views and habits incompatible with" Soviet and at the same time boost the incentive for profits. revisionist rule. This is in itself an insurmountable contradiction. The contention for the right over profits between the cen• However, the Soviet people have not been cowed tral monopoly clique and the local monopoly cliques and by the ruthless fascist rule of terror. Discontent and between the capitalist cliques in the various enterprises resistance on the part of the Soviet people have been on and the central and local monopoly cliques has brought the rise in recent years. It is reported that underground with it much in-fighting and a host of contradictions. organizations and secret publications have emerged con• To seek profits, accounts are often falsified and embez• tinually in the last five years. In Kiev, Rostov, Lvov, zlement and theft as well as extravagance and waste are Dnepropetrovsk, Dnieprodzerzhinsk, "Vitebsk, Tibilis rampant within the enterprises, while new technology- and many other cities, workers' strikes and demonstra• Is not being fully utilized. In particular, the labouring tions have taken place while slowdowns have swept the "people who are unwilling to sweat for the bureaucrat- country's towns and villages. Despite strict ideological monopoly capitalists, resist or fight back by work stop- and organizational control, the broad masses of Party •pages, slowdowns and other forms of struggle. All this members have never ceased in their struggle. During has caused complete failure to the state plan — the chief means of the Soviet revisionists to implement monopoly the two years beginning March 1973 when "Party and control. membership cards were renewed," an estimated total of nearly one million "passive members" charged with "* 'Facts fully show that the past five years are five "alien thoughts" were purged. Protests by many intel• years of failure for the Soviet revisionists' 9th five-year lectuals against the Brezhnev clique's reactionary rule plan, of bankruptcy for their" "welfare" slogan, of have gradually become a component part of the Soviet stepped-up militarization of the national economy'and people's struggle. ' of ever-aggravating economic difficulties. . Sharpening contradictions among the various na- .tionalities have become another serious problem con-^ Internal Contradictions Sharpen fronting the Soviet revisionists. Brezhnev and company ~~ At the 24th congress, Brezhnev bragged that efforts are stepping up the implementation of the Great- would be made "to further develop socialist democracy," Russian chauvinistic policy under the deceitful slogan of that "harmony" in the relations and "rock-firm unity" "a new historical entity of the people." From Tran• between the "various.classes,, social strata and big and. scaucasia to the Central Asian region, from the Baltic small nationalities" in the Soviet Union were maintained. coast to the shores of the Black Sea, there

But facts have proved the exact opposite.- •• ' have been large-scale struggles waged over the past five years .by the people in various union republics " In the last five years when it has become increas• against Great-Russian chauvinistic oppression and ingly isolated and-its rule more and more feeble, the assimilation of nationalities. This has been proved Soviet revisionist renegade clique nas doffed the guise of by the. big purges-carried out" one after another by the "developing socialist democracy" and steadily" strength• Brezhnev renegade clique-in. these republics; • For in• ened its'fascist dictatorship. "Its'armed forces, which stance, large-scale "ideological rectification" and organi• are used to suppress the people at home and perpetrate zational purges have been carried out first in the Geor• aggression and expansion abroad, have in recent years gian, then in the Ukrainian and Armenian - Republics " grown rapidly from over three million to more than 4.2 since 1972, mercilessly ' persecuting and crushing the million.- Its intelligence agency K.G-B; (the State Security cadres and masses and removing the first secretaries of Committee) and - the Ministry of the Interior, whose the central committees of the revisionist party in these power has considerably increased,, have made their way three republics. Discontent is fife among the people into every nook and corner. - They'have armed their and resistance struggles have surfaced one after another secret agents and spies' with sophisticated detection in these 'union republics; and interrogation equipment and up-to-date; monitoring and telecommunications devices. . Its. "psychiatric hospi• "".Social problems have become more serious than tals" have become places of political persecution with in• ever, in the last five years. Speculation is rampant and creasing intensity. . What is more, .the Soviet revisionists bribery has become _a .common practice, while theft, have in .the last few years expanded.-and set.up .many, embezzlement, prostitution, alcoholism, the taking of auxiliary organizations to enforce .their fascist dictator• ship. They have expanded the so-called "voluntary, drugs' and juvenile delinquency are quite commonplace.*^--' pickets" and "supervisory groups,", which are directed, '•j..Glass, contradictions-arid "contradictions among-the against the people, and set up pickets and-.Gp.erative..dffi?., nationalities' are reflected in the upper-stratum of the

16 Peking Review, No.'9 ruling clique, thereby aggravating internal-strife-and ments.in pushing-their social-imperialist policies. -'-They -rocking its rule. - - - • - ' - - • '• ------. - brazenly supported India in dismembering - another ", ' It is clear that the last five years have' witness- sovereign state. They resort to blackmail and intimida• ^^d the continuous-strengthening of the dictatorship of tion to refuse to return the four northern Japanese social-fascism and the further isolation "of the'Brezhnev islands,.which;they.have occupied. .Now, flouting public renegade clique. And in these five years "the working opinion the,world oyer, -they. have:biatantly interfered people of .all nationalities' in the Soviet Union have in the internal affairs of Angola. This .is a concentrated waged indomitable struggles to re-establish the dic• exposure of..the gangster features of the ferocious-social- tatorship of the proletariat. imperialists and is a very good footnote to the essence of their "peaceful programme." In short, this overly

"Peaceful Programme"—:A Flop ambitious, -superpower assumes a menacing..^offensive posture in its contention with U.S. imperialism for world , The .notorious "peaceful programme", was dished up domination;'it is more adventurous and.it has become by Brezhnev at the 24th congress. Since then, the'So• the most dangerous source.of a new.world war. viet, revisionists have linked.up all their acts of aggres• sion abroad with this "programme.". In fact, what.the But madness does hot mean real strength. The

Soviet Union has done in the last five years in the in• more places to which it stretches its:tentacles, the more ternational arena precisely shows that it is.not "seeking nooses it puts around its own neck. More and more lasting peace," but stepping up its contention for world people in the world today are clear about its expan• hegemony under the. smokescreen of "detente." Far sionist and hegemonic features. Numerous facts over from "opposing the threat of a new world war," it is the past five years have pointed up the plight of the trying its utmost to , create the danger of a Soviet social-imperialists who have run up-against stone new war; instead of "supporting" national-liberation walls and found themselves in a bad fix. The fraud of movements and the revolutionary struggles of the peo• detente they have cooked up to conceal their contention, ple of various countries, it stoops to anything in carry• with the United States has been exposed, by more and ing out infiltration, interference, subversion and more people. At the,so-called strategic arms.limitation sabotage in a' vain attempt to dominate and enslave 'the talksv the Soviet Union and the United. States, each with world's' people. its own ulterior motives, .are locked in both overt and Contention between the Soviet Union and the other covert struggles, both refusing to make concessions. superpower in the last-, five years has spread all over The Soviet-U.S. trade agreement, which was once %e globe,:- The intranquillity-in Europe, the Middle East, flaunted as having made "fruitful contributions" to the ^outh Asia, southern Africa and other regions of the strengthening of Soviet-U.S. relations, 'has been de• world. invariably is tied: up 'with the expansion clared null and void. Despite ceaseless preparations^ the and infiltration by-the Soviet social-imperialists. After Soviet revisionists have so far failed to convene the many years of preparations, they concocted a so-called conference they have set. their mind on holding, to be European security conference which was actually a attended by various European parties. The absurd theo• European, insecurity conference.. While clamouring ry of "peaceful transition" which they, advocate has about "materialization of detente," "the irreversibility gone bankrupt in what they, call -a ."model" Latin of-, .detente," and "supplementing political detente by American country. ' ' military .detente," they have-deployed-and reinforced their.forces and replenished their armaments in.Eastern Following the expulsion of 105- Soviet spies by the Europe. They have stirred up troubles in Southern British Government in September 1971, large numbers Europe and in the Balkans', engaged in feverish infil• of Soviet secret agents and. spies have been exposed-in tration in Portugal and other countries and strengthened various parts of the world in the past few years. The their military, dispositions in Northern Europe, thereby tens of thousands of Soviet advisers and military per• aggravating and complicating the situation in Europe. sonnel sent to Egypt to control that country were forced While mouthing disarmament, they have piled up more to'pack up -and go home. Since the October War In the and more nuclear and conventional weapons, rapidly Middle East, the traitorous features of-the Soviet revi• increased" "the number of troops and continually raised sionists in. -betraying the liberation' struggle of the their military expenditures which have in the last few. Arab and Palestinian people have been more and mor-e years outstripped those of the United 'States'-to make bared. 'The great victory of the Cambodian people put the Soviet Union the leading nation' of the world in this to shame the Soviet revisionists who, as' counter• field. They have conducted global military exercises, revolutionary double dealers,' had throughout maintain• and-warships of. their huge navy prowl the waters of ed friendly-relations with the'Lon Nol clique. Their the world-to make a big show of their strength. By sign• agitation for the establishment of an "Asian collective ing so-called "treaties of friendship and co-operation," security system'-! aimed at - dominating Asia met "with Ijhey have grabbed -military^-bases abroad and, through little. response. - The Soviet revisionists' have aroused ^pj-called military and economic "aid," -they have stepped fresh ^discontent among; some East European: countries up their plunder of some countries and tightened their for-dimiting the supply of raw materials and fuel to' political and military control over-them.. .-They regard them,- •forcing up prices and intensifying the plunder' 'of some revisionist political-parties-as their special detach*. capiial and.manpower.'in these countries.- -AH•these have

February ..27-, 2976> 17, tglven .headaches'ife* -fee Brezhnev .renegade -clique .and ""economic and •political life highly, internationalized'' and ' caused internal strife. demands a "more perfect form of socialist internation• alism" to suit the -needs,; they also claim that implemen• y It can thus he seen that the past five years were tation of economic integration"*1s the most amportar ! 'years in which the Soviet revisionists engaged 'feverish• factor In establishing a developed socialist soelety^-^ ly in aggression '-and expansion and Intensified-their con• and so on and so forth. What they have said tention for world domination; they were also years in boils down to this.: Since 'the ^Soviet Union has "estab• Hwh'ich the "peaceful programme" has gone bankrupt lished a developed socialist society/5 it. has every reason iand the Soviet social-imperialists have become more to control and plunder the other members of the "big .{isolated in the international arena. community" in the name of integration while the other member countries in the "big -community'.' will have Bankruptcy of "Developed Socialism" to be Soviet social-imperialism's .appendages if they • ""The Soviet, revisionists formally flaunted the ban• want to build ""developed isociahsm." -Acting oh this ner of "developed socialism" at their -24th congress. fallacy, the Soviet revisionists have not only energeti• —.Now what is their so-called "developed socialism"? cally worked for economic integration but have taken a step further in putting forth and bringing about People may recall that at the 22nd congress, ideological integration, military integration and diplo• 'Khrushchov dished up the slogan of

peas.- The only difference is that since Brezhnev came of " developed .-socialism/' Such action is aptly •desflribea^//

to power the pace of all-round restoration of capitalism by what Lenin isaid: tcThe old word socialism had has been accelerated and the -degree of monopoly by been desecrated "by the traitors to socialism." state monopoly 'capitalism and of capital concentration (The Third* Communist IvtisrnativndLj) The clique's •has been steadily "increased, with the result that 'Con• action, however,. -can in .no. way, save it .from utter tradictions and difficulties are developing in depth. failure. -Countless" facts over the past five years -and the as yet unhatched new.-iconstitutiron which the' Soviet Brezhnev and his ilk also have a political motive revisionists have worked for a long time to'sum up and in trotting out the so-called "developed socialism." 'embody "developed ;socialism/' all prove that Brezhnev They prattle -that" -a ""developed -socialist .society" has and -company are -extremely weak ;and poor politically "a corresponding political •superstructure-— a :state of and theoretically. - ; . the whole people which replaces -the -state of the dic• tatorship of -the proletariat." Obviously; they are-creat• In ^short, the. five years sirice the Soviet -revisionists' ing a theoretical basis for the fallacy of -a "state of the 24th congress .show that, wbether in theory or in deeds whole people" which has already heen -completely re• and in domestic -or international affairs, Soviet soeial- pudiated. It .seems as if the. state of the whole people imperialism with its wild ambitions is outwardly fierce Is the "result conforming to the laws" of "developed so• but inwardly feeble, is beset with.tdiiEficrdties at.home cialism" and., .since there -is the "completion of a devel• and abroad and is on the decline. It is sliding down oped socialist society," the fallacy of-.a .state of the whole in accordance with the law that imperialism will inevi• people is viable, Their aim is, in reality, to cover tably perish. ""Flowers fall :off, do what. one. anay" is up the harsh fact that, under the signboards of a Chinese verse which aptly portrays the plight of the .state of the whole people and democracy of the the Soviet revisionists. Like imperialism and all other whole people., the Soviet Union today is practising a reactionaries, '^revisionist Soviet Union is a paper tiger fascist dictatorship. too." History will show .that Soviet sdcial-imperialism : The Soviet revisionist renegade clique is also using which is out -on a limb will sink ever more deeply in fee -fallacy ©f "developed- socialism" to serve its social- insoluble political and -economic crises. With the third imperialist policies- of aggression and .expansion, the world as the'main force, the people of the whole worli^ argument being that ''developed socialism" Is necessarily including the people 'of the Soviet Union, will raise still . Isafced."?ral2h-. *^soiabalJBt "integration." Brezhnev and com• higher, the banner of anti-imperialism, anti-colonialism pany say that ."developed socialism-'' makes all countries' and an ti-hegemonism and march ' forward valiantly.

m Peking Revtew, No. 3 Report From London Soviet Spies —Objects of Hote And Abhorrence

EPORTS by the press of West European countries of section of the K.G.B. has been set up to practise indus• R scandals about Soviet revisionists' espionage activi• trial espionage in multinational companies," When the ties came thick and fast recently, France and Belgium Soviet; Union cannot buy from the West new industrial disclosed that they had, expelled a large number of So• techniques from private companies at a price that suits viet spies in the past few years* In the Federal Republic it, "the Russians are perfectly prepared to steal them." of Germany, a film was made of the criminal activities In this respect, the Soviet revisionists keep an eye^ in of agents of the Soviet State Security Committee particular, on nuclear development, computer technology (K.G.B„),and shown to the public on television. . The and chemical industry. Their spy networks crisscross the Danish Government has sternly condemned frequent Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Switzer• intrusions into Denmark's coastal waters by Soviet spy land and other countries. According to the head of ships, for reconnaissance. K.G.B. agents have become F.R.G. security affairs, 60 per cent of Soviet espionage objects of hate and abhorrence. activities in the F.R.G-. are directed at industrial corpo• . The .mass, of material" disclosed by. the. West• rations. In 1971 the West, prohibited the export of elec• ern press shows that the Soviet .revisionists are tronic • computers to the Soviet Union, but such com• engaged in cloak-and-dagger work in every nook puters on their way -from the Netherlands to the F.R.G. and cranny -and their talons have reached out were'transferred on to a Moscow-bound plane. everywhere. In France,' Soviet "covert activities All"tins' shady business.has been carried out while have never ceased." In the Netherlands, the number of the mealy-mouthed Soviet revisionists are chanting K.G.B. operatives is "ten times the number of the C.I.A. such nice words as "detente," "strengthening European men" of. the United States. In the Federal Republic of security "and good-neighbourly relations and co-opera= Germany,: the Soviet. Union has . through ' blackmail, tiori" and ."mutual trust" to lull the people: The. grandi• money, naked threats and intimidation recruited no less loquent "Final Act" of the European security confer-, than 10,000 people to act .as its spies. In Italy,.the K.G.B. ence,.lauded to the skies by the Soviet revisionists, has "has about 9.0 K.G.B, agents and almost a thousand in• been heavily laced" with such phrases as "peaceful co• formants" collecting intelligence on the-security and de• existence," "non-intervention in internal affairs" and fence systems of Italy and NATO. Luxembourg, which "respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty." But has an area of only 999 square kilometres, has long been such tricks to hoodwink others have been seen through regarded by the Soviet revisionists as their spy base in by more and more people. Political circles and public continental Western Europe because of its proximity to opinion in West European countries have pointed out Brussels, where the headquarters of NATO is located. thatwhat the Soviet Union" calls "peaceful coexistence" They make use of the thick forests along the border fqr and "non-intervention in internal affairs" actually passing on intelligence and crossing the national means subversion and expansion against other countries. boundary. In neutral Austria., Switzerland and Sweden, .Therefore, "when the Russians talk at length about non• the number of Soviet agents has increased enormously. intervention in the affairs of other countries, their state• The Soviet revisionists have stopped at nothing to carry ments are absolutely fraudulent." A Western journal out subversive activities. On the Iberian Peninsula, they said that "under the smokescreen of detente" the Soviet have gone to great lengths to provide their agents with K.G.B. is intensifying its activities in a way comparable funds and arms. In the Balkans, they give support to to Soviet arms expansion; The F.R.G. producer of the the criminal activities of the conspiratorial elements in, TV documentary on Soviet -spies,- despite threats from Yugoslavia. In the North Sea, they send planes and -the Soviet revisionists, said that the documentary Is ships to spy on the oil-drilling platforms of other coun• meant to prove that the Soviet Union has stepped up the tries and carry out harassing activities. building, of a, espionage, network under-the cover of To step up their arms expansion and war prepara• "detente." tions and contend for world hegemony, the Soviet revi• •According to the hegemonic principle practised by- sionists have spared no efforts to. secure huge foreign Soviet social-Imperialism, it can blatantly carry out sub• loans to import _ Western technology. Their .appetite, version, intervention, infiltration and expansion in other" however, -is insatiable. So they send their spies to steal countries but other' countries are not permitted to come what- they do not have the money to buy. This is a "new - out-and - oppose, it. - Should anyone expose its-* plots, it task" for the Soviet espionage setup.' The British paper -would-label-hini as'-"an'enemy of detente" and "a sabo• Daily Express not long ago-revealed that "several West• teur-'of peace and co-operation." When'the commander- ern, intelligence- services are now -convinced that a -new .'in-chief- of the- Swedish- armed^" forces pointed- out-that-

February.: 27, • 1976 19 North European countries faced a "Soviet threat" be• truded into Britain's airspace. These Soviet aircraft cause the Soviet Union had set up a base in the vicinity were mainly on reconnaissance missions over northern of the Barents Sea for collecting intelligence,, he was: Britain. Soviet spy ships are often on the prowl in the accused of "aggravating tension in Northern Europe,". norther, parts of the Irish Sea. They spy on British sub• When the British media reported on Soviet espionage marine bases and keep under constant surveillance the activities in the North Sea oilfields, it was maligned as missile-testing range, at Aberporth and NATO defence "obstructing" the development of "good relations" facilities on the southern coast of Scotland: Soviet spy between the Soviet Union and Britain. When the TV ships are rampant not only at the North Sea oilfields documentary on Soviet espionage activities was shown but in the English Channel as well. In October last year in the F.R.G., Moscow complained and attacked it as a there were as many as 40 to 70 huge Soviet trawlers deliberate attempt to exacerbate relations between the operating near the Channel, one of which intruded into two • countries. According to this weird logic, any coun• the 12-mile territorial sea' of Britain' arid Was seized by a try which wants to "develop good' relations" with the British warship. Not long ago a Soviet so-called Soviet-Union and to "ease tension" must meekly wink "factory-ship" collided with a freighter. Soviet trawl• at-Soviet espionage activities, throw wide open'its doors ers immediately came'to'the scene arid formed a pro• and-let Soviet ships and:planes move freely in its terri• tective cordon, forbidding others to go to the rescue. torial waters and air! The leader of the British Conser• It is quite obvious what this skulduggery meant. vative Party Mrs. Thatcher and others recently made speeches exposing the fact of Soviet military expansion In 1971 the British Government expelled 105 Soviet in Europe and its wild ambitions for world dominance spies.and televised the details of their covert operations. and calling on the West European and British public to Last year the British Government caught a Soviet-paid beware of the "grave threat" from the Soviet Union.- In - agent trying to hand over to the Soviet consulate infor• a hysterical outburst of fury, the Kremlin. hurled out mation on Britain's Vulcan strategic bomber. The New protests and'invectives, attacking Mrs. Thatcher as ah York Herald Tribune .recently revealed that the Soviet "anti-Soviet and anti-detente" "cold-war warrior." espionage organization has drawn up a secret plan "to What-heinous crimes indeed! But the vicious Soviet destroy vital installations in the West European coun• attack 'drew an indignant • reply from British political tries at the outset of a war." One part of the plan circles arid the press.' Some Members of Parliament.and had Britain as its target. , ..... v, newspapers pointed out: When the Soviet ambassador -The Soviet revisionists' espionage and .subversive complained, people should' ask how many acts of provo• activities in the various West European countries are cation the Soviet espionage' organization has committed part of their frenzied-'ambition to'dominate Europe and oh: British'soil and'territorial seas. Some people de• contend for world hegemony. They are bent on carry• manded that an investigation into these acts be made! ing on such activities and yet they do not allow others to ""'•'' The question is really not difficult to answer as the expose them. This is of course impossible.' No threat, facts are all there for everyone to see;- For' example, the abuse or subterfuge of any kind, as the British press British Defence Ministry recently disclosed that, on the has pointed out, can seal people's lips. Soviet spies' average, British planes had-once every other day inter• inevitable fate is like that of rats scurrying across a cepted and turned back -Soviet aircraft which had in• street with everyone shouting: "Kill them! Kill them!"

(Continued from p. 4.) win their liberation, our support Is' territory to the Angolan people and without any. calculation.. We cannot let the sons and daughters of Angola interference, especially Soviet inter• establish among themselves relations ference, . achieve accommodation- and admit that the Angolan people who unity among the three organizations have gone through -protracted of fraternity, concord, peace and co• in: Angola - and -build their own struggle are now subjugated to the operation.' country into..a new -and really inde• domination, of Russian, imperialism. He reiterated: So long as the Rus• pendent, united and unified Angola." In the face of the Russian-Cuban sians and Cubans continue their ag• coalition and their aggression against gression against Angola, we will never The Foreign Minister said that-the . Angola, we are, obligated to react and Chinese Government and people will;,, admit and recognize the Movement take actions to liberate the Angolan as. always, resolutely support the, of the People's Liberation' of Angola. people;' , ' Zairese .Government and people in The Zairese Commissioner of State their just struggle against imperial• The independence of Angola, he for. Political Affairs praised, the sin• ism, colonialism • and hegemonism. continued, was obtained through the cere and selfless friendship existing .Engulu . Baangampongo Bakokele tireless efforts of all the sons and between the peoples of Zaire and Lokanga said in, his speech: . We. hold . daughters, and the various national- China. that.the problem;of Angola is very, -liberation moyements-'Of Angola. The Talks were held between Foreign simple.. If what the Zairese National. problem of Angola should be "solved Minister Chiao Kuan-hua and Com• Executive ...Council, supports is the by the Angolan people themselves.. missioner Engulu Baangampongo; Ba• Angolan people's .struggle to. shake .The, Russians, and Cubans must quit kokele Lokanga during - the delega• off .the..-Portuguese: domination, and Angola,and must.return.the. Angolan tion's stay in. Peking.

20 Peking Revieio,-No. 9 ROUND governments on this question'which,' however, remains unsolved because THE WORLD of India's unreasonable stand. India "and Bangladesh: reached, a provisional agreement on April 18 "RRUGA E PARTISE" (ALBANIA). policy in a small area of a given country-' Of course, all this non• last year, providing for the specific Self-Reliance — A Bessie sense has its general goals - against quantum of water to be diverted Marxist-Leninist Principle Marxism' and revolution. from April 21 to May 31 of 1975; any further diversion beyond that period Rruga e Partise, organ, of the Cen• "In so doing they attempt to legal• should be subject to prior consulta• tral Committee of the Albanian Party ize the notorious 'theory of limited tion between the two governments. of. Labour, recently carried a. signed sovereignty' which constitutes a con• However, India continued using the article entitled "The Principle of stant menace to national dignity and Farakka Barrage to divert water Self-Reliance Must Be Applied freedom and independence of the from the Ganges without any con• Everywhere in Economic Develop• people. Experience has proved that sultation with the Bangladesh Gov• ment." The article stressed its im• the economic integration carried out ernment. •• • portance to socialist revolution and by the Soviet Union in revisionist 'construction and the great practical countries today has all the character• India's arrogant and hegemonic significance to educate the masses in istics of neo-colonialism. action naturally has been condemned the spirit and requirements of this by the Bangladesh people and world principle. It refuted revisionist falla• "The principle of self-reliance is a public opinion. cies on this question^ •'-• '•'•'- militant principle which embodies revolutionary spirit, preparedness B.M. Abbas, Adviser to the Bangla-. "The Albanian Party of Labour and determination so that the Alba• desh President , and Chief Martial and Comrade Env'er Hoxha," the nian people can fight, work and live- . Law Administrator, said on February " article said, "have repeatedly stress- under all conditions, no matter how .11 in an interview with Bangladesh ' e'd that decisive factors in the revolu• complicated they may be, and stand News Agency; (B.S.S.) correspondents tion, construction and the defence of up to all difficulties and hardships that, the-Bangladesh Government has socialism are internal factors, the and successfully overcome them with officially drawn the attention of the immense power of the people under confidence in sure victory." Indian Government to the adverse the leadership of the Party, and the effects on Bangladesh caused- by manpower, material resources and "The principle of self-reliance," the India's unilateral withdrawal/ -; of finance of the country." article said, "does not in the. least .water from the Ganges. . exclude, but, on the contrary, includ• "The principle of self-reliance is es various forms of internationalist In an editorial on February 13, the .one of the basic principles which will solidarity, mutual help and support. Bangladesh ; Times stressed that play a permanent and all-round Doubtlessly, internationalist solidar• though time and again India gave role in ensuring successes and vic• ity, mutual help and support are of assurances that nothing would' be tories in the revolution, socialist con• importance." - done with Farakka that would be struction and the defence of social• detrimental to the Bangladesh peo• ism," it added. ple, its latest action did not match BANGLADESH those oft-repeated fine assurances. ."The principle, of self-reliance has profound political, ideological, eco- Condemning India's 'nomic and social contents," the article Hegemonic Action LATIN AMERICA'S PUBLIC OPINION ' pointed out. "It applies to all realms 'and is helpful to the consolidation Of The Ganges is a major river flow• Soviet Union — An Out-and-Out the dictatorship of the proletariat, to ing through India into Bangladesh. Expansionist 'the establishment of confidence in The sharing out of the river water the triumph of socialism over capital• has been a longstanding issue in the It is now known to the whole ism, to the establishment, develop• relations between India and Bangla• world that the Soviet social-impe- ment and steady perfection of social• desh. Several years ago, India arbi• .rialists. have crudely interfered in ist mode of production and to the trarily built the Farakka Barrag'e the internal, affairs of Angola and revolutionization of ideas and be• 11 miles away from the. Bangla• provoked and expanded the civil war haviour of the broad working desh border to divert a flow of there. - The development of the situa• masses." ...... - _ 40,000 cubic metres out of 55,000 tion in Angola is being closely cubic metres per second. during the watched by the'people and officials . The article went-on to say: "The dry season to the harbour of Calcut• of Latin American' countries. -The modern revisionists oppose this prin- ta, to the great detriment of'Bangla• Soviet revisionists' criminal acts of (^J ciple, describing it as .'sliding, to desh. - • .... ' ' interference in" Angola'-have enabled ^ narrow nationalist position,' 'depart• them to see more and more clearly ing " from proletarian international• " Negotiations have taken place' oh that the Soviet Union is ah out-and- ism' and 'pursuing a closed-door many . occasions between the 'two out expansionist. -

February 27, 1976 21 The Brazilian paper O Estado de trella de Panama and Surinam's. bassador" Kim Dong Jp. In May Sao Paulo asked in an article: If a Fa Sien Paw pointed out that Soviet 1974, the Soviet consul general in simple trailer like Alcatraz could sail meddling in the Internal affairs of San Francisco had "dialogues" with directly from Luanda in Angola to Angola is aimed at turning it into south Korean "ambassador" Pyong- .Salvador in Brazil, can't modern a "new colony." Choon Hahm. In 1975, the Soviet .Soviet warships do the same? A Embassy in France officially in• The Argentine paper No Transar signed article carried by La Re- vited the Pak Jung Hi clique's held that the Soviet Union harbours publica of Costa Rica on January 29 "expansionist ambitions" in Angola "counsellor" to attend a social said that some members on the dele• because of its important strategic po• function in the Soviet Embassy. In gations of Latin American countries sition and rich natural resources. It Oetober last year, the - Pak Jung Hi to the United Nations expressed the added, that the Soviet Union has clique sent an official to Moscow to fear that after Angola, "the same shipped arms to Angola to "defend convey the message that it was tactics and the same troops would the interests of the social-imperial• ready to "establish diplomatic rela• also be used in Latin America." It ists in this part of Africa." tions" with the Soviet Union at any added that the Soviet Union would time.. The Soviet authorities, ac• have recourse to- various tactics in Latin American officials and cording to a report by. the south an attempt to establish regimes papers strongly oppose any. outside Korean news agency, were also con• under its control "in all places where intervention in the, internal affairs sidering, the matter. .These contacts the people are divided and vigilance of. Angola and hold that the An• between the Soviet Union and .south is weakened." It is natural, there• golan people should be allowed to Korea have won the "plaudit" of the fore, that Latin American countries realize national unity and solve Pak Jung Hi clique which said, that and people are keeping an eye on then* own problems. "improvement in the relations be• Soviet moves in the South Atlantic tween Seoul and Moscow is encour• and on-the development of the An• aging." From these dirty, deals, one golan situation.. They are also study• SOVIET SOCIAL-IMPERIALISM : can easily see .how despicable,.the ing how to strengthen their.defences features of the Soviet social-imperi• in the South Atlantic so as to -cope Flirting With South Korea alists are •in,,sabptagin^g;rthe ...Korean with Soviet military expansion. The leader of the Soviet delegation people's cause -of > reunifying .their 'Tongue in:cheek, the Soviet revi• to the recent 12th Winter Olympic 'fatherland. . - " . • ''-'•-' --' -'.,;, sionists allege- that they "side with ' Games suggested to the south Korean The "Soviet social-imperialists arc the force representing the national delegation that it go to the "Soviet abetters of the Pak Jung Hi clique interests of the Angolan people and ' Union for "friendly" competitions in "its criminal action to undermine striving to shake off colonialism in after the conclusion .of the Games. and' obstruct the independent ana Africa." They claim again and again So the Soviet" social-imperialists are that they "do not seek anything in striking up a new "friendship" with peaceful reunification of Korea and Angola," "military bases" included, the south Korean' authorities! co-conspirators "in the attempt to .nor do they want to "carry out create "two "Koreas." The indepen• The Soviet social-imperialists have military expansion in Africa." How• dent and peaceful reunification of been carrying on, overtly or covert• ever, the Latin American press has Korea, however, is an inevitable ly, with the south Korean Pak Jung exposed this fraud, pointing out that trend, and conforms, to the aspira• Hi clique, for'quite some. time. Last the Soviet revisionists are expan• tions of the Korean. peqole*. It is a September, when south Korea sent trend which cannot be. obstructed by sionists- and interventionists, pure 16 athletes to the Soviet Union to U.S. imperialism or Soviet social- and simple. The Mexican paper El take part in world; wrestling and imperialism... The just- struggle of National said in a commentary that weight-lifting tournaments, they these Soviet " allegations are a were given a. "warm-welcome" and the Korean people for the indepen• • mockery of world public opinion and an, unusual reception. dent and. peaceful reunification rof -that there is hardly any fact to prove their fatherland is bound to triumph that the deeds of the Soviet Union Such relations betv/een the Soviet and the Soviet sodal-imperiahsts' are consistent with its words. Union and 'south Korea have in re-. plot,-will surely meet -with ignomini• cent years developed. from "ex• ous defeat. "''-;' ., Prensa Grafiea, , a Salvadorian changes" hi the fields of sports,, cul• paper, pointed out in an article that ture and trade to "cordial-meetings" Soviet intervention in Angola is and "friendly..talks" ..between, diplor "for the--same - purpose of world matic officials of .both sides.. -Indica• CORRECTIONS: In our issue No. 7, domination as in other regions."- The tions are. they ,-tend .to grow closer 1976,- page 5, -right-hand column, line 8 Jamaican paper Gleaner said In an and closer. As early, as in August from the bottom, the word '"Overloads'" editorial: "There is*, no doubt: that 1973, Soviet Ambassador to the should read "Overlords." , In issue United States. Dobrynin held "talks" No. 8, the unit of the item ".milk" as Russia wishes a client state strate• shown' hi the table in the' left column gically placed in Africa." ..Both Es- with the former south Korean "am• of page 16 should read "litre.'"

22 Peking Review, No. 9 the structure- of the-earth's- strata Oisr.TtfE HOME'.-FI that caused the earthquake. Together with their teachers, five students last year joined a scientific, A.ehievesnents htf •"bourgeoisie and revisionism/ 'Tem• research group for surveying- geo- Semnee Students • pered in elass struggle and the strug• thermic resources; in Tibet. They gle between the two lines, they have travelled more than, 18,00.0 kilometres HIS year's Peking University raised then* level' of political con• and investigated' 117 thermic centres T science graduates have achieved in 33 counties on a plateau averaging sciousness and many of them have •remarkable successes. 4,000 metres above sea level. On the been admitted into the Chinese Com• northern slope of the Kangirdisi Since entering the- university .three munist Party. Mountains, two students twice climb1 years ago, the worker-peasant-soL These graduates are imbued with ed over a mountain pass 6,000 metres dier students have adhered to. the above sea level in stormy weather. the good idea of serving the people. principle that "education must serve After eight days' herculean efforts, When an earthquake, occurred in proletarian politics and be combined they- found and surveyed a boiling with productive labour" and made Yunnan Province's Chaotung area in hot spring located at the highest big advances in striving to be both 1974, the worker-peasant-soldier stu• altitude in the world. politically conscious and professional• dents of the seismology and geology ly competent under the leadership of speciality rushed there and imme• Integrating theory with practice, the, university Party committee^ Giv• diately, plunged into rescue work. the students. have. paid attention to ing first place to a firm and correct Regardless, of their own safety, they enhancing their ability to analyse political orientation,, they have con- . inspected stricken places, found and, solve problems. Of their scien• seientiously studied works by Marx, places of refuge for the masses, res• tific research items completed, 10'5 Engels, Lenin and Stalin and by cued class, brothers and sisters; and were up to advanced standards at Chairman Mao and criticized, the. collected firsthand information on home and some reached the advanc• ed world levels. Ninety-five of them have been applied in socialist con• struction. For Instance, students in the radio department were entrusted, by the Peking Water Works with the task of studying, the automation and telemeehanization of the city's water supply. Under the. guidance of teach• ers, they together' with the workers took, a little, over seven months to make a complete set of equipment which has proved satisfactory in Its

test run1. - • -'

Students studying solar physics in the astronomy department discover• ed the correlation between the magnetic, changes in individual sun- spots and the eruption of solar flares in suhspot groups and evolved a new thesis on the correlation between the magnetic field value of sunspots and the flow of solar particles. This is of high reference value to the study of the physics of the solar activity zone.. Students of the ..biochemistry spe• ciality improved the old technological processes, .for producing insulin. They extracted, trypsin, chymotrypsin and Worker-peasant-solditer students and teachers, of Peking University, with the- help of workers, successfully developed-, a :li024r-bit MOS -random- . other new products from, pancreatic ' access memory for use In. various kinds, of - computers. Nearly, 5JIM - waste, filling a gap in- China's '•W * transistors are arranged on a chip one-fourtn the size of a finger nait .pharmaceutical, industry. In addition,, Top: The random-access-memory. - •' they-came up with new- theoretical Bottom: -The simple workshop-buHi - memory.. . • • . , \ views on the destruction-of enzymat-

February 27, 1976 23 ric activity by highly concentrated line linking the saltern with the has long been famous In China for | ethyl alcohol .and-:the: Reparation and Paotow-Lanchow Railway has been its large grains and high degree Of ft 'purification of. enzymes. . completed together with necessary purity. Besides sodium chloride, the * ancillary facilities. In Chilantai brine contains large .quantities of A,. HMeeSimziisesl JLmlze . .today, there is a network of railroads magnesium chloride, calcium sulfate * - -..';/ .' Saltern and highways, heaps of salt look like and sodium., sulfate, all fine raw as. small, hills and the - humming of materials for the chemical industry. f HE Chilantai Saltfield' in .the machines can be heard .everywhere. T Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region Its output in two days now well While its transformation was ^ has been transformed into China's surpasses the pre-liberation annual under way, Chilantai kept overfulfil- — 'first big mechanized lake saltworks. figure. ling.state quotas for salt production ^ Major production processes — the every year. Since 1967 it"" has ^ raking up of salt from evaporating . Chilantai, .120 square kilometres in produced more than 2.8 million tons pans, transportation, drying, piling area, is one of China's large inland of crude salt and accumulated 2.5 J! up and decalcifying — have all been salt lakes. Salt produced" there, times the amount of funds invested Ijl

;mechanized. In addition;, a railway known as "chiyen" or "tachingyen," in it by the" state. ; - - . ^. ',;'•'•;; • .,.!'. B

'"':'' % • ' '.;-.. -..'.,'." -i' -•• - ..'

(Continued from p.' 14.) ' '" In organizing mass co-operation, the ! Shanghai V; •municipal Party committee, while stressing unified for their, fraternal factory but.-also .•fulfilled, their, own leadership, sees to it that enthusiasm is brought into ^ plan of increasing production.. ', . ."r, full play from all 'sides; In -building the Shanghai x. 'i- In the first half of last year, the Shanghai Scien• General Petrochemical Plant, a-major capital-construe- — tific and Technical--Experience Exchange Centre tion project'which needed mass- co-operation throughout organized some factories to pool their efforts to improve the city and energetic support from many parts of the the-wire electrode cutting-machine for processing dies. country, the municipal Party committee mapped out an Some people'-:-from--certain • factories hesitated. They overall plan and organized all departments concerned thought they had" nothing to gain,'Jfor some factories to assume full responsibility for the tasks entrusted to - organized- were small ones and •the' participants were them in line with their specialized fields. The city's 23 [^J apprentices:" "Guided by the theory "of the dictatorship industrial bureaux, 23 designing units and nearly 100 /of; the proletariat, the workers launched a mass revolu• factories, which undertook various tasks for the project, tionary criticism of this erroneous idea. They said: actively co-operated and helped one another. This "Co-operation is not business transaction. To think ensured the rapid construction of the petrochemical only about one's own unit is departmentalism which plant, with quality guaranteed. is, enlarged individualism." In this way, those who

originally, did, not "want; to take part enhanced their To help the workers and staff members acquaint understanding and changed their attitude. Displaying themselves with and show concern for the situation as the communist style, they selflessly swapped experience a whole so as to develop socialist co-operation in a still and techniques with others. Tangible results were better way, all departments concerned, under the unified. gained in only two months. ; leadership of the Shanghai municipal Party committee, hold every year thousands of meetings where reports on ' i| Now, the militant "slogan. "Do away with depart• the current situation are given and experiences are lex- mentalism and foster "the viewpoint of keeping the in• changed; in addition, there are exhibitions and lectures terests .'of the whole in mind" has been translated into on various new techniques. They also organize visits action by people going "in for mass socialist co-operation. to advanced units and make arrangements for mobile teams to give technical demonstrations. Centres for Centralized Party Leadership exchanging the technical know-how and workers' Since socialist co-operation is mass activity involv• . cultural palaces have also been set up, with large ing various trades, departments and enterprises, it can numbers of workers and technicians taking part in their be successfully developed only under the centralized activities. To closely co-operate with the work men• leadership of the. Party.: • tioned above, various scientific and technical informa• - Party organizations at all levels in Shanghai always tion organizations and research institutes publish refer• explain to the cadres and masses the Party's line and ence materials and show films on science and technology. policies as well as the political and economic significance .7 Party organizations at all levels always encourage in accomplishing the tasks of co-operation. At the same the masses to bring to light problems still existing in time they pay great attention to developing the com• co-operation so as to solve them with collective wisdom K^J, munist new ideology and new style of work that have and strength and help the less advanced units catch up emerged among the masses so as to overcome the old with the advanced ones. All this has created favourable ideas .and resist the-"-bourgeois %mcL'* .-- conditions for mass socialist co-operation in Shanghai.