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Lincoln University Digital Thesis Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. The impacts of plant species on the fitness of the tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) and the efficacy of its non-chemical management strategies A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Lincoln University by Howard London Lincoln University 2018 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science. Abstract The impacts of plant species on the fitness of the tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) and the efficacy of its non-chemical management strategies by Howard London Important vegetables such as tomato and potato, among others are affected by Bactericera cockerelli (the tomato potato psyllid; TPP). TPP causes psyllid yellows on these plants. However, in the recent years, it was discovered to be a transmitter of the bacterium Candidatus liberibacter, which causes symptoms similar to psyllid yellows to be more pronounced. This causes zebra chip in potatoes, making them undesirable to consume. As a result, farmers are managing the insect with agro- chemicals. This has since disrupted the bio-control strategies for other pests in glasshouse in New Zealand. This study focused on learning more about the insect ecology and research non-chemical approaches to manage the pest. Several host plants of TPP are present in New Zealand, but the impact of these hosts on the ecological fitness (ability of the insect to adapt to its environment) of the insect is limited. It was evaluated if TPP progeny development and survival were affected when their mothers transferred from non-crop to crop host species. TPP was reared on boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) and poroporo (Solanum aviculare) which are non-crop host species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) which are crop host species. Adults were transferred from each non-crop to each crop host species and allowed to oviposit. Each life stage of the progenies was evaluated for survival (%) and development (time in days). Nymph eclosion was faster on tomato when their mothers were transferred from poroporo or boxthorn compared to if they were from tomato. Total development was faster for ‘poroporo to tomato’ than ‘tomato to tomato’. Total survival and development were also higher for ‘poroporo to tomato’ than ‘tomato to tomato’. In the third chapter, the coccinellid Cleobora mellyi, the parasitoid Tamarixia triozae, the mite Amblydromalus limonicus and the mirid bug Engytatus nicotianae, also ‘C. mellyi + buckwheat’ and ‘T. triozae buckwheat’ was eveluated in greenhouse conditions for the management of the pest. ii These have already proven to be useful in laboratory studies. A. limonicus significantly reduced TPP eggs. T. triozae reduced nymph numbers by almost a half, but this was not significant. Similarly, T. triozae, A. limonicus, C. mellyi and C. mellyi + buckwheat reduced TPP adults numbers by more than a half and T. triozae more than two thirds, but neither reduction was significant. The final research chapter determined in laboratory conditions how aphids colonise potato plants below mesh crop covers of different sizes which are currently used to exclude TPP from potatoes crops successfully. These mesh were touching or not touching potato leaflet. Aphid nymphs were able to breach all the mesh covers commercially available for field use. Aphids circumventing the mesh were not significantly affected whether the leaflet was touching the mesh or not. No adult was found feeding through the mesh. In conclusion, results obtained in this study showed that host transfer from poroporo to tomato of TPP adults had an impact on the development and survival of its progeny. Some BCAs reduced TPP numbers. However, the pest population was too high for the BCAs to reduce the numbers to a level that would not warrant the use of agro-chemicals. Mesh covers can be used to manage TPP but using a natural enemy to manage aphids below the mesh would aid in successful control. Smaller mesh sizes may obviate this, but the medium term economics of that action needs to be evaluated. Keywords: tomato, potato, poroporo, boxthorn, psyllid, host plant, ecology, mesh, biological control agent, eggs, nymphs, adults, transfer, non-chemical, aphid and glasshouse. iii Acknowledgements I would like to give God the thanks for helping me to complete this stage of my educational development. Without his grace and mercy, I would not have endured the challenges faced during my Masters studies at Lincoln University. Additionally, a special thank you goes out to my supervisors Steve Wratten, Melanie Davidson and Charles Merfield and team member Shola Olaniyan a Postdoctoral Fellow. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to all the support staff at Lincoln University. Without your guidance even before I arrive up to this instance, the last two years would not have been as rewarding as it has. You guys are amazing at what you do. My academic and personal growth are because of your nurture. To the NZAID team I say thank you for always being there to provide prompt and relevant information related to the challenges I have encountered. To the Library and skills development team, I say thank you for teaching me to access the different information and for directing me to the appropriate skills development workshops to improve the necessary skills to complete my courses and research. Finally, to the accommodations and the Bio-Protection and Research centre team, you guys where integral to my comfort and wellbeing, important components for achieving excellence while studying. Additionally, a special thank you is expressed to the Government of Guyana, the Ministry of Agriculture via the National Agriculture Research and Extension Institute (NAREI). Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to take up this scholarship. Thank you also for your continued support and encouragement. To all my relatives and friends, thank you for the different forms of support you have given me over the last two years; prayers, kind words of encouragement and even your hugs and kisses. May God continue to bless you all. In addition, to my kind, loving and Wife and daughter, you guys are the foundation for my success. I truly believe that there is nothing I cannot accomplish with God and you guys on my team. Thank you! iv Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ viii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Bactericera cockerelli (Ŝulc 1908) .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Importance ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Biology ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Thermal requirements ...................................................................................................... 8 1.2.4 Host plants ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.5 Dispersal ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.6 Management ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Aim and Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 10 The ecological “fitness” of the tomato potato psyllid after transferring from non-crop host plants to tomato and potato ............................................................................................... 11 2.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................
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