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Yucca Moth (Tegeticula Yuccasella) in Alberta, from Which This 2002 COSEWIC Report Was Adapted

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Yucca Moth (Tegeticula Yuccasella) in Alberta, from Which This 2002 COSEWIC Report Was Adapted COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Yucca Moth Tegeticula yuccasella in Canada ENDANGERED 2002 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION DES ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC 2002. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the yucca moth Tegeticula yuccasella in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 24 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge the government of Alberta (Alberta Sustainable Development, Fish and Wildlife Division) for providing Alberta Wildlife Status Report no. 41, Status of the Yucca Moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) in Alberta, from which this 2002 COSEWIC report was adapted. COSEWIC would also like to acknowledge Donna D. Hurlburt for writing the status report on the yucca moth Tegeticula yuccasella prepared under contract with Environment Canada. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Ếgalement disponible en français sous le titre Rapport du COSEPAC sur la situation du teigne du yucca (Tegeticula yuccasella) au Canada Cover illustration: Yucca Moth — Brian Hoffman courtesy of the Alberta Conservation Association and the Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2003 Catalogue No. CW69-14/290-2003E-IN ISBN 0-662-34126-0 Recycled paper COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – May 2002 Common name Yucca Moth Scientific name Tegeticula yuccasella Status Endangered Reason for designation Only one viable population of the moth persists in an extremely small and restricted area; another small population has been lost recently. The moth has an obligate mutualism relationship with its host plant, the soapweed, which is threatened by ungulate herbivory and loss of plants to human activities. Occurrence Alberta Status history Designated Endangered in May 2002. Assessment based on a new status report. iii COSEWIC Executive Summary Yucca Moth Tegeticula yuccasella Species information Yucca Moths (Tegeticula yuccasella) are small white moths with a wingspan of 18-27.5 mm. They are most easily identified by their presence within Yucca flowers. The different closely related species, all of which are generally referred to as yucca moths, are difficult to distinguish without examination under a microscope. For clarity, Yucca Moth (capitalized) will be used throughout to refer specifically to Tegeticula yccasella. Yucca Moths are members of the family Prodoxidae. They are characterized by a mutually beneficial association with Soapweed (family Agavaceae), and have specialized mouth parts with which to actively pollinate their host species. Distribution The Yucca Moth is found in Soapweed populations throughout the Great Plains from southern Texas to southern Canada, and in all regions to the Eastern seaboard. In Canada, the only sustainable population exists in Alberta at Onefour in one of only two native populations of Soapweed. In addition to Onefour, there is another native population of Soapweed in the Pinhorn Grazing Reserve, also in Alberta, that has next to no Yucca Moths. Habitat Yucca Moths are restricted to Soapweed populations in Canada. Soapweed occupies well-drained, sparsely vegetated, south-facing coulee slopes on the Milk River drainage in southeastern Alberta. In the more central and southern parts of the species’ range, Soapweed flourishes on flat prairie grasslands. Biology Adult Yucca Moths pollinate and then lay eggs in Soapweed flowers; these moths are the sole pollinators of Soapweed. As moth larvae develop, they consume a portion of the fruit's developing seeds. Shortly before the fruit dry out and crack open to disperse seeds, moth larvae emerge from the fruit, burrow into the soil and enter a state of prepupal diapause. Most stay in this state from one to four years, before emerging from the soil as an adult moth. Adult moths live for approximately four days. iv Population sizes and trends In 1998, a complete census revealed 255 Yucca Moth larvae at the Onefour site, about 75-90 of which became adults. The Pinhorn population has not produced any new larvae from 1997-2002. There are no long-term data available to assess population decline and no trends were apparent from indices measured between 1998 and 2002. Populations of this species undergo dramatic fluctuations. Limiting factors and threats The greatest factor limiting Yucca Moths in Alberta is limitation in the interactions of emerging adult moths with flowering Soapweed plants. Factors limiting the interaction include browsing on Soapweed flowers and stalks by mule deer and pronghorn antelope. Levels of Soapweed flowering and moth emergence are highly variable among years and also act as limiting factors. Other potential concerns include application of agricultural herbicides and insecticides, changes in cattle grazing patterns, off-road travel, and horticultural and medicinal collection of Soapweed plants. Special significance of the species Albertan Yucca Moths exist in very isolated populations of Soapweed at the very northern edge of both species' ranges. Isolation and extreme environmental and biological conditions may have introduced unique selective pressures on these populations, generating higher genetic divergence than expected and potential pre- adaptation to anthropogenic disturbance or climate change. There has been no genetic analysis of Yucca Moths in Canada. However, when compared to more southern populations, Canadian Yucca Moths exhibit unique behavioural characteristics which appear to enhance their survival under low-density conditions. Existing protection or other status designations The Alberta Endangered Species Conservation Committee has recommended that the Yucca Moth be listed as endangered in Alberta. It is ranked globally as G4 (apparently secure). There is no recovery team or plan currently in place for the Yucca Moth or its host, the Soapweed. Summary of status report Yucca Moths in Canada appear to be undergoing a decline as indicated by the following characteristics of the Pinhorn population: 1) the failure of Soapweed to produce fruit, 2) the near absence of moths in flowers, and 3) the lack of moths in diapause in the soil from 1997-2002. The Onefour population shows no sign of decline. Canadian populations are small, have a small area of occupancy, are highly isolated and experience large population fluctuations which make Yucca Moths susceptible to existing extrinsic pressures, such as browsing of Soapweed by wild ungulates, plant collection and off-road traffic. v COSEWIC MANDATE The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) determines the national status of wild species, subspecies, varieties, and nationally significant populations that are considered to be at risk in Canada. Designations are made on all native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, lepidopterans, molluscs, vascular plants, lichens, and mosses. COSEWIC MEMBERSHIP COSEWIC comprises representatives from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal agencies (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Federal Biosystematic Partnership), three nonjurisdictional members and the co-chairs of the species specialist groups. The committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species. DEFINITIONS Species Any indigenous species, subspecies, variety, or geographically defined population of wild fauna and flora. Extinct (X) A species that no longer exists. Extirpated (XT) A species no longer existing in the wild in Canada, but occurring elsewhere. Endangered (E) A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction. Threatened (T) A species likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed. Special Concern (SC)* A species of special concern because of characteristics that make it particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Not at Risk (NAR)** A species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk. Data Deficient (DD)*** A species for which there is insufficient scientific information to support status designation. * Formerly described as “Vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999, or “Rare” prior to 1990. ** Formerly described as “Not In Any Category”, or “No Designation Required.” *** Formerly described as “Indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ISIBD” (insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation) prior to 1994. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference held in 1976. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. Species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list. Environment Environnement Canada Canada Canada Canadian Wildlife Service canadien Service de la faune The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat. vi COSEWIC Status Report
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