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Alpha-PHP (Α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone) Or PV-7

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Alpha-PHP (Α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone) Or PV-7 Critical Review Report: alpha-PHP (α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone) or PV-7 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Forty-second Meeting Geneva, 21-25 October 2019 This report contains the views of an international group of experts, and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization 42nd ECDD (2019): alpha-PHP © World Health Organization 2019 All rights reserved. This is an advance copy distributed to the participants of the 42nd Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, before it has been formally published by the World Health Organization. The document may not be reviewed, abstracted, quoted, reproduced, transmitted, distributed, translated or adapted, in part or in whole, in any form or by any means without the permission of the World Health Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Page 2 of 21 42nd ECDD (2019): alpha-PHP Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Substance identification .................................................................................................................... 7 A. International Nonproprietary Name (INN) ....................................................................................... 7 B. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number ........................................................................... 7 C. Other Chemical Names .................................................................................................................... 7 D. Trade Names .................................................................................................................................... 7 E. Street Names .................................................................................................................................... 7 F. Physical Appearance ........................................................................................................................ 7 G. WHO Review History ........................................................................................................................ 8 2. Chemistry ......................................................................................................................................... 8 A. Chemical Name ................................................................................................................................ 8 B. Chemical Structure ........................................................................................................................... 8 C. Stereoisomers................................................................................................................................... 8 D. Methods and Ease of Illicit Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 9 E. Chemical Properties ......................................................................................................................... 9 F. Identification and Analysis ............................................................................................................... 9 3. Ease of Convertibility Into Controlled Substances .............................................................................. 9 4. General Pharmacology ..................................................................................................................... 9 A. Routes of administration and dosage ............................................................................................10 B. Pharmacokinetics ...........................................................................................................................11 C. Pharmacodynamics ........................................................................................................................12 5. Toxicology....................................................................................................................................... 13 6. Adverse Reactions in Humans ......................................................................................................... 13 7. Dependence Potential ..................................................................................................................... 15 A. Animal Studies ................................................................................................................................16 B. Human Studies ...............................................................................................................................16 8. Abuse Potential ............................................................................................................................... 17 A. Animal Studies ................................................................................................................................17 B. Human Studies ...............................................................................................................................17 9. Therapeutic Applications and Extent of Therapeutic Use and Epidemiology of Medical Use ............ 17 10. Listing on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines .................................................................... 17 11. Marketing Authorizations (as a Medicinal Product) ........................................................................ 18 12. Industrial Use .................................................................................................................................. 18 13. Non-Medical Use, Abuse and Dependence ...................................................................................... 18 Page 3 of 21 42nd ECDD (2019): alpha-PHP 14. Nature and Magnitude of Public Health Problems Related to Misuse, Abuse and Dependence ....... 18 15. Licit Production, Consumption and International Trade .................................................................. 18 16. Illicit Manufacture and Traffic and Related Information.................................................................. 18 17. Current International Controls and Their Impact ............................................................................. 18 18. Current and Past National Controls ................................................................................................. 18 19. Other Medical and Scientific Matters Relevant for a Recommendation on the Scheduling of the Substance ....................................................................................................................................... 18 References ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Page 4 of 21 42nd ECDD (2019): alpha-PHP Acknowledgements This document was produced for the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) under the overall direction of the WHO Secretariat led by Dr Gilles Forte (Division of Access to Medicines, Vaccines, and Pharmaceuticals). The document was written by Professor Rainer Spanagel under the technical direction of Dr Dilkushi Poovendran (Division of Access to Medicines, Vaccines, and Pharmaceuticals). The report was edited by Professor Kim Wolff. The member state questionnaire was produced under the technical direction of Ms Judith Sprunken (Division of Access to Medicines, Vaccines, and Pharmaceuticals). The WHO Secretariat would also like to thank the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCCDA), INCB, UNODC, and Member States for providing relevant information for the review of substances. Page 5 of 21 42nd ECDD (2019): alpha-PHP Executive Summary Alpha-PHP, (α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone), or PV-7 is a compound of the substituted cathinone and substituted pyrrolidine chemical classes. Its structure is comprised of hexanal bound to a phenyl ring at the 1 position and the nitrogen of a pyrrolidine ring at the 2 position. Alpha-PHP is thus a synthetic stimulant drug of the cathinone class and was already developed and patented in the 1960s. It has no therapeutic or medical use. In different regions alpha-PHP is being used and abused as a novel designer drug. In the United States, alpha-PHP is a Schedule I Controlled Substance, in the UK a Class B scheduled substance and is also a controlled substance in Italy, Sweden and China. Pharmacokinetic analyses suggest a two-compartment model and a serum elimination
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