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FOOD COUNTS HALIFAX FOOD ASSESSMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Food Counts: Halifax Food Assessment was made possible with the support of many individuals who offered their time, knowledge, expertise, and passion to establishing a better understanding of our food system. Contributors included members of the Halifax Food Policy Alliance, Public Health- Understanding Communities Unit, Leticia Smillie-Halifax Municipality and Chris Stothart-FoodARC, MSVU. A special thank you to Rebecca Hare (Capital Health dietetic intern), Alishia Caplin and Nicole Meister (Mount Saint Vincent University nutrition students) who participated in primary data collections featured in the report and Megan Ramsay who supported the writing process. We are especially grateful to our expert reviewers for the time, knowledge, expertise and encouragement they gave to this project. The expert reviewers included: Julianne Acker-Verney Jennifer Berry Aimee Carson, Ecology Action Centre Dr Richard Donald Darren Leyte, Health Canada Dr. Christine Saulnier, Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives, Malcolm Shookner, Nova Scotia Department of Finance-Community Counts Dr. Patty Williams, FoodARC, Mount Saint Vincent University Marjorie Willison Thank you to Sandra MacLeod and Bill Lord who provided editing support. Finally we would like express our gratitude to The Dartmouth Family Centre, Transition Bay– St Margaret’s, Common Roots Urban Farm, Ecology Action Centre, Public Good Society of Dartmouth and Dalhousie University for sharing your inspirational stories that highlight your commitment to building a healthy, just and sustainable food system for all. The Halifax Food Policy Alliance Food Assessment Working Group: Valerie Blair, Public Health—Capital Health Stella Lord, Community Society to End Poverty—Nova Scotia Rita MacAulay, Public Health—Capital Health Marla MacLeod, Ecology Action Centre For more information on the Halifax Food Policy Alliance and its membership visit the website at: halifaxfoodpolicy.wordpress.com/ Halifax Food Policy Alliance FOOD COUNTS a message from OUR Medical officer Accessing food isn’t always as simple as just going to the grocery store. After all, a grocery store in the neighborhood may not exist. And then, the food there has to be fresh, it has to be relatively easy to prepare, it has to be nutritious, it has to be affordable, it has to be culturally appropriate and it has to be grown, caught, and harvested in a sustainable way. Communities, then, must be clever, savvy and sophisticated in order to get the food and nutrition needs of their citizens met. And those needs are real: in our Halifax neighborhoods, 1 in 5 households are food insecure. This means we aren’t getting the food we need to healthily sustain ourselves and our families – and this in turn means we are at risk of illness: everything from tooth decay to diabetes and obesity, and more. These risks are preventable. The Halifax Food Policy Alliance – on behalf of the clever, savvy and sophisticated communities who see this need and want to do more to see the need reduced – has gathered the data, information and stories that help paint the picture of what it really takes to access food in our city. This compilation will be an important resource for all of us as we work towards the vision of a sustainable and effi cient food system for Halifax. Thank you to the Halifax Food Policy Alliance for reminding us that Food Counts. You are right – it matters. Cheers to what we can do together to improve the food system in Halifax. Gaynor Watson-Creed MSc, MD, CCFP, FRCPC Medical Offi cer of Health Public Health Services (Halifax and West Hants) FOOD COUNTS A message from OUR mayor Progressive cities are developing partnerships to support local food and grow a healthy food system. The Mayor’s Conversation on a Healthy and Liveable Community is one example of how we have inspired important initiatives around health and well-being in Halifax. Community food security emerged as a key theme during these discussions, becoming a priority in our 2014 Regional Plan, and inspiring creative projects like Halifax’s first urban orchard. Local food production also promotes our local economy, and I’m excited to pursue opportunities that support increased access to healthy and affordable food in a thriving local food system. I’d like to thank the Halifax Food Policy Alliance for developing this report and for laying the groundwork for greater food security in Halifax. The Halifax Food Assessment will no doubt become an invaluable tool for decision-makers and communities as we strive to achieve a higher level of health and liveability in Halifax. Sincerely, Mike Savage, Mayor TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 2. Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 3. Demographic, socio-economic conditions and food security ............................................................................. 29 3.1 Who lives in Halifax? ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Socio-economic factors and food security .......................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Poverty and vulnerability to food insecurity ...................................................................................................... 35 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 39 4. Findings related to the six determinants of a healthy, just, and sustainable food system: .............................. 41 4.1 Accessibility: Where and how do we acquire our food? ........................................................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Availability ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.2 Community food resources .............................................................................................................................. 46 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Adequacy: Does the food system meet our needs? ................................................................................................................ 52 4.1.1 Cultural appropriateness ................................................................................................................................. 52 4.2.2 Health .............................................................................................................................................................. 54 4.2.3 Affordability and sufficiency ........................................................................................................................... 57 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3 Knowledge and agency: How do we learn about and apply our knowledge of the food system? ......................................................... 62 4.3.1 Education programs ......................................................................................................................................... 62 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................... 66 4.4 Local food economy and infrastructure: How does our food system operate from land and sea to table? ....................................................................... 67 4.4.1 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.4.2 Urban agriculture ............................................................................................................................................ 70 4.4.3 Community food infrastructure ...................................................................................................................... 71 4.4.4 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................................................ 74 4.4.5 Labour ............................................................................................................................................................. 76 4.4.6 Distribution ...................................................................................................................................................... 77 4.4.7 Processing ........................................................................................................................................................