DOCSLIB.ORG

El Origen Del Ser Humano Y Su Influencia En Salud Y Enfermedad

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
El Origen Del Ser Humano Y Su Influencia En Salud Y Enfermedad Unidad VI - Inmunología Julio Granados Arriola Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Daniela Ruiz Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Susana Hernández Doño Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Evidencia lingüística del origen humano Desde hace más de dos siglos se sabe que la comparación de la existencia de idiomas, o la evidencia histórica de estos, puede conducir a la identificación de lenguas extintas que existieron en la prehistoria. William Jones (abogado inglés) en 1786, trabajando en la India, notó similitud de las palabras en latín, griego y sánscrito, por lo que supuso que surgieron de una lengua común ya extinta; particularmente apreció que el origen y la terminación de los verbos es casi idéntico: ellos llevan en sánscrito bhár-anti, griego phér-onti y latín fer-unt, y descartó que tales similitudes fueran mera coincidencia. Más tarde, él mismo identificó un idioma que a la postre se conoció como indoeuropeo, el cual incluye la mayoría de los idiomas de Europa (excepto el vasco, el húngaro, el finlandés y el estonio), además asoció idiomas que van tan al este como al norte de India (kurdo, farsi, pashto, hindi, bengalí). Aún más importante, describió una explicación evolutiva de la diversidad lingüística 73 años antes de que Darwin propusiera la teoría evolutiva de la selección natural. Lo que es sorprendente, es que dos siglos después del descubrimiento de Jones, la mayoría de los historiadores lingüistas todavía mantienen que el indoeuropeo representa el límite de la lingüística comparativa. Según este punto de vista ampliamente difundido, el cambio de lenguaje es tan rápido e implacable que después de alrededor de 6,000 años, convenientemente la edad del indoeuropeo, todo rastro de afinidad genética se pierde; de modo que incluso si el indoeuropeo alguna vez tuvo idiomas hermanos, simplemente no podría haber rastro de esta relación sobreviviendo en la actualidad.Todavía más sorprendente es que hace un siglo este punto de vista era conocido por ser incorrecto. A principios del siglo XX, Holger Pedersen, Alfredo Trombetti y otros, señalaron numerosos rasgos compartidos por el indoeuropeo y otras familias de idiomas, de los cuales los más destacados eran los pronombres M/T ‘Yo/tú’ y la oposición dual/plural expresada por los sufijos K/T. A esta gran familia, de la cual el indoeuropeo era solo una rama, Pedersen inicialmente la llamó nostrático. Después de un período de inactividad en la primera mitad del siglo XX, durante los años sesenta, el trabajo sobre el nostrático fue retomado por Vladislav Illich-svitych y Aron Dolgopolsky en Moscú. Una familia similar al nostrático ha sido propuesta por Joseph Unidad VI - Inmunología Greenberg, quien la llama familia euroasiática, incluye las familias indoeuropeo, urálico (húngaro y finlandés), altaico (turco, mongol y tungus), koreano, japonés, ainu, gilyak, chukchi-kamchatkan y eskimo-aleut. Además de la familia euroasiática, otras grandes familias fueron descubiertas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, principalmente por Greenberg, cuyo trabajo taxonómico forma las bases del conocimiento sobre las relaciones entre los idiomas de África, Nueva Guinea y América. En la figura 1 se muestra la distribución de 12 familias, en las que Greenberg clasificó los aproximadamente 6,000 idiomas del mundo, cada una de ellas definida por un patrón específico. Mientras que la familia euroasiática, se caracteriza por los patrones de pronombres M/T ‘Yo/tu’, la familia amerindia se caracteriza por N/M y otras familias tienen patrones distintos a cualquiera de estas. Quizás el hallazgo más interesante es que incluso entre esta docena de familias, la mayoría antiguas, existen raíces extensamente compartidas que implican un origen común de todos los idiomas existentes. Trombetti, hace un siglo, aportó evidencia sólida sobre la monogénesis de los idiomas y recientemente Jon Bengtson y Merritt Ruhlen comprobaron su teoría con mejores recursos ahora disponibles. Ejemplos de raíces cuya distribución abarca de África a América son TIK ‘dedo, 1’; PAL ‘2’; AKWA ‘agua’; KAPA ‘abrigo, piel, corteza’. Mientras para la mayoría de los historiadores esta teoría emergente es considerada un anatema, es claro que encaja con la evidencia genética y arqueológica sobre los orígenes humanos, de acuerdo con la que un grupo de humanos migraron de África y en un tiempo corto poblaron el mundo entero, sustituyendo a los habitantes anteriores como los Neandertales. Rastros de esta rápida expansión fuera de África y luego en el resto del mundo, pueden observarse en los registros arqueológicos, en el genoma del humano moderno y en los nuevos idiomas. Diversos investigadores han propuesto que fue el desarrollo de un lenguaje moderno el responsable directo de la expansión fuera del continente africano y la desaparición de las especies antiguas de humanos. Parece que el idioma humano y su correlación con la cultura fue la herramienta con la que los humanos anteriores, como los Neandertales, se vieron en desventaja. Unidad VI - Inmunología La clasificación confusa de los múltiples grupos étnicos humanos Genetistas de poblaciones, genetistas forenses y arqueólogos necesitan etiquetas para referirse a diferentes grupos sociales de seres humanos. Estas etiquetas difieren entre los campos e incluso dentro de ellos. Por ejemplo, en artículos sobre genética humana que describen la diversidad de ADN de un grupo que vive en Estados Unidos, cuyos ancestros migraron desde Europa, se refieren a ellos como: población estadounidense, caucásicos, americanos europeos o blancos. A menudo, estas etiquetas étnicas disfrazan un gran problema de heterogeneidad biológica. Normalmente se otorga etnicidad basada en afiliación continental indígena, color de piel, miembro de un grupo definido por motivos histórico‑religiosos y geografía actual, por lo que un donador de ADN puede pertenecer simultáneamente a una gran cantidad de categorías. Entonces, cuando distintas poblaciones son comparadas en estudios genéticos, el nivel de clasificación en diferentes muestras puede ser desigual. En general, el método predeterminado más adecuado para la clasificación es utilizar información geográfica, en lugar de etiquetas nacionales, culturales o fenotípicas. Comprensión de los fenotipos y las enfermedades Todos los genes presentes en los organismos vivos en la actualidad derivan de ancestros que pueden ser rastreados por billones de años. Todas estas características se forman a partir de los retos ambientales enfrentados por cada uno de los organismos y por sus ancestros. Puesto Unidad VI - Inmunología que el ser humano comparte un ancestro común con cada especie en el planeta, tiene sustento realizar análisis comparativos; es este patrimonio evolutivo compartido con otras especies lo que hace tan poderosos los modelos experimentales. Al identificar segmentos de ADN cuya semejanza entre dos especies es mayor a lo que podría esperarse por casualidad, pueden identificarse regiones cuya evolución se confirma por la necesidad de realizar una función específica. En otras palabras, un gen se caracteriza, además de su secuencia, por la función que ejerce dentro del organismo y sobre todo por el desarrollo evolutivo de ese gen. Este enfoque, llamado huella filogenética puede extenderse al examinar la evolución de genomas de primates y su comparación con el genoma humano.1 Debemos comprender que el pasado no es simplemente algo que sucedió, y está empaquetado y estudiado por sí mismo, sino considerarlo como la fuente del presente. El presente solo debe verse como otro pequeño escalón en la construcción de este pasado. Una perspectiva evolutiva no responde simplemente a la pregunta ¿qué sucedió en el pasado?, sino también a ¿por qué el presente es como es? Una vez que entendemos que las diferencias obvias entre las apariencias de las personas pueden ser indicadores poco confiables de los orígenes biológicos, comenzamos a apreciar los otros factores que han moldeado y continúan dando forma a la biología humana. La interacción de los humanos y sus entornos pasa a primer plano, al igual que la comprensión de la adaptabilidad humana frente a la gran variabilidad en los entornos habitados. Los rasgos fenotípicos de los seres humanos, ya sea el color de la piel, la altura o los trastornos como la diabetes, están controlados por una combinación de factores tanto hereditarios como ambientales, y procesos estocásticos moleculares y de desarrollo. Los rasgos más fáciles de analizar genéticamente son los que están determinados en gran parte por genes únicos, llamados rasgos mendelianos. Sin embargo, muchos de los rasgos fenotípicos que más interesan tanto al antropólogo como a los médicos no son tan simples, ya que se rigen por interacciones entre eventos fortuitos, genes múltiples y el medio ambiente; desentrañar estas interacciones ayudará a comprender enfermedades complejas. El conocimiento de nuestro pasado permite predecir frecuencias de las variantes genéticas involucradas en un rasgo dado y elegir la mejor estrategia para encontrarlas: qué poblaciones elegir y en qué segmentos del genoma concentrarse. Aunado a esto, una perspectiva evolutiva ayuda a comprender y predecir qué individuos responderán mejor a cada terapia y cuál es la mejor manera de enfocar los recursos limitados de evaluación. Finalmente, los genes de importancia médica son sitios de selección
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Archaeolinguistics As a Way to Overcome the Impasse in Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H
    Archaeolinguistics As A Way To Overcome The Impasse In Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H. Kozyrski1, *, Alexander V. Malovichko2 1The International Physical Encyclopedia Bureau, Mathematical Modeling Laboratory at The Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine 2Physics Laboratory, The Lyceum at The National Technical University “KPI”, Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper exposes some essential points of our one and a half decade research results within new approach to study prehistoric stages of human language development mainly in times of ergaster-erectus domination and reflects our reaction to the protracted conceptual crisis in the comparative linguistics. As a result of fundamentally incorrectly stated goals, most of the researchers artificially limited themselves both by the defined scope of the problems to solve and by the methods used. Becoming tightly tied knot of up to now unsolved intrinsic contradictions, today comparative linguistics needs radical change. We have developed a synthetic approach that has proved its effectiveness. Our model is well aligned with prehistoric data of auxiliary historical disciplines and even IBM Genographic project. The results offer further opportunities for interesting studies. Indexing terms/Keywords : Archaeolinguistics, Comparativistics, Ergaster-Erectus, Language Families, Vocabulary Enrichment Subject Classification : Comparative Linguistics Language : English Date of Submission : 2017-12-23 Date of Acceptance : 2018-01-06 Date of Publication : 2018-02-28 ISSN : 2348-3024 Volume : 09 Issue : 01 Journal : Journal Of Advances In Linguistics Publisher : CIRWORLD Website : https://cirworld.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1313 1 INTRODUCTION Exclusively complicated and probably completely inexplicable phenomenon, human language origin still excites thought and imagination of today researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
    An Amerind Etymological Dictionary c 2007 by Merritt Ruhlen ! Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenberg, Joseph H. Ruhlen, Merritt An Amerind Etymological Dictionary Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Amerind Languages—Etymology—Classification. I. Title. P000.G0 2007 000!.012 00-00000 ISBN 0-0000-0000-0 (alk. paper) This book is dedicated to the Amerind people, the first Americans Preface The present volume is a revison, extension, and refinement of the ev- idence for the Amerind linguistic family that was initially offered in Greenberg (1987). This revision entails (1) the correction of a num- ber of forms, and the elimination of others, on the basis of criticism by specialists in various Amerind languages; (2) the consolidation of certain Amerind subgroup etymologies (given in Greenberg 1987) into Amerind etymologies; (3) the addition of many reconstructions from different levels of Amerind, based on a comprehensive database of all known reconstructions for Amerind subfamilies; and, finally, (4) the addition of a number of new Amerind etymologies presented here for the first time. I believe the present work represents an advance over the original, but it is at the same time simply one step forward on a project that will never be finished. M. R. September 2007 Contents Introduction 1 Dictionary 11 Maps 272 Classification of Amerind Languages 274 References 283 Semantic Index 296 Introduction This volume presents the lexical and grammatical evidence that defines the Amerind linguistic family. The evidence is presented in terms of 913 etymolo- gies, arranged alphabetically according to the English gloss.
    [Show full text]
  • The Proto-Sapiens Prohibitive/Negative Particle *Ma
    THE PROTO-SAPIENS PROHIBITIVE/NEGATIVE PARTICLE *MA PIERRE J. BANCEL, ALAIN MATTHEY DE L’ETANG ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN PREHISTORY (CAMBRIDGE, MA); ASSOCIATION D’ETUDES LINGUISTIQUES ET ANTHROPOLOGIQUES PREHISTORIQUES (PARIS, FRANCE); AND JOHN D. BENGTSON ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN PREHISTORY (CAMBRIDGE, MA); EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LANGUAGE PROJECT (SANTA FE INSTITUTE, NM) We report here on a lexical root, very widespread in diverse languages worldwide, includ- ing more than 50 ancient languages, long-isolated languages, and proto-languages. Most of these rely on uncontroversial reconstructions, while others, from Proto-Nilo-Saharan to Proto-Trans-New Guinea through Proto-Austric and Proto-Amerind, go back to far more than 10,000 years ago and cover all continents. We argue that this lexical root may only have been part of the ancestral language common to all modern humans. 1. INTRODUCTION We will document here an ancestral word root, which is found in such a huge number of language families across all continents that it can only be a common inheritance from the original lexicon of our remote Sapiens ancestors. Following the common linguistic custom of naming the ancestral language of a family by the name of this family with the prefix Proto- (Proto-Germanic, Proto- Algonquian, Proto-Bantu, etc.), we call the ancestral language of our species Proto-Sapiens. Proto-Sapiens is not a newcomer in historical linguistics: building upon the pioneering work of Trombetti (1905), about three dozen Proto-Sapiens words have recently been identified (Bengtson & Ruhlen 1994), making use of the massive linguistic materials and comparative works that have accumulated during the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Etymologies and Alfredo Trombetti
    MOTHER TONGUE Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory • Issue XVIII • 2013 50th Anniversary of J.H. Greenberg’s The Languages of Africa (1963) Global Etymologies and Alfredo Trombetti Shamil Nafiqoff Russian Academy of Sciences A b s t r a c t The article offered presents a brief outline of the contribution the famous Italian macro- comparativist Alfredo Trombetti has made in the field of the so-called Global etyma, being among the first who studied and practiced this approach at the turn of the XIX-XXth centuries. A number of comparanda are demonstrated to be research subjects of the subsequent long-range linguistic scholars with particular instances presented. Foreword. It is common knowledge that the great Italian comparativist A. Trombetti is often referred to as ‘father’ of long-range research, and of the so-called ‘global etymologies’ in particular. He was a predecessor or precursor of such noted long-range linguists as Vladislav Illich-Svitych, Morris Swadesh, Aharon Dolgopolsky, Joseph Greenberg, John Bengtson, Merritt Ruhlen, Vitaly Shevoroshkin, Sergei Starostin, to name but a few. Many of the above mentioned scholars have cited Trombetti in their sources or references. This is the case with Illich-Svitych 1971, Swadesh 1960, Bengtson and Ruhlen 1994 and in other works. A. Dolgopolsky for one had employed the technique of certain lexical and/or grammatical types as Trombetti had used starting with his earliest published works. The purpose of the present rather sketchy review is to acquaint readers of the Mother Tongue commemorative issue with global etymologies present in such publications as [Trombetti 1902, 1903; 1905, 1920, 1923, 1925] that have become rarities, despite such modern digitized versions as [Trombetti 1905] by the Google company.1 In his famous long-range studies, mostly in his native Italian, our scholar was wont to use such terms as voci universale, tipi diffusi/diffusissimi but not anything containing the term ‘global’.
    [Show full text]
  • Divergence of Altai Macro System Languages and Issues of Their Genetic Relationship O. Sapashev* A. Smailova** B. Zhaksymov
    Türkbilig, 2016/31: 109-126. DIVERGENCE OF ALTAI MACRO SYSTEM LANGUAGES AND ISSUES OF THEIR GENETIC RELATIONSHIP O. SAPASHEV* A. SMAILOVA** B. ZHAKSYMOV*** Abstract: Scientists recognize the difficulties associated with final and perfect solution of the problem of origin of the Altai community. The most important issue according to their opinion is a difficulty in differentiation of elements of a possible genetic commonality, the traces of which can be found in all Altaic languages, from the secondary elements of community, developing in different periods of close contacts of various Altaic peoples for at least of two millennia period. Mutual lexical borrowings of not only from single Altaic languages, but also borrowings from non-Altaic languages (the phenomenon of the substrate or super stratum) led to a significant lexical generality of secondary order and gave the reasons for establishment of various kinds of correspondences not relating to common Altaic protolanguage heritage that creates a large difficult to apply comparative- historical method. Keywords: Altaic, macro-system, genetic kinship, language typology, the rudiments Altay Makro Sistemi Dillerinin Farklılıkları ve Onların Genetik İlişkilerine Dair Konular Özet: Altayistik çalışan araştırmacıları, Altay toplumun kökeni sorununun nihai ve mükemmel bir çözümüyle ilişkili olan zorluklar bekler. Araştırmacıların görüşüne göre en önemli konu, olası genetik ortaklık unsurlarının ve Altay dillerinde bulunabilecek izlerin farklılaşması zorluğudur. Bu zorluklar, toplumun ikincil unsurlarından kaynaklanır ve farklı zamanlarda çeşitli Altay topluluklarının en az iki bin yıllık yakın ilişkiler sonucu gelişmiştir. Sadece Altay dilleri ve Altay dilleri dışındaki dillerden karşılıklı sözcük alışverişi (altkatman ve üstkatman olgusu) ikincil seviyede önemli sözcüksel genellemeler ortaya çıkardı ve tarihi-karşılaştırmalı metodun uygulanmasını zorlaştıran ortak proto Altay dil mirasıyla ilgili olmayan bir yapının oluşmasına neden oldu.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Relationship Among Languages: an Overview Ghayeth Ersheidat1* and Hafsa Tahir2 1Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordon
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS (IJLEAL) ISSN: 2289-7208 e-ISSN: 2289-9294 VOL. 10, ISSUE 1, 17 – 27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v10.3320 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genetic Relationship among Languages: An Overview Ghayeth Ersheidat1* and Hafsa Tahir2 1Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordon. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Scence and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan. ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT – This paper reviews the basic concepts of historical linguistics and the comparative Revised: 4 March 2020 techniques used by various linguists who studied Indo-European and American languages to Accepted: 9 March 2020 determine a shared ancestry among languages. This paper also evaluates the major concepts of historical linguistics and the well-grounded theories and classifications that have guided and KEYWORDS shaped the modern linguistic classification practices. For over one and a half century, historical Historical comparative-method linguists have been deducing the origins of different languages. Genetic classifications have been Historical linguistics proposed for languages from all parts of the world and thus far, 142 language-families have been Indo-European languages identified. Although all of these classification schemes are controversial in terms of their validity Language family and reliability but with the progress in the field of bioinformatics, the problems in linguistic Linguistic-tree Proto-language reconstruction have been greatly resolved. Therefore, the historical classification schemes that have been proposed earlier are being radically revised as further progress is made. It is suggested that, to develop further understanding of the typical pattern of language diversification and genetic classification of languages, more recent studies based on sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical techniques for linguistic data analysis should be reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T
    В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T I N Ежемесячный научный журнал Scientific Monthly Серия «Языкознание» Linguistics Series № 5 (2009) Москва Moscow 2009 Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 1 (2009) Москва 2009 Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian State University for the Humanities Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 1 (2009) Moscow 2009 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. Акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М.: Изд-во РГГУ, 2009. ― № 1. ― xii + 164 с. ― (Вестник РГГУ: Ежемесяч- ный научный журнал; Серия «Языкознание»; № 5). Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Russian State University for the Humanities; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow: RSUH Publishers, 2009. ― Nº 1. ― xii + 164 p.. ― (RSUH Bulletin: Scientific Monthly; Linguistics Series; Nº 5). ISSN 1998-6769 http ://journal.nostratic.ru journal@ nostratic.ru Гарнитура Таймс Нью Роман / Times ew Roman™ typeface © 2006 The Monotype Corporation Дополнительные знаки: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Add-on symbols by S. G. Bolotov Компьютерная верстка: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Typeset by S. G. Bolotov © 2008 ISSN 1998676-9 9 771998 676003 ote from the Editors Dear friends and colleagues! It is a great pleasure for us to finally be able to present the first issue of our brand new “Journal of Language Relationship”. The Journal, jointly issued by the Russian State University for the Humani- ties and the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Science, is a peer-reviewed edition that will be published on a semi-yearly basis and, as its title implies, will be fully dedicated to issues of establishing, verifying, and clarifying various aspects of genetic relationship between the world’s languages and language groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews / Рецензии
    Book reviews / Рецензии Kirill Babaev Russian State University for the Humanities In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory. Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming. By John D. Bengtson (ed.) Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2008. XXIV + 476 pp. The volume under discussion was published in hon- Genetics and genogeography have recently become our of Harold Crane Fleming, a distinguished veteran an important part of prehistoric studies, and pioneer- anthropologist with deep specialisation in linguistics ing experiments of L. Cavalli-Sforza (1991) and his and language prehistory. His particular passion in this followers to link genetic data with cultures, ethnicities domain have been African languages, on which he and languages are gaining substantial popularity. One published a great number of significant papers fol- of them is carried out in Shomarka Omar Keita’s arti- lowing his long term trips to Ethiopia, working cle “Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y- mostly, though not exclusively, with Chadic, Omotic chromosome lineage variation: an exploration in lin- and Cushitic languages. Through his studies, Harold guistics and phylogeography”. The author deals with Fleming has always emphasised that only a complex Y-chromosome genetic data of various ethnic groups interdisciplinary approach can lead us to uncover the of Afro-Asiatic (or Afrasian) language speakers. As it prehistory of humankind — a task he has always been turns out, many of the ones that are located in Africa working upon in person. belong to the same haplogroups — which, therefore, The book is a solid attempt to vindicate this very may confirm their common origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Euskaro- Caucasian Hypothesis Current Model (2017)
    The Euskaro- Caucasian Hypothesis Current model (2017) A proposed genetic relationship between Basque (Vasconic) and the North Caucasian John D. Bengtson language family. Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory | Evolution of Human Language Project | February 2017 The Euskaro-Caucasian Hypothesis: Current model I. History of the hypothesis II. Description of the languages compared III. Grammatical evidence for Euskaro-Caucasian (excerpts) IV. Lexical evidence for Euskaro-Caucasian (excerpts) V. Euskaro-Caucasian Phonological correspondences (excerpts) VI. Chronology of Euskaro-Caucasian: a family about 9 millennia old VII. Anthropological scenario of Euskaro-Caucasian: linguistics, archaeology, genetics VIII. References Note: This presentation is a highly abridged summary of the evidence for this hypothesis. For more information please contact the author. I.A. The Euskaro-Caucasian hypothesis: from general to specific: The embryo of Euskaro-Caucasian (Basque as a relative of languages in the Caucasus region) was nurtured by several eminent scholars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including Hugo Schuchardt (1842-1927), Heinrich Winkler (1848–1930), Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr (1865-1934), Alfredo Trombetti (1866-1929), Christianus Cornelius Schuchardt Uhlenbeck (1866-1951), Georges Dumézil (1898-1986), René Lafon (1899-1974) and Karl Bouda (1901-1979). At the earlier stages, due to the primitive state of Caucasian linguistics, it was unclear whether the Caucasian part of the Euskaro-Caucasian family included all native Caucasian languages, South Caucasian (= Kartvelian) as well as North Caucasian (= Abkhazo- Adyghean + Nakh-Daghestanian), or only some of them. Thus, until about three decades ago, many Euskaro-Caucasian lexical and grammatical comparisons used data from Kartvelian as well as North Caucasian languages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Language Symbiosism and Symbiomism Alfredo Trombetti's
    The Origin of Language Symbiosism and Symbiomism Symbiosism is a Darwinian model of language and its emergence. Symbiotic Theory operates on the Leiden definition of memes as isofunctional neuroanatomical entities corresponding to lin- guistic signs in the Saussurean sense, not on the Oxonian conception of memes as units of imita- tion. Symbiosism treats linguistic forms as vehicles for the reproduction of meaningful elements in the hominid brain and so transcends the obsolete discord between the functionalist or European structuralist conception of language, whereby linguistic forms are seen as instruments used to con- vey meaningful elements, and the formalist or generative approach, whereby linguistic forms are treated as abstract structures which can be filled with meaningful elements. Symbiomism is the philosophy of life which grew out of Symbiosism and which understands our individual and col- lective human identity as symbiomes of a biological host and a semiotic symbiont. Alfredo Trombetti’s ‘la nostra dottrina monogenistica’ (1925: 151) was, as I once previously hastened to point out, precisely that, a doctrine, because demonstrating that all human languages stem from a single original mother tongue lies beyond the bounds of what is accessible to empirical testing, at least by conventional comparative linguis- tics. Allan Bomhard, Michael Fortescue, Joseph Greenberg, Laurent Sagart and the late and universally beloved Sergei Starostin have gone beyond where many traditional comparative linguists dare to tread and so ventured through what I have characterised epistemologically as the ‘monogeneticist time warp’ (van Driem 2001: 145). Yet the work of these intrepid scholars — but perhaps first and foremost amongst them, Harold Fleming — has shown that it may be possible to breach this time warp in an empirically defensible way and so responsibly to indulge in ‘gazing beyond the event horizon’ of conventional comparative linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Philology: Indo-Europeans Arrived in Europe with Modern Man Philology JONATHAN SHERMAN MORRIS Wheels, Languages and Bullshit (Or How Not to Do Linguistic Archaeology)
    Contents Volume 3 / 2017 Vol. Special Session: Languages in European Prehistory FRANCESCO BENOZZO & MARIO ALINEI 3 European Philologies: Why Their Future Lives in Their Prehistoric Past 2017 MARCEL OTTE Wendat Ethnophilology: Indo-Europeans Arrived in Europe with Modern Man Philology JONATHAN SHERMAN MORRIS Wheels, Languages and Bullshit (Or How Not To Do Linguistic Archaeology) XAVERIO BALLESTER An International Journal Some Major Celtic Details on the Origins of Indo-European Languages on the Evolution of Languages, Cultures and Texts DANIEL LE BRIS Geolinguistic Continuities in the Celto-Atlantic Area and in Western Europe WINFRID SCUTT Celtic in the Fleuve Manche DAPHNE NASH BRIGGS Multilingual Coin Inscriptions and Their Context in Pre-Roman East Anglia Articles EPHRAIM NISSAN Gad as an Ancient Semitic Theonym, and Its Lexical Cognates. With an Exploration of the Semantics of gad, and of Its Medieval Exegesis ROSSANO DE LAURENTIIS Santafior com’è sicura (Purg. VI 111): When Local Pride May Not Be Philological SUSAN PETRILLI Lifelong Listening to M. Bakhtin’s Word in the Context of His “Circle”. A Philological Approach by A. Ponzio Crossings FRANCESCO BENOZZO Per un’ecdotica del molteplice e del discordante: Philology il caso dei manoscritti trobadorici Notes REMO BRACCHI Torus, The Big Bang of Life MAHMOUD SALEM ELSHEIKH The World of Islam. Historical Prejudices to Overcome (or Debtor’s Syndrome?) Review article EPHRAIM NISSAN Jewish Vernaculars, Their Hebrew Loanwords or Code-Switching, and the Related Idiomatics Review article ONDREJˇ BLÁHA, ROBERT DITTMANN AND LENKA ULICNÁˇ (EDS.) Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background (Ephraim Nissan) ISSN 2297-2625 Peter Lang Vol. 3/2017 www.peterlang.com Contents Volume 3 / 2017 Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonio Tovar Series Editort 8JMMJBN"%PVHMBTT (SFHPSJP.POSFBM BOEPello Salaburu Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language
    Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language by Antonio Tovar Series EditorT 8JMMJBN"%PVHMBTT (SFHPSJP.POSFBM BOEPello Salaburu Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language Antonio Tovar Translated by Jennifer R. Ottman With an introduction by Joaquín Gorrochategui Basque Classics Series, no. 10 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 10 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2015 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2015 by Jose Luis Agote Cover painting: Jose Luis Zumeta Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tovar, Antonio, author. | Ottman, Jennifer (Jennifer Rebecca) translator. Title: Mythology and ideology of the Basque language / Antonio Tovar ; Translated by Jennifer Ottman ; With an introduction by Joaquin Gorrochategui. Other titles: Mitología e ideologíia sobre la lengua vasca. English Description: Reno : Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, [2016] | Series: Basque Classics series ; no. 10 | Original publication in Spanish: "Mitología e ideología sobre la lengua vasca." | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015038636| ISBN 9781877802348 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781877802355 (pbk. : alk. paper) Classification: LCC PH5023 .T63513 2016 | DDC 499/.92--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038636 Contents Note on Basque Orthography...................................... vii Introduction Joaquín Gorrochategui .......................................... ix Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language by Antonio Tovar Prologue.............................................................
    [Show full text]