The Origin of Language Symbiosism and Symbiomism Alfredo Trombetti's
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Archaeolinguistics As a Way to Overcome the Impasse in Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H
Archaeolinguistics As A Way To Overcome The Impasse In Comparative Linguistics Wolodymyr H. Kozyrski1, *, Alexander V. Malovichko2 1The International Physical Encyclopedia Bureau, Mathematical Modeling Laboratory at The Bogolubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine 2Physics Laboratory, The Lyceum at The National Technical University “KPI”, Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper exposes some essential points of our one and a half decade research results within new approach to study prehistoric stages of human language development mainly in times of ergaster-erectus domination and reflects our reaction to the protracted conceptual crisis in the comparative linguistics. As a result of fundamentally incorrectly stated goals, most of the researchers artificially limited themselves both by the defined scope of the problems to solve and by the methods used. Becoming tightly tied knot of up to now unsolved intrinsic contradictions, today comparative linguistics needs radical change. We have developed a synthetic approach that has proved its effectiveness. Our model is well aligned with prehistoric data of auxiliary historical disciplines and even IBM Genographic project. The results offer further opportunities for interesting studies. Indexing terms/Keywords : Archaeolinguistics, Comparativistics, Ergaster-Erectus, Language Families, Vocabulary Enrichment Subject Classification : Comparative Linguistics Language : English Date of Submission : 2017-12-23 Date of Acceptance : 2018-01-06 Date of Publication : 2018-02-28 ISSN : 2348-3024 Volume : 09 Issue : 01 Journal : Journal Of Advances In Linguistics Publisher : CIRWORLD Website : https://cirworld.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1313 1 INTRODUCTION Exclusively complicated and probably completely inexplicable phenomenon, human language origin still excites thought and imagination of today researchers. -
An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
An Amerind Etymological Dictionary c 2007 by Merritt Ruhlen ! Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenberg, Joseph H. Ruhlen, Merritt An Amerind Etymological Dictionary Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Amerind Languages—Etymology—Classification. I. Title. P000.G0 2007 000!.012 00-00000 ISBN 0-0000-0000-0 (alk. paper) This book is dedicated to the Amerind people, the first Americans Preface The present volume is a revison, extension, and refinement of the ev- idence for the Amerind linguistic family that was initially offered in Greenberg (1987). This revision entails (1) the correction of a num- ber of forms, and the elimination of others, on the basis of criticism by specialists in various Amerind languages; (2) the consolidation of certain Amerind subgroup etymologies (given in Greenberg 1987) into Amerind etymologies; (3) the addition of many reconstructions from different levels of Amerind, based on a comprehensive database of all known reconstructions for Amerind subfamilies; and, finally, (4) the addition of a number of new Amerind etymologies presented here for the first time. I believe the present work represents an advance over the original, but it is at the same time simply one step forward on a project that will never be finished. M. R. September 2007 Contents Introduction 1 Dictionary 11 Maps 272 Classification of Amerind Languages 274 References 283 Semantic Index 296 Introduction This volume presents the lexical and grammatical evidence that defines the Amerind linguistic family. The evidence is presented in terms of 913 etymolo- gies, arranged alphabetically according to the English gloss. -
The Proto-Sapiens Prohibitive/Negative Particle *Ma
THE PROTO-SAPIENS PROHIBITIVE/NEGATIVE PARTICLE *MA PIERRE J. BANCEL, ALAIN MATTHEY DE L’ETANG ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN PREHISTORY (CAMBRIDGE, MA); ASSOCIATION D’ETUDES LINGUISTIQUES ET ANTHROPOLOGIQUES PREHISTORIQUES (PARIS, FRANCE); AND JOHN D. BENGTSON ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN PREHISTORY (CAMBRIDGE, MA); EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LANGUAGE PROJECT (SANTA FE INSTITUTE, NM) We report here on a lexical root, very widespread in diverse languages worldwide, includ- ing more than 50 ancient languages, long-isolated languages, and proto-languages. Most of these rely on uncontroversial reconstructions, while others, from Proto-Nilo-Saharan to Proto-Trans-New Guinea through Proto-Austric and Proto-Amerind, go back to far more than 10,000 years ago and cover all continents. We argue that this lexical root may only have been part of the ancestral language common to all modern humans. 1. INTRODUCTION We will document here an ancestral word root, which is found in such a huge number of language families across all continents that it can only be a common inheritance from the original lexicon of our remote Sapiens ancestors. Following the common linguistic custom of naming the ancestral language of a family by the name of this family with the prefix Proto- (Proto-Germanic, Proto- Algonquian, Proto-Bantu, etc.), we call the ancestral language of our species Proto-Sapiens. Proto-Sapiens is not a newcomer in historical linguistics: building upon the pioneering work of Trombetti (1905), about three dozen Proto-Sapiens words have recently been identified (Bengtson & Ruhlen 1994), making use of the massive linguistic materials and comparative works that have accumulated during the 20th century. -
Global Etymologies and Alfredo Trombetti
MOTHER TONGUE Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory • Issue XVIII • 2013 50th Anniversary of J.H. Greenberg’s The Languages of Africa (1963) Global Etymologies and Alfredo Trombetti Shamil Nafiqoff Russian Academy of Sciences A b s t r a c t The article offered presents a brief outline of the contribution the famous Italian macro- comparativist Alfredo Trombetti has made in the field of the so-called Global etyma, being among the first who studied and practiced this approach at the turn of the XIX-XXth centuries. A number of comparanda are demonstrated to be research subjects of the subsequent long-range linguistic scholars with particular instances presented. Foreword. It is common knowledge that the great Italian comparativist A. Trombetti is often referred to as ‘father’ of long-range research, and of the so-called ‘global etymologies’ in particular. He was a predecessor or precursor of such noted long-range linguists as Vladislav Illich-Svitych, Morris Swadesh, Aharon Dolgopolsky, Joseph Greenberg, John Bengtson, Merritt Ruhlen, Vitaly Shevoroshkin, Sergei Starostin, to name but a few. Many of the above mentioned scholars have cited Trombetti in their sources or references. This is the case with Illich-Svitych 1971, Swadesh 1960, Bengtson and Ruhlen 1994 and in other works. A. Dolgopolsky for one had employed the technique of certain lexical and/or grammatical types as Trombetti had used starting with his earliest published works. The purpose of the present rather sketchy review is to acquaint readers of the Mother Tongue commemorative issue with global etymologies present in such publications as [Trombetti 1902, 1903; 1905, 1920, 1923, 1925] that have become rarities, despite such modern digitized versions as [Trombetti 1905] by the Google company.1 In his famous long-range studies, mostly in his native Italian, our scholar was wont to use such terms as voci universale, tipi diffusi/diffusissimi but not anything containing the term ‘global’. -
Divergence of Altai Macro System Languages and Issues of Their Genetic Relationship O. Sapashev* A. Smailova** B. Zhaksymov
Türkbilig, 2016/31: 109-126. DIVERGENCE OF ALTAI MACRO SYSTEM LANGUAGES AND ISSUES OF THEIR GENETIC RELATIONSHIP O. SAPASHEV* A. SMAILOVA** B. ZHAKSYMOV*** Abstract: Scientists recognize the difficulties associated with final and perfect solution of the problem of origin of the Altai community. The most important issue according to their opinion is a difficulty in differentiation of elements of a possible genetic commonality, the traces of which can be found in all Altaic languages, from the secondary elements of community, developing in different periods of close contacts of various Altaic peoples for at least of two millennia period. Mutual lexical borrowings of not only from single Altaic languages, but also borrowings from non-Altaic languages (the phenomenon of the substrate or super stratum) led to a significant lexical generality of secondary order and gave the reasons for establishment of various kinds of correspondences not relating to common Altaic protolanguage heritage that creates a large difficult to apply comparative- historical method. Keywords: Altaic, macro-system, genetic kinship, language typology, the rudiments Altay Makro Sistemi Dillerinin Farklılıkları ve Onların Genetik İlişkilerine Dair Konular Özet: Altayistik çalışan araştırmacıları, Altay toplumun kökeni sorununun nihai ve mükemmel bir çözümüyle ilişkili olan zorluklar bekler. Araştırmacıların görüşüne göre en önemli konu, olası genetik ortaklık unsurlarının ve Altay dillerinde bulunabilecek izlerin farklılaşması zorluğudur. Bu zorluklar, toplumun ikincil unsurlarından kaynaklanır ve farklı zamanlarda çeşitli Altay topluluklarının en az iki bin yıllık yakın ilişkiler sonucu gelişmiştir. Sadece Altay dilleri ve Altay dilleri dışındaki dillerden karşılıklı sözcük alışverişi (altkatman ve üstkatman olgusu) ikincil seviyede önemli sözcüksel genellemeler ortaya çıkardı ve tarihi-karşılaştırmalı metodun uygulanmasını zorlaştıran ortak proto Altay dil mirasıyla ilgili olmayan bir yapının oluşmasına neden oldu. -
Genetic Relationship Among Languages: an Overview Ghayeth Ersheidat1* and Hafsa Tahir2 1Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordon
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS (IJLEAL) ISSN: 2289-7208 e-ISSN: 2289-9294 VOL. 10, ISSUE 1, 17 – 27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v10.3320 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genetic Relationship among Languages: An Overview Ghayeth Ersheidat1* and Hafsa Tahir2 1Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordon. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Scence and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan. ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT – This paper reviews the basic concepts of historical linguistics and the comparative Revised: 4 March 2020 techniques used by various linguists who studied Indo-European and American languages to Accepted: 9 March 2020 determine a shared ancestry among languages. This paper also evaluates the major concepts of historical linguistics and the well-grounded theories and classifications that have guided and KEYWORDS shaped the modern linguistic classification practices. For over one and a half century, historical Historical comparative-method linguists have been deducing the origins of different languages. Genetic classifications have been Historical linguistics proposed for languages from all parts of the world and thus far, 142 language-families have been Indo-European languages identified. Although all of these classification schemes are controversial in terms of their validity Language family and reliability but with the progress in the field of bioinformatics, the problems in linguistic Linguistic-tree Proto-language reconstruction have been greatly resolved. Therefore, the historical classification schemes that have been proposed earlier are being radically revised as further progress is made. It is suggested that, to develop further understanding of the typical pattern of language diversification and genetic classification of languages, more recent studies based on sophisticated bioinformatics and statistical techniques for linguistic data analysis should be reviewed. -
В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T
В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У R S U H B U L L E T I N Ежемесячный научный журнал Scientific Monthly Серия «Языкознание» Linguistics Series № 5 (2009) Москва Moscow 2009 Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 1 (2009) Москва 2009 Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russian State University for the Humanities Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 1 (2009) Moscow 2009 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. Акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М.: Изд-во РГГУ, 2009. ― № 1. ― xii + 164 с. ― (Вестник РГГУ: Ежемесяч- ный научный журнал; Серия «Языкознание»; № 5). Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Russian State University for the Humanities; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow: RSUH Publishers, 2009. ― Nº 1. ― xii + 164 p.. ― (RSUH Bulletin: Scientific Monthly; Linguistics Series; Nº 5). ISSN 1998-6769 http ://journal.nostratic.ru journal@ nostratic.ru Гарнитура Таймс Нью Роман / Times ew Roman™ typeface © 2006 The Monotype Corporation Дополнительные знаки: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Add-on symbols by S. G. Bolotov Компьютерная верстка: С. Г. Боᴫотов / Typeset by S. G. Bolotov © 2008 ISSN 1998676-9 9 771998 676003 ote from the Editors Dear friends and colleagues! It is a great pleasure for us to finally be able to present the first issue of our brand new “Journal of Language Relationship”. The Journal, jointly issued by the Russian State University for the Humani- ties and the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Science, is a peer-reviewed edition that will be published on a semi-yearly basis and, as its title implies, will be fully dedicated to issues of establishing, verifying, and clarifying various aspects of genetic relationship between the world’s languages and language groups. -
Book Reviews / Рецензии
Book reviews / Рецензии Kirill Babaev Russian State University for the Humanities In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory. Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming. By John D. Bengtson (ed.) Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2008. XXIV + 476 pp. The volume under discussion was published in hon- Genetics and genogeography have recently become our of Harold Crane Fleming, a distinguished veteran an important part of prehistoric studies, and pioneer- anthropologist with deep specialisation in linguistics ing experiments of L. Cavalli-Sforza (1991) and his and language prehistory. His particular passion in this followers to link genetic data with cultures, ethnicities domain have been African languages, on which he and languages are gaining substantial popularity. One published a great number of significant papers fol- of them is carried out in Shomarka Omar Keita’s arti- lowing his long term trips to Ethiopia, working cle “Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y- mostly, though not exclusively, with Chadic, Omotic chromosome lineage variation: an exploration in lin- and Cushitic languages. Through his studies, Harold guistics and phylogeography”. The author deals with Fleming has always emphasised that only a complex Y-chromosome genetic data of various ethnic groups interdisciplinary approach can lead us to uncover the of Afro-Asiatic (or Afrasian) language speakers. As it prehistory of humankind — a task he has always been turns out, many of the ones that are located in Africa working upon in person. belong to the same haplogroups — which, therefore, The book is a solid attempt to vindicate this very may confirm their common origins. -
Euskaro- Caucasian Hypothesis Current Model (2017)
The Euskaro- Caucasian Hypothesis Current model (2017) A proposed genetic relationship between Basque (Vasconic) and the North Caucasian John D. Bengtson language family. Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory | Evolution of Human Language Project | February 2017 The Euskaro-Caucasian Hypothesis: Current model I. History of the hypothesis II. Description of the languages compared III. Grammatical evidence for Euskaro-Caucasian (excerpts) IV. Lexical evidence for Euskaro-Caucasian (excerpts) V. Euskaro-Caucasian Phonological correspondences (excerpts) VI. Chronology of Euskaro-Caucasian: a family about 9 millennia old VII. Anthropological scenario of Euskaro-Caucasian: linguistics, archaeology, genetics VIII. References Note: This presentation is a highly abridged summary of the evidence for this hypothesis. For more information please contact the author. I.A. The Euskaro-Caucasian hypothesis: from general to specific: The embryo of Euskaro-Caucasian (Basque as a relative of languages in the Caucasus region) was nurtured by several eminent scholars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including Hugo Schuchardt (1842-1927), Heinrich Winkler (1848–1930), Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr (1865-1934), Alfredo Trombetti (1866-1929), Christianus Cornelius Schuchardt Uhlenbeck (1866-1951), Georges Dumézil (1898-1986), René Lafon (1899-1974) and Karl Bouda (1901-1979). At the earlier stages, due to the primitive state of Caucasian linguistics, it was unclear whether the Caucasian part of the Euskaro-Caucasian family included all native Caucasian languages, South Caucasian (= Kartvelian) as well as North Caucasian (= Abkhazo- Adyghean + Nakh-Daghestanian), or only some of them. Thus, until about three decades ago, many Euskaro-Caucasian lexical and grammatical comparisons used data from Kartvelian as well as North Caucasian languages. -
El Origen Del Ser Humano Y Su Influencia En Salud Y Enfermedad
Unidad VI - Inmunología Julio Granados Arriola Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Daniela Ruiz Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Susana Hernández Doño Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Ciudad de México, México. Evidencia lingüística del origen humano Desde hace más de dos siglos se sabe que la comparación de la existencia de idiomas, o la evidencia histórica de estos, puede conducir a la identificación de lenguas extintas que existieron en la prehistoria. William Jones (abogado inglés) en 1786, trabajando en la India, notó similitud de las palabras en latín, griego y sánscrito, por lo que supuso que surgieron de una lengua común ya extinta; particularmente apreció que el origen y la terminación de los verbos es casi idéntico: ellos llevan en sánscrito bhár-anti, griego phér-onti y latín fer-unt, y descartó que tales similitudes fueran mera coincidencia. Más tarde, él mismo identificó un idioma que a la postre se conoció como indoeuropeo, el cual incluye la mayoría de los idiomas de Europa (excepto el vasco, el húngaro, el finlandés y el estonio), además asoció idiomas que van tan al este como al norte de India (kurdo, farsi, pashto, hindi, bengalí). Aún más importante, describió una explicación evolutiva de la diversidad lingüística 73 años antes de que Darwin propusiera la teoría evolutiva de la selección natural. Lo que es sorprendente, es que dos siglos después del descubrimiento de Jones, la mayoría de los historiadores lingüistas todavía mantienen que el indoeuropeo representa el límite de la lingüística comparativa. -
Philology: Indo-Europeans Arrived in Europe with Modern Man Philology JONATHAN SHERMAN MORRIS Wheels, Languages and Bullshit (Or How Not to Do Linguistic Archaeology)
Contents Volume 3 / 2017 Vol. Special Session: Languages in European Prehistory FRANCESCO BENOZZO & MARIO ALINEI 3 European Philologies: Why Their Future Lives in Their Prehistoric Past 2017 MARCEL OTTE Wendat Ethnophilology: Indo-Europeans Arrived in Europe with Modern Man Philology JONATHAN SHERMAN MORRIS Wheels, Languages and Bullshit (Or How Not To Do Linguistic Archaeology) XAVERIO BALLESTER An International Journal Some Major Celtic Details on the Origins of Indo-European Languages on the Evolution of Languages, Cultures and Texts DANIEL LE BRIS Geolinguistic Continuities in the Celto-Atlantic Area and in Western Europe WINFRID SCUTT Celtic in the Fleuve Manche DAPHNE NASH BRIGGS Multilingual Coin Inscriptions and Their Context in Pre-Roman East Anglia Articles EPHRAIM NISSAN Gad as an Ancient Semitic Theonym, and Its Lexical Cognates. With an Exploration of the Semantics of gad, and of Its Medieval Exegesis ROSSANO DE LAURENTIIS Santafior com’è sicura (Purg. VI 111): When Local Pride May Not Be Philological SUSAN PETRILLI Lifelong Listening to M. Bakhtin’s Word in the Context of His “Circle”. A Philological Approach by A. Ponzio Crossings FRANCESCO BENOZZO Per un’ecdotica del molteplice e del discordante: Philology il caso dei manoscritti trobadorici Notes REMO BRACCHI Torus, The Big Bang of Life MAHMOUD SALEM ELSHEIKH The World of Islam. Historical Prejudices to Overcome (or Debtor’s Syndrome?) Review article EPHRAIM NISSAN Jewish Vernaculars, Their Hebrew Loanwords or Code-Switching, and the Related Idiomatics Review article ONDREJˇ BLÁHA, ROBERT DITTMANN AND LENKA ULICNÁˇ (EDS.) Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background (Ephraim Nissan) ISSN 2297-2625 Peter Lang Vol. 3/2017 www.peterlang.com Contents Volume 3 / 2017 Vol. -
Antonio Tovar Series Editort 8JMMJBN"%PVHMBTT (SFHPSJP.POSFBM BOEPello Salaburu Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language
Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language by Antonio Tovar Series EditorT 8JMMJBN"%PVHMBTT (SFHPSJP.POSFBM BOEPello Salaburu Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language Antonio Tovar Translated by Jennifer R. Ottman With an introduction by Joaquín Gorrochategui Basque Classics Series, no. 10 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 10 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2015 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2015 by Jose Luis Agote Cover painting: Jose Luis Zumeta Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tovar, Antonio, author. | Ottman, Jennifer (Jennifer Rebecca) translator. Title: Mythology and ideology of the Basque language / Antonio Tovar ; Translated by Jennifer Ottman ; With an introduction by Joaquin Gorrochategui. Other titles: Mitología e ideologíia sobre la lengua vasca. English Description: Reno : Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, [2016] | Series: Basque Classics series ; no. 10 | Original publication in Spanish: "Mitología e ideología sobre la lengua vasca." | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015038636| ISBN 9781877802348 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781877802355 (pbk. : alk. paper) Classification: LCC PH5023 .T63513 2016 | DDC 499/.92--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038636 Contents Note on Basque Orthography...................................... vii Introduction Joaquín Gorrochategui .......................................... ix Mythology and Ideology of the Basque Language by Antonio Tovar Prologue.............................................................