DOCSLIB.ORG

Many Middle Passages the California World History Library Edited by Edmund Burke III, Kenneth Pomeranz, and Patricia Seed 

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Many Middle Passages the California World History Library Edited by Edmund Burke III, Kenneth Pomeranz, and Patricia Seed  Many Middle Passages the california world history library Edited by Edmund Burke III, Kenneth Pomeranz, and Patricia Seed . The Unending Frontier: Environmental History of the Early Modern World, by John F. Richards . Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, by David Christian . The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean, by Engseng Ho . Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, –, by Thomas R. Metcalf . Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, edited by Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker Many Middle Passages forced migration and the making of the modern world Edited by Emma Christopher Cassandra Pybus Marcus Rediker university of california press berkeley los angeles london Royalties from the sale of this book go to Free the Slaves, a nonprofit organization working to end slavery worldwide. Visit http://freetheslaves.net. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Many middle passages : forced migration and the making of the modern world / edited by Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, Marcus Rediker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn: ---- (cloth : alk. paper) isbn: ---- (pbk. : alk. paper) . Slave trade — Africa—History. Slaves. Slavery. I. Christopher, Emma, –. II. Pybus, Cassandra. III. Rediker, Marcus Buford. ht.m .' — dc Manufactured in the United States of America This book is printed on New Leaf EcoBook , a recycled fiber of which is de-inked postconsumer waste, processed chlorine free. EcoBook is acid free and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASTM D– (Permanence of Paper). The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by the Ahmanson Foundation Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation. contents acknowledgments / ix introduction / Marcus Rediker, Cassandra Pybus, and Emma Christopher / the other middle passage: the african slave trade in the indian ocean / Edward A. Alpers / the east african middle passage: david livingstone, the zambesi expedition, and lake nyassa, – / Iain McCalman / the iranun and balangingi slaving voyage: middle passages in the sulu zone / James Warren / the voyage out: peter kolb and voc voyages to the cape / Nigel Penn / bound for botany bay: john martin’s voyage to australia / Cassandra Pybus / “the slave trade is merciful compared to [this]”: slave traders, convict transportation, and the abolitionists / Emma Christopher / convict passages in the indian ocean, c. – / Clare Anderson / after slavery: forced drafts of irish and chinese labor in the american civil war, or the search for liquid labor / Scott Reynolds Nelson / LA TRATA AMARILLA: the “yellow trade” and the middle passage, – / Evelyn Hu-DeHart / “a most irregular traffic”: the oceanic passages of the melanesian labor trade / Laurence Brown / LA TRAITE DES JAUNES: trafficking in women and children across the china sea / Julia Martínez afterword: “all of it is now” / Kevin Bales and Zoe Trodd postscript: GUN- SLAVE CYCLE / Marcus Rediker appendix / contributors / index / acknowledgments the themes of this book were initially debated at conferences and collo- quia, where numerous scholars contributed to our ideas. For their various contributions we thank Alan Atkinson, Gopalan Balachandran, Susan Bal- lyn, Robert Blyth, David Cannadine, Linda Colley, Maryse Condé, Eliza- beth DeLoughrey, Greg Dening, Ian Duffield, Clare Corbould, Jan Ewald, Dave Featherstone, Judith Jackson Fossett, Lucy Frost, Michael Graham- Stewart, Cindy Hahamovich, Douglas Hamilton, Saidiya Hartman, Wythe Holt Jr., Peter Hulme, Jonathan Hyslop, Grace Karskens, Bernhard Klein, Michael McCarthy, Larry McDonnell, Bruce McLeod, Kenneth Morgan, Lisa Norling, Ruan O’Donnell, Henry Reynolds, Dave Rollison, Anja Schwarz, Robert Sweeny, Katerina Teaiwa, Françoise Verges, Richard Water- house, Peter Way, Jane Webster, Michael West, Terri-ann White, Sara Wood, and Nigel Worden. Many of these people attended a conference in July entitled Middle Passages: The Oceanic Voyage as Social Process, which was jointly sponsored by the International Centre for Convict Studies at the Uni- versity of Tasmania and the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Western Australia. We would also like to express our gratitude to Graeme Henderson and the staff at the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle for a beautiful venue and a warm welcome. Special thanks go to the Australian Research Council for a large three-year grant to Cassandra Pybus and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart for a project on unfree migration, ix which was in many ways a catalyst for this book. Colleagues at Pittsburgh, Sydney, and Monash universities have provided all kinds of support and encouragement for which we are very grateful. We would especially like to thank James Bradley, who did the painstak- ing work of putting the manuscript into a consistent and coherent form, and Lauren Smelcher, who helped with the proofreading. Our editor at Uni- versity of California Press, Niels Hooper, and his assistant, Rachel Lock- man, have supported this project from the beginning, and we cannot thank them enough. x acknowledgments Introduction marcus rediker, cassandra pybus, and emma christopher the “middle passage” is an old maritime phrase, dating to the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade. It designated the bottom line of a trading triangle, between the “outward passage” from Europe to Africa and the “homeward passage” from the Americas back to Europe. The Oxford English Dictionary notes the first maritime usage as , by the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson. The phrase is older than that, but by crediting Clarkson another truth is revealed: through a broad-based social movement, those who campaigned to abolish the slave trade made the middle passage notorious and a part of pop- ular vocabulary in their own time and thereafter. Drawing upon and publi- cizing the gruesome social conditions and the fierce resistance by enslaved Africans aboard the slave ships, the abolitionists managed to focus attention on a reality far beyond the shores of most people’s experience and to make real the horrors of the middle passage to a metropolitan reading public. This was in itself a great achievement, not least because most people in the eighteenth century, like most people today, tended to regard as real only the land—and national—spaces of the earth’s surface. The oceans were vast, ahistorical voids. Of course, maritime exploration and discovery showed that history happened on the oceans, as did the naval battles that determined the course of history. But explorers and admirals were incor- porated into top-down, national, and “terra-centric” narratives, even when the seaborne agents who made the discoveries and battles possible were a motley crew of sailors who eluded national definition.1 Because the aboli- tionist campaign demonstrated that history happened on the high seas, many scholars have turned their attention to the middle passage of the African slave trade and have built a significant body of historical literature that transcends the land boundaries of nation-states. This scholarship is the inspiration for our volume. In part, this book has evolved from a cluster of ideas presented in The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic.2 The first of these ideas is that the rise of capi- talism from the late sixteenth century onward forced millions of expro - priated people to make middle passages from Europe and Africa to the Americas. The second is that the epitome of these middle passages, that of the Atlantic slave trade, might be used to explore other social and cultural transformations that resulted from the transport of people around the globe. The third is that it might be possible to relate the experiences of slaves, indentured servants, transported convicts, and coerced migrants of all kinds. The fourth is that “prisons” of various sorts—from the slave’s barra- coon to the convict’s jail to the sailor’s crimp house—were themselves an instrumental part of various middle passages, even when the laborer was nominally “free.” In all, the middle passage is not merely a maritime phrase to describe one part of an oceanic voyage; it can, rather, be utilized as a con- cept—the structuring link between expropriation in one geographic setting and exploitation in another. Given the current trend toward global histo- ries, it seemed to the editors of this volume that the scholarship on the African slave voyage across the Atlantic had a role to play in speaking to the wider historiography of forced migration, sometimes on land but especially in ocean crossings. In this book we show how the concept of the middle passage has relevance to a range of migrations involving the coerced move- ment of people, sometimes simultaneously with the slave trade, as part of a worldwide process
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif
    “Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif. Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani To cite this version: Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani. “Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif.. Comparativ, Leipzig University, 2019, 29 (3), pp.41-64. hal-02954571 HAL Id: hal-02954571 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02954571 Submitted on 1 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo, 1890-1914. Debates about abolition of slavery have essentially focused on two interrelated questions: 1) whether nineteenth and early twentieth century abolitions were a major breakthrough compared to previous centuries (or even millennia) in the history of humankind during which bondage had been the dominant form of labour and human condition. 2) whether they express an action specific to western bourgeoisie and liberal civilization. It is true that the number of abolitionist acts and the people concerned throughout the extended nineteenth century (1780- 1914) had no equivalent in history: 30 million Russian peasants, half a million slaves in Saint- Domingue in 1790, four million slaves in the US in 1860, another million in the Caribbean (at the moment of the abolition of 1832-40), a further million in Brazil in 1885 and 250,000 in the Spanish colonies were freed during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle Passage MAP by Patagonia Routes SLAVE TRADING MARK ANDERSON MOORE Malvina (Falkland Is.) REGIONS Atlantic Slave Trade
    Arctic Ocean Greenland Arctic Ocean ARCTIC CIRCLE Iceland Norway Sweden Finland B udson ay H North North Scotland Sea Denmark Moscow Labrador England Ireland Prussia British North A Atlantic Russian Empire mer London German ica Paris States Kiev OREGON Newfoundland Asia TERRITORY Quebec Ocean Montreal Austria Bay of France Vt. Me. Nova Scotia Biscay Italy C NY NH “TRIANGULAR TRADE” Black Sea a Mass. Rome Ottoman sp ia Pa. RI n LOUISIANA Oh. Conn. Portugal Madrid Empire Il. In. NJ United States S TERRITORY e Spain a Va. Del. Ky. Md. Azores Is. Tn. NC by 1820 M In TUNIS edi dian Terr. O terra Persia SC C nean S Ms. C ea Al. Madeira O Ga. R ALGIERS La. O M Cairo P Fla. Canary Is. er EGYPT sia n G Bahama Is. ulf Mexico Havana WESTERN SUDAN R. R e Mecca Mexico West Indies dle Pa d Cuba Mid ssag Nile S City he e e T a Arabia Haiti Timbuktu Vera Jamaica Puerto Rico Cruz Guadeloupe Cape Verde Is. Martinique SENEGAMBIA Niger Africa Arabian Central America Barbados Cape Verde R. Sea Portobelo Trinidad Caracas SIERRA ETHIOPIA Stabroek (Georgetown) LEONE GUINEA Paramaribo Cayenne BIGHT Bogotá WINDWARD GOLD OF BIGHT COAST COAST BENIN Mogadishu Galapagos Is. SL OF Quito Colombia AV BIAFRA Barro do Rio E T Negro RAD Belé m Fortaleza ING REGIONS CONGO Paita Indian Brazil Recife Trujillo Ocean Peru ANGOLA Lima Salvador La Plata ambezi La Paz Z R. Chuquisaca MOZAMBIQUE South America São Paulo Rio de Janeiro From The Way We Lived in North Carolina © 2003 The University of North Carolina Press Madagascar La Serena Santos Easter I.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Abolition of Slavery: a Comparative Approach
    Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach William G. Clarence-Smith Economic historians tend to see religion as justifying servitude, or perhaps as ameliorating the conditions of slaves and serving to make abolition acceptable, but rarely as a causative factor in the evolution of the ‘peculiar institution.’ In the hallowed traditions, slavery emerges from scarcity of labour and abundance of land. This may be a mistake. If culture is to humans what water is to fish, the relationship between slavery and religion might be stood on its head. It takes a culture that sees certain human beings as chattels, or livestock, for labour to be structured in particular ways. If religions profoundly affected labour opportunities in societies, it becomes all the more important to understand how perceptions of slavery differed and changed. It is customary to draw a distinction between Christian sensitivity to slavery, and the ingrained conservatism of other faiths, but all world religions have wrestled with the problem of slavery. Moreover, all have hesitated between sanctioning and condemning the 'embarrassing institution.' Acceptance of slavery lasted for centuries, and yet went hand in hand with doubts, criticisms, and occasional outright condemnations. Hinduism The roots of slavery stretch back to the earliest Hindu texts, and belief in reincarnation led to the interpretation of slavery as retribution for evil deeds in an earlier life. Servile status originated chiefly from capture in war, birth to a bondwoman, sale of self and children, debt, or judicial procedures. Caste and slavery overlapped considerably, but were far from being identical. Brahmins tried to have themselves exempted from servitude, and more generally to ensure that no slave should belong to 1 someone from a lower caste.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Labour and Institutional Change in Contemporary India*
    chapter 4 Forced Labour and Institutional Change in Contemporary India* Christine Molfenter Introduction Article 23 of the Indian Constitution of 1950 prohibits the practice of begar, the Hindi word for forced labour or corvée, and similar forms of forced la- bor. Forced labor or slavery in India most commonly refers to debt bondage or bonded labor. In 1976 the Indian Parliament adopted the first state-wide law banning bonded labor with the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act (blsa). In the subsequent years, both governmental and non-governmental actors became proactive in implementing these newly developed laws. The First Agricultural Labour Enquiry, conducted from 1950–51 by the Government of India, and the Summary of the Report on Forced Labour of 1956, revealed the gap between the legal norm of freedom from enslavement and the reality of many agricultural labourers, tribal people and lower caste members in India. The effective implementation of bonded labor laws remains a pressing issue in India today. The Government of India identified about six million individuals as bonded labourers between 1977 and 2008,1 and the Walk Free Foundation estimated that about 14.28 million people worked as slaves in India in 2013.2 Regarding this implementation gap, Kara claimed that reports on bonded labor in India demonstrated the “utter contempt and disregard for justice for bonded labourers across the nation.”3 The United States Department of State Trafficking in Persons (tip) report on Indian labor and anti-forced la- bor laws concluded: “[L]aws were ineffectively enforced, and their prescribed penalties– a maximum of three years in prison – are not sufficiently stringent.”4 * My research on this topic has developed out of my work on my dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage
    Lesson 3 Museum Connection: Labor and the Black Experience Lesson Title: Triangular Trade Purpose: In this lesson students will read individually for information in order to examine the history of the Atlantic slave trade. In cooperative groups, they will analyze primary and secondary documents in order to determine the costs and benefits of the slave trade to the nations and peoples involved. As an individual assessment, students will write and deliver a speech by a member of the British Parliament who wished to abolish the slave trade. Grade Level and Content Area: Middle, Social Studies Time Frame: 3-5 class periods Correlation to State Social Studies Standards: WH 3.10.12.4 Describe the origins of the transatlantic African slave trade and the consequences for Africa, America, and Europe, such as triangular trade and the Middle Passage. GEO 4.3.8.8 Describe how cooperation and conflict contribute to political, economic, geographic, and cultural divisions of Earth’s surface. ECON 5.1.8.2 Analyze opportunity costs and trade-offs in business, government, and personal decision-making. ECON 5.1.8.3 Analyze the relationship between the availability of natural, capital, and human resources, and the production of goods and services now and in the past. Social Studies: Maryland College and Career Ready Standards 3.C.1.a (Grade 6) Explain how the development of transportation and communication networks influenced the movement of people, goods, and ideas from place to place, such as trade routes in Africa, Asia and Europe, and the spread of Islam. 4.A.1.a (Grade 6) Identify the costs, including opportunity cost, and the benefits of economic decisions made by individuals and groups, including governments in early world history, such as the decision to engage in trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on the Slave Trade and Impact on Latin American Culture
    Unit Title: Reflections on the Slave Trade and Impact on Latin American Culture Author: Colleen Devine Atlanta Charter Middle School 6th grade Humanities 2-week unit Unit Summary: In this mini-unit, students will research and teach each other about European conquest and colonization in Latin America. They will learn about and reflect on the trans- Atlantic slave trade. They will analyze primary source documents from the slave trade by conducting research using the online Slave Voyages Database, reading slave narratives and viewing primary source paintings and photographs. They will reflect on the influence of African culture in Latin America as a result of the slave trade. Finally, they will write a slave perspective narrative, applying their knowledge of all of the above. Established Goals: Georgia Performance Standards: GA SS6H1: The student will describe the impact of European contact on Latin America. a. Describe the encounter and consequences of the conflict between the Spanish and the Aztecs and Incas and the roles of Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa. b. Explain the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Latin America and Europe in terms of the decline of the indigenous population, agricultural change, and the introduction of the horse. GA SS6H2: The student will describe the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas. Enduring Understandings: Students will be able to describe the impact of European contact on Latin America. Students will be able to define the African slave trade and describe the impact it had on Latin America. Students will reflect on the experiences of slaves in the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades
    THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AFRICA’S SLAVE TRADES* NATHAN NUNN Can part of Africa’s current underdevelopment be explained by its slave trades? To explore this question, I use data from shipping records and histori- cal documents reporting slave ethnicities to construct estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country during Africa’s slave trades. I find a robust negative relationship between the number of slaves exported from a country and current economic performance. To better understand if the relationship is causal, I examine the historical evidence on selection into the slave trades and use in- strumental variables. Together the evidence suggests that the slave trades had an adverse effect on economic development. I. INTRODUCTION Africa’s economic performance in the second half of the twen- tieth century has been poor. One, often informal, explanation for Africa’s underdevelopment is its history of extraction, character- ized by two events: the slave trades and colonialism. Bairoch (1993, p. 8) writes that “there is no doubt that a large number of negative structural features of the process of economic under- development have historical roots going back to European col- onization.” Manning (1990, p. 124) echoes Bairoch but focuses on the slave trades, writing, “Slavery was corruption: it involved theft, bribery, and exercise of brute force as well as ruses. Slavery thus may be seen as one source of precolonial origins for modern corruption.” Recent empirical studies suggest that Africa’s history can explain part of its current underdevelopment. These studies fo- cus on the link between countries’ colonial experience and cur- rent economic development (Grier 1999; Englebert 2000a, 2000b; * A previous version of this paper was circulated under the title “Slavery, Insti- tutional Development, and Long-Run Growth in Africa.” I am grateful to the editor, Edward Glaeser, and three anonymous referees for comments that substantially improved this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • After Three Years: Somali Bantus Prepare to Come to America by Sasha Chanoff, International Organization for Migration
    Refugee Reports November 2002 VOLUME 23, NUMBER 8 NOVEMBER 2002 After Three Years: Somali Bantus Prepare to Come to America By Sasha Chanoff, International Organization for Migration In 1999, Africa’s top resettlement officials filed into a sunlit vast Indian Ocean slave trade. Their history as a distinct room in the Joint Voluntary Agency (JVA) compound in group began around the turn of the 18th century when Nairobi, Kenya for an important meeting. The topic: Do their ancestors-from Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique we resettle the Sudanese “Lost Boys” or the Somali Bantus were captured by the Sultan of Zanzibar and other slave first? History plays out in such moments, and destinies of lords and sold into Somalia, victims of the millennia of thousands of people are shaped and changed. The human trafficking in East Africa. Some were freed after Sudanese boys would go first (see Refugee Reports, Vol. 22, many years, while others staged uprisings to gain their No. 4). The Somali Bantus would wait three more years. independence. Hereditary farmers, they eventually settled Whenever groups are selected for resettlement from into Somalia’s arable regions along the Juba River. among Africa’s millions of refugees, the chosen ones be- With a population of around nine million, pre-civil come imbued with a special significance. All sorts of war Somalia contained about 900,000 Bantu people. Most questions come up: Who are they? How do they live? of these Bantus were integrated into society. Some ar- What cultural traits do they have? What life experiences rived thousands of years ago as migratory farmers and see inform their understanding of the world? And how will themselves as original Somalis.
    [Show full text]
  • Transoceanic Mortality: the Slave Trade in Comparative Perspective
    1 Transoceanic Mortality: The Slave Trade in Comparative Perspective by Herbert S. Klein, Stanley L. Engerman, Robin Haines, and Ralph Shlomowitz* Published in the William & Mary Quarterly, LVIII, no. 1 (January 2001), pp. 93-118. Death in the Middle Passage has long been at the center of the moral attack on slavery, and during the past two centuries estimates of the death rate and explanations of its magnitude have been repeatedly discussed and debated. For comparative purposes we draw on studies of mortality in other aspects of the movement of slaves from Africa to the Americas, as well as the experiences of passengers on other long-distance oceanic voyages.1 These comparisons will provide new interpretations as well as raise significant problems for the study of African, European, and American history. The transatlantic slave trade represented a major international movement of persons, and, although only one part of the movement of slaves from the point of enslavement in Africa to their place of forced labor in the Americas, shipboard mortality was its most conspicuous and frequently discussed aspect. Of the more than 27,000 voyages included in the Du Bois Institute dataset, more than 5,000 have information on shipboard mortality. Information is provided on African ports of embarkation; American ports of disembarkation; nationality of carrying vessels; numbers of slaves leaving Africa, arriving in the Americas, and dying in transit; ship size; numbers of crew and their mortality; and length of time at sea. The dataset also permits, with subsequent collecting, the linking of this information to government and private documents containing data on sailing times from Europe to Africa and time on the coast while purchasing slaves.
    [Show full text]
  • African and Asia Entanglements in Past and Present
    African and Asia Entanglements in Past and Present 著者 Kitagawa Katsuhiko journal or The International Conference of Asia-Africa publication title Entanglement in Past and Present page range 1-212 year 2016-02 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10112/9662 AFRICA and ASIA Entanglements in Past and Present : Bridging History and Development Studies Conference Proceedings Edited By Katsuhiko Kitagawa Faculty of Economics Asian and African Studies Group Kansai University Osaka 2016 ○C 2016 editorial matter and selection, Katsuhiko Kitagawa; Individual chapters, the contributor. Published by Asian and African Studies Group, Faculty of Economics, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate Cho Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan. Printed by Kansai University Cooperative Print Station All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced without written permission. Not for sale. Contents Editor’s Preface 1 List of Contributors 5 Part1. African Migration in the Indian Ocean 1 Africans in the Early 20 th Century Persian Gulf Hideaki Suzuki (Nagasaki University, Japan) 9 2 Indian Ocean African Migrants : Recognition and Development Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya (University of London, UK) 17 3 Western Indian Ocean and Indian Security Engagements : Issues of Cooperation and Competition with South Africa Ajay Dubey (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) 25 Part 2. Labour History of Africa 4 African Trade Unions : Awkward Customers Bill Freund (University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa) 31 5 The Migration of Ethiopian Female Domestic Workers to the Middle East : Towards an Understanding of the Connundrum Girma Negash Ture (University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) 51 6 Trade Unions in Kenyan History Joseph Ndalilah (University of Kabianga, Kenya) 69 Part3.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean
    2 Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean Vijayalakshmi Teelock and Abdul Sheriff The specificities of the Indian Ocean slave trade and slavery have been highlighted in the numerous works of historians of the Indian Ocean such as Ned Alpers, Abdul Sheriff, Richard Allen and Hubert Gerbeau, and are being recognised even by scholars of the Atlantic region. Within the Indian Ocean, however, the specificities of individual countries need to be highlighted and contrasted with each other. Some Indian Ocean countries, such as Zanzibar and Madagascar, were both importers and exporters of slaves, while others without indigenous populations, like Mauritius and Reunion, were solely importers of slave labour. Before embarking on a comparative study of the transition of these slave societies to freedom, it is necessary to have an understanding of the historical context of the establishment of slavery and the peopling of the islands through the slave trade. This is the focus of this chapter. Mauritius: The Colonial Slave Trade and Slavery According to latest figures available from Richard Allen and Thomas Vernet, the numbers of slaves exported from the Indian Ocean by Europeans far exceed previous estimates. Table 2.1: Export of slaves from the Indian Ocean 1670-1769 1770-1810 1811-1848 Total Madagascar 35,314-37,931 46,203-53,427 43,808-51,365 125,325-142,723 Eastern Africa 10,677-11,468 99,614-115,189 75,767-88,835 186,058-215,492 India 14,755-15,739 4,994-5,327 6,469-21,066 SE Asia 3,804-4,759 3,804-4,759 Of the total estimated by Allen1 to date, the French slave trade is still by far the most substantial in the Indian Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • King's Research Portal
    King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1177/1043463113513001 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Marcum, A., & Skarbek, D. (2014). Why Didn’t Slaves Revolt More Often During the Middle Passage? RATIONALITY AND SOCIETY, 26(2), 236-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463113513001 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]