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Thèse Doctorat ELHOUITI Fatiha Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie Département des Sciences Biologiques Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences Présentée en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en Biologie Option : Biochimie Thème Valorisation des huiles essentielles de Rhanterium adpressum Goss. & Durieu par analyse chimique et étude de leurs bioactivités Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 09 Mai 2018 par : Devant le Jury composé de : M. OULD EL HADJ MOHAMED DIDI Professeur (Université Kasdi Merbah, OUARGLA) Président M. OUINTEN Mohamed Professeur (Université Amar Télidji, LAGHOUAT) Directeur de thèse M. YOUSFI Mohamed Professeur (Université Amar Télidji, LAGHOUAT) Co-Directeur de thèse M. SEGNI Lâadjal Professeur (Université Kasdi Merbah, OUARGLA) Examinateur M. BOUTAIBA Sâad MCA (Université Ziane Achour, DJELFA) Examinateur Année universitaire 2018 Dédicaces Avec l’aide de Dieu, j’ai pu réaliser ce modeste travail que je dédie À : Mes parents, que Dieu les protège. Ils m’ont toujours poussée à aller plus loin ; je leur suis très reconnaissante. La mémoire de mon très cher beau-père Hami. Il m’a toujours considérée comme sa propre fille (Allah Yarehmou). Mon cher époux Ismail, pour ton soutien et ta compréhension, tout au long de ce travail qui te doit beaucoup…Qu’il soit le témoignage de mon infinie reconnaissance pour ces années de privations et d’efforts communs. Mes adorables enfants Lyna, Aïssa et les jumeaux Mohamed & Khadîdja. Que ce travail soit pour eux un exemple à suivre. A tous ceux qui ont cru en moi. Remerciement Avant toute chose, je remercie Dieu, le tout puissant, pour m’avoir donnée la force et la patience pour mener à terme ce travail. A l’issue de la rédaction de cette recherche, je suis convaincue que cette thèse est loin d’être un travail solitaire. En effet, je n’aurais jamais pu réaliser ce travail sans le soutien d’un grand nombre de personnes. Alors que je m’attelle à la rédaction de ces dernières pages, de nombreuses personnes me viennent à l’esprit. Certains noms seront cités, mais pas tous. Je m’excuse d’avance pour les personnes que je n’aurais pas eues la délicatesse de citer. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier vivement mon directeur de Thèse, monsieur Pr. Mohamed OUINTEN, pour la confiance qu’il m’a accordée en acceptant d’encadrer ce travail. Je ne saurais dire à quel point j’ai eu le plaisir à discuter avec lui et combien j’ai apprécié ses multiples compétences et ses qualités humaines d’écoute et de compréhension tout au long de ce travail. Durant toutes ces années, j’ai beaucoup appris avec lui. Je souhaiterais exprimer ma gratitude à mon Co-directeur de Thèse, monsieur le Pr. Mohamed YOUSFI, Directeur du laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université de Laghouat, pour m’avoir orientée conseillée et encouragée tout au long de ce travail. Je suis infiniment reconnaissante pour votre effort toutes ces années à récolter mes échantillons de plante sans se plaindre, mille mercis. Je voudrais également remercier l’ensemble des membres du jury d’avoir bien voulu accepter de juger ce travail et m’avoir fait l’honneur de leurs présences. Merci donc à Monsieur Mohamed Didi OULD EL HADJ, à Monsieur Laadjal SEGNI et à Monsieur Saad BOUTAIBA. Je tiens à remercier Mr Jean-Michel SAVOIE (Directeur de l’unité Mycsa, INRA Bordeaux) et Mme Florence RICHARD-FORGET (Directrice Adjointe et Responsable de l’Equipe des Mycotoxines de Fusarium, INRA Bordeaux), pour l’accueil, les conseils et les orientations inestimables. J’adresse mes plus sincères remerciements à Mr Christian BARREAU et Mr Francis FLEURAT-LESSARD (INRA Bordeaux) qui m’ont accordé leur confiance et qui m’ont encadrée. Merci pour tous les conseils que vous m’avez prodigués, pour toutes les notions que j’ai eu la chance d’apprendre grâce à vous. Ce travail de thèse n’aurait pu se faire sans une aide conséquente pour les expérimentations. Un grand merci à Marie-Noëlle VERDAL-BONNIN, Sylvain CHEREAU, Gisèle MARCHEGAY (Gisou), Christine DUCOS, Vessela ATANASSOVA-PENICHON et Laëtitia PINSON-GADAIS pour leur aide dans les différentes tâches quotidiennes. Merci également à l’ensemble du personnel de MycSA qui m’a permis d’effectuer cette thèse dans de très bonnes et très agréables conditions de travail. Je remercie bien sûr Corinne et Marie-France pour m’avoir facilité les démarches administratives. Merci également à Thierry pour avoir pris soin de mon ordinateur. Merci à tous les autres membres de l’équipe, Christophe, Marie, Philippe, Michèle, Nathalie, Magalie, Bernard et Cathy, pour leur sympathie indescriptible. Mon séjour à MycSA était formidable et très agréable. Durant ces trois stages, grâce à vous tous, et je sais que j’ai eu beaucoup de chance de tomber sur une équipe aussi sympathique qui a beaucoup contribué au bon déroulement de mes stages. J’aimerais également remercier vivement Mademoiselle Isabelle BOMBARDA, maître de conférences, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Aix-Marseille, France pour son aide précieuse. Mes remerciements les plus sincères à Mme Sihem TOUATI HATTAB pour nous avoir fourni des souches pour réaliser ce travail scientifique ; merci pour tout. C’est un peu grâce à vous que je suis arrivée à Bordeaux, tu m’as soutenue quand c’était difficile. Également je remercie M. Nadir GOURINE pour m’avoir aidée durant la phase pratique de mon travail. Mes profonds remerciements s’adressent à Mon adorable amie Djalila TAKHI, mon sérieux étudiant Djillali TAHRI, sans oublier Mohamed SEBAA pour leur aide précieuse, pour m’avoir consacré du temps et pour avoir participés activement à la rédaction de mes articles. Une pensée particulière à ma chère amie Hadjer AOUISSI pour son soutien, ses questions et discussions durant le long chemin de pratique, nos longues journées avec le « Fusa » et les hauts et les bas qu’on a passé ensemble. Une pensée amicale à mes chères et adorables amies Zahra TAKHI et Reguia MAHFOUDI pour leur aide, soutien et partage durant les moments les plus difficiles. Mes profonds remerciements s’adressent à Mme Zohra FERMELLI- BENDAOUD, M. Youcef BOUBRIMA, M. Hamid GUENANE, pour leur soutien précieux et aide inestimable. Mon entière gratitude à mes chère(s) amis(es) et collègues Khadîdja BENAROUS, Halima NEBEG, Zohra ZOUKHREF, Hadjer BESSOUSSA, Khachaba IHCENE et Ibrahim SIFI de m’avoir toujours soutenue. Mes remerciements vont également à mes proches qui ont assuré le tri de la plante. Merci donc à mon oncle Omar et sa famille, mes tantes, Hana SONNE, la famille BOURENNANE et la famille ZDEK pour leur aide inestimable, pour toutes ces heures passer de travail acharné, je leur en suis infiniment reconnaissante. J’exprime mes plus vifs remerciements au responsable des laboratoires du Département de Biologie : M. Mustapha HADJOUDJA, et aux ingénieures de laboratoires : M. Mohamed CHETITHA, Melle Fatima Zohra AOUISSI et Melle Sihem DANDEN d’avoir mis à mon entière disposition le matériel nécessaire à la réalisation de ce travail. Pour terminer, je souhaite remercier ma famille. Plus particulièrement, merci à mes parents, sans qui je n’aurais pas pu en arriver là, sans oublier Khalti Fatima. Je remercie également, Mon cher frère Abdelkader, son épouse Iman et mes chères sœurs Iman, soumia, Fatima Zahra et Khadîdja. Un grand merci à toutes les personnes qui m’ont soutenu de près ou de loin au cours de la réalisation de ce travail. Merci à tous !!!! Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé au sein du laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentales et aux laboratoires du département de biologie (Université Amar Telidji, Laghouat). De plus, plusieurs séjours scientifiques effectués au sein de l’Equipe des Mycotoxines de Fusarium, de l’Unité Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (INRA de Bordeaux-Aquitaine, France) nous ont permis d’entreprendre des travaux fructueux. Résumé Les extraits de plantes sont connus depuis longtemps comme agents antifongiques. Cependant, leur utilisation comme préservateurs des céréales a été rarement rapportée. Ce travail a pour objectif l'étude de la variabilité chimique, l'activité antifongique ainsi que l’activité antimycotoxinogène des huiles essentielles de Rhanterium adpressum, vis-à-vis de quatre champignons mycotoxinogènes du genre Fusarium. L’échantillonnage a été fait dans quatre localités différentes (échantillonnage dans l’espace) et chaque trois mois, pendant trois ans (échantillonnage dans le temps). Les huiles essentielles des feuilles et des fleurs ont été obtenues, séparément, par hydrodistillation. L’analyse (CG/SM) a révélé trente-six constituants chimiques, au total, répartis en quatre classes de composés chimiques ; avec des pourcentages variables, selon le mois d'extraction. Dans ces huiles essentielles, les hydrocarbures monoterpéniques forment la principale classe et, dans les échantillons collectés le mois de mai, les composés oxygénés présentent les pourcentages les plus élevés. L’ACP et l’AHC ont mis en évidence trois classes chimiques dans l’ensemble des échantillons d’HE. Le pouvoir antifongique des HE des feuilles et des fleurs a été évalué par la méthode de contact direct, en milieux solide et liquide. Cependant, L'effet de ces HE sur le la production de trichothécènes de type B (TCTB) a été évaluée, en milieu liquide, par UPLC. L’activité antifongique et antimycotoxinogène des composés antifongiques bioactifs volatils (α-Pinène, β-Myrcène, Limonène, Géraniol et Linalool) ont été également évaluées sur les deux types de milieux et comparés à l’activité de l’HE. Les résultats des activités ont montré que l'extrait des fleurs présente une activité antifongique forte ; avec des concentrations intéressantes de CI50 et CMI, sur les deux milieux. Cette activité pourrait être attribuée à leur composition, relativement élevée, de monoterpènes oxygénés. De plus, d’un effet inhibiteur significatif, des deux extraits d’HE, sur la production de TCTB, l’inhibition était de 66 à 97 et 76 à 100 % de FX pour 3-ADON et 15-ADON, respectivement.
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