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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submiUed. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages. these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed. a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left·hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sedions with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6"' x 9" black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Raad, Ann Arbori MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 • Northern Periphery: Long-Term Inuit-European and -Euroamerlcan Intersocietal Interaction in the Central Canadian Arctic Donald S. Johnson Department of Anthropology, McGl1i University, Montreal. May, 1999 • A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. Copyright © Donald S. Johnson, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre réferenœ Ourfile Notre référence The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Lihrary ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts frOID it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may he printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSlon. autorisation. 0-612-54995-X Canada • ABSTRACT This study examines long...term Inuit ... European and ... Euroamerican intersocietal interaction in the central Canadian Arctic. This geographical area encompasses the traditional ranges of the contiguous Copper, Netsilik and Iglulik Inuit societies. Specifically, the study analyzes and discusses changes in intra- and intergroup material trade networks and social relations resulting from indirect and direct contact with the developing capitalist world...system. Through the application of world ...system theory and methodology, it is shown that indirect contact in the form of the acquisition of material trade items was a graduai, though constant, process that had a considerable impact on the cultural development of these societies. Both indirect and direct contact were greatly accelerated during the 19th century, increasing the rate of cultural change, and, by the early 20th century, ultimately culminating in the articulation of the • Copper, Netsilik and Iglulik Inuit societies within the modern capitalist world... system. RESUME Cette étude fait l'analyse de l'interaction à long terme entre les sociétés Inuit-Européene et ...Euroaméricaine dans la région centrale de l'Arctique Canadienne. Cette région géographique est comprise d'une diversité traditionelle de sociétés Inuit et contiquës de Copper, Netsilik et Iglulik. En particular, l'étude examine et discute les changements dans les réseaux de commerce matérial et les relations sociales entre les groups, et à l'intérieur de e· ii ces derniers, resultant de contacts indirects et directs avec le système mondial • qui était dévéloppant et capitaliste. A cause de l'application de la théorie et la méthodologie du système mondial, il sera démontré que le contact indirect dans la forme de l'acquisition des articles de commerce matérial était un processus graduel, tout de même constant, qui a eu un impact considérable sur le dévéloppement cultural de ces sociétés. Les contacts indirects et directs, les deux, étaient beaucoup accélérés pendant le 19~ siècle, précipitant le changement culturel, et culminant finalement dans l'articulation des sociétés Inuit de Copper, Netsilik et Iglulik dans le système mondial qui était capitaliste et moderne au debut du 2~siècle. • • Hi • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1am deeply grateful to the members of my academic committee, Dr. James M. Savetle, Dr. George W. Wenzel and Dr. Michael S. Bisson for theïr time, counsel and support. In particular, 1owe a deep debt of gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Dr. James SaveIle, for his astute assistance in ail aspects of my academic lite. Dr. Savelle's knowledge, enthusiastic direction and stellar supervision have been integral te my understanding of contact and intersocietal interaction and to the preparation of this thesis. His kindness, effort and friendship eased my retum to academe after an absence of many years, and made the experience not only highly enjoyable, but profoundly satistying. Dr. George Wenzel has been a mentor and friend whose knowledge of the Arctic and Inuit societies has been of inestimable importance. 1 profited enormously from Dr. Wenzel's "Great Books of the Northft seminar and tram many stimulating conversations, especially those which drew on his expertise of Inuit sharing and kinship systems. • 1also wish ta thank Dr. Michael Bisson, who took time a very busy tram schedule to serve on my committee, and whose comments have been highly valued. Dr. Bruce G. Trigger's seminar on archaeological the6ry, writings and many perceptive comments were extre":lely helptul and often inspirationaf. 1am also grateful ta Dr. Toby Morantz for her insighttul comments. Although 1have yet ta make his acquaintance, Dr. Trevor Max Friesen played a salient raie in the writing of this thesis. His Periphery as Centre: Long-term Patterns of IntersocietaJ Interaction served as my personal "ancher ta windward" in understanding world-system theory and it's application to precapitalist societies. Thanks are also due to Professer Immanuel Wallerstein, Fernand Braudel Center, Binghamton University, New York and Dr. Aron L. Crowell, Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, Anchorage, Alaska for their cagent comments and encouragement. 1was fortunate, too, in receiving • iv valuable insights and several critical observations from my fellow graduate student and close friend, Yongwook-Luc Yoo, whose many kindnesses are too • numerous to number. 1would like ta thank Sue Rundfe of Manchester, Vermont for her translating skills, John Conte and Tim Morton of Advanced Imaging, Manchester, Vermont, for their assistance in the preparation of maps, and Richard Nantelof Montreal for his mathematical expertise. Rose Marie Stano, Administrative Assistant, and the staff of the Department of Anthropology, McGiIl University, as weil as the staff of the McLennan Library, McGili University, alsa assisted me on innumerable occasions. 1also wish ta pay tribute ta several individuals who have been steadfast in their support over the years: Mr. Morris Buske, Oak Park, Illinois, Dr. Charles Houston, M.O., "kindred idealist", Burlington, Vermont, my mother, Gloria Johnson of Chicago, Illinois and my godmother, Anita Stewart, of Prospect Heights, Illinois. • My return ta University, and the writing of this thesis, could not have been accomplished without the love, constant encouragement and strong support of my wife Alanna (also a superb editor), daughter Guinevere, and son Gunnar. This thesis is dedicated ta the memoryofmybelovecJ father, Carl Gunnar Johnson, 1921-1997. UFartitudine Vincimus" • v • Table of Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements......... iv Ust of Rgures. vii Ust of Tables.............................................. viii 1. Introduction _...................................... 1 TheoreticaJ Background.............. 5 Theoretical Framework....... 6 2. Methodology and Predictions '.' - 10 Classification SystemlChronology for the Process of Incorporation in this Study . 14 Culture History, Process of Incorporation, and Predictions . 15 Incidental Zone . 15 Early Contact Periphery . 16 Late Contact Periphery . 17 Marginal Periphery . 19 Dependent Periphery . 20 • 3. Incidental Zone - Discussion........................ 21 4. Early Contact Periphery - Discussion................................................. 26 5. Late Contact Periphery - Discussion.......... 31 Whaling: The Period 1820 - 1880................ 35 Inuit - Expedition COntact.... 40 Expeditions: The Period 1820 - 1839.......................................... 46 Expeditions: The Period 1845 - 1860.........................................
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