Causes, Effects and Solutions of Operational Problems in Wastewater Systems Due to Nonwoven Wet Wipes

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Causes, Effects and Solutions of Operational Problems in Wastewater Systems Due to Nonwoven Wet Wipes Causes, effects and solutions of operational problems in wastewater systems due to nonwoven wet wipes vorgelegt von Raja-Louisa Mitchell, M.Sc. von der Fakultät V – Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Henning J. Meyer Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Paul Uwe Thamsen Gutachter: Prof. Sveinung Sægrov Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 18.10.2019 Berlin 2019 Abstract Abstract Operational problems due to sewer system incompatible nonwoven wipes in wastewater systems affect nearly all wastewater system operators in regions where nonwoven wipes are used as convenience products. They disrupt the operation of the critical infrastructure, cause equipment failures, and large additional expenditures. To date, however, there is no agreement as to which nonwoven wet wipes are the source of the problems (those sold as “flushable” or those designated for a disposal via the household waste). The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of nonwoven wet wipes in sewer systems, focussing on the sewer system compatibility of different types of nonwoven wet wipes. The distinction between “non-flushable” wet wipes and those marketed as “flushable” was of particular interest. For this reason, a survey among wastewater system operators and among the users of nonwoven wet wipes was conducted, field experiments were performed in a pumping station, and the clogging effect of different nonwoven wipes was investigated in the laboratory. Occurrence, location, type, and financial impacts of the operational problems due to sewer system incompatible nonwoven wipes could be identified. The requirements of the wastewater system operators regarding flushability criteria were also determined. It was shown that wipes are primarily used by young parents and that baby wipes are most frequently wrongly disposed of via the toilet. A general interest of the public for the issue of sewer system compatibility of flushable nonwoven wipes could be determined, as well as a willingness to pay more for truly sewer system safe wipes. The results of the field investigation showed that non-flushable wipes designated for disposal via the household waste were the main cause for the pump blockages. However, a significant amount of nonwoven wipes sold as flushable could also be identified in the clogging material. The results from the laboratory investigations confirmed the clogging behaviour of the non-flushable wipes, which was previously indicated by findings from the field and experiences from wastewater system operators. The results also suggest that flushable nonwoven wipes, which meet the flushability criteria of the industry associations of the nonwovens industry, are compatible with wastewater pumps. In contrast, non-compliant flushable nonwoven wipes were shown to have a clear adverse effect on the pump, even at low concentrations. Overall, the results of this study give an important insight into wipe-related operational problems and can be used to identify suitable solutions. I Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Betriebsprobleme durch Vliestücher in Abwassersystemen betreffen nahezu alle Abwassersystembetreiber in Regionen, in denen Vliestuchprodukte genutzt werden. Sie stören den Betrieb der kritischen Infrastruktur und verursachen hohe Mehraufwendungen. Bislang konnte jedoch nicht festgestellt werden, welche Vliestücher ursächlich für die Probleme sind (solche, die als „spülbar“ verkauft werden oder die, die für die Entsorgung über den Hausmüll bestimmt sind). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen von Vliestüchern in Abwassersystemen zu untersuchen. Von besonderem Interesse war dabei die Unterscheidung zwischen "nicht spülbaren" Vliestüchern und solchen, die als "spülbar" vermarktet werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde jeweils eine Befragung der Abwassersystembetreiber und der Anwender von Vliestüchern durchgeführt. Außerdem wurden in einer Pumpstation Pumpenverstopfungen untersucht und im Labor die Verstopfungswirkung verschiedener Vliestücher analysiert. Vorkommen, Ort, Art und finanzielle Auswirkungen der Betriebsprobleme durch nicht abwassersystemverträgliche Vliestücher konnten identifiziert werden. Auch die Anforderungen der Abwassersystembetreiber an Spülbarkeitskriterien konnten ermittelt werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vliestücher vor allem von jungen Eltern verwendet werden und dass Babytücher am häufigsten falsch über die Toilette entsorgt werden. Ebenso konnte ein allgemeines Interesse der Öffentlichkeit an abwassersystemverträglichen Vliestüchern festgestellt werden sowie die Bereitschaft, mehr für solche Tücher zu zahlen. Die Ergebnisse der Felduntersuchung zeigten, dass nicht-spülbare Tücher, die für die Entsorgung über den Hausmüll vorgesehen sind, die Hauptursache für die Pumpenverstopfung waren. Jedoch wurde auch eine signifikante Menge von als spülbar verkauften Vliestüchern im Verstopfungsmaterial identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse der Laboruntersuchungen bestätigten das Verstopfungsverhalten der nicht-spülbaren Vliestücher, was zuvor durch Erkenntnisse aus der Praxis und Erfahrungen der Abwassersystembetreiber indiziert wurde. Die Ergebnisse deuten jedoch auch darauf hin, dass als spülbar verkaufte Vliestücher, die die Spülbarkeitskriterien der Industrieverbände der Vliestuchhersteller erfüllen, verträglich für Abwasserpumpen sind. Hingegen beeinträchtigen nicht konforme spülbare Vliestücher die Pumpe auch bei niedrigen Konzentrationen deutlich. Insgesamt geben die Ergebnisse dieser Studie einen wichtigen Einblick in Betriebsprobleme durch nicht abwassersystemverträgliche Vliestücher und können zur Ermittlung geeigneter Lösungsstrategien herangezogen werden. II Acknowledgements Acknowledgements My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Paul Uwe Thamsen. Thank you for welcoming me to the Chair of Fluid System Dynamics, your motivation and trust, and especially the freedom you gave me in my research. I would also like to express my thanks to my co-supervisor Prof. Sveinung Sægrov of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU. Your guidance was a great help for me in writing this thesis. I also learnt a lot from you through our cooperation over the last years. I am grateful to all past and current colleagues at the Chair of Fluid System Dynamics I had the pleasure of working with, especially to Susanne Busche. Thank you all for your openness, support, and the cooperative work environment. Moreover, I would like to thank the members of the DWA working group ES-7.8 Störstoffe in Entwässerungssystemen for their support and for our ongoing discussions on flushability. A big thank you also goes out to all the participants of the online surveys, without whom such interesting results could not have been collected. Finally, I am most deeply indebted to my wonderful workmate and lifemate, Michael. Without you this would not have been possible. Raja-Louisa Mitchell Technische Universität Berlin, October 2019 III Acknowledgements IV Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................... I Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................ II Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... III Table of Contents ............................................................................................... V List of Figures ................................................................................................. VIII List of Tables .................................................................................................... XII Terminology ..................................................................................................... XIII Terms and definitions .................................................................................... XIII Abbreviations ................................................................................................ XIV Symbols ........................................................................................................ XVI Latin symbols ............................................................................................ XVI Greek symbols .......................................................................................... XVI Currency symbols ..................................................................................... XVI 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aims and approach ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................ 4 1.4 Thesis structure ...................................................................................... 4 2 Technical background ................................................................................ 5 2.1 Nonwoven fabrics ................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Manufacturing of nonwovens .............................................................. 6 2.1.2
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