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Effect of the Pest Marchalina Hellenica Gennadius (Homoptera, Margarodidae) on the Growth Parameters of Pinus Brutia Ten

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Effect of the Pest Marchalina Hellenica Gennadius (Homoptera, Margarodidae) on the Growth Parameters of Pinus Brutia Ten ·· •:•t i'Jo POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 53 3 451-458 2005 \ (PoL J. EcoL) Short research contribution Ahmet Behzat GÜRKAN2, Ömer 1 Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Management Planning 80895 Bahçeköy-Istanbul, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology 06532 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey 3 Istanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Yields and Biometry 80895 Bahçeköy-Istanbul, Turkey 4 Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Forestry Department ofForest Management Planning, 81623 Konuralp-Düzce, Turkey EFFECT OF THE PEST MARCHALINA HELLENICA GENNADIUS (HOMOPTERA, MARGARODIDAE) ON THE GROWTH PARAMETERS OF PINUS BRUTIA TEN. IN REGION (TURKEY) ABSTRACT: Marchalina hellenica Genna'- Pinus brutia is distributed mainly across dius is a common pest prevalent in Pinus brutia Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Crete, Syria and Leb- Ten. forests in prq_vince of Mediterranean anon (Lev- Yad un 2000). With a total area Region ofTurkey (28°20'03"E; 3T 12'18"N). The of 3.73 million hectares in Turkey, Pinus bru- pest is known to suck sap from a number of pine tia is an important commercial tree species tree species, especially Pinus brutia. The goal of covering nearly 18% of forested area in the this research is to determine whether the pest country (Mayer-Aksoy 1986, Asan 1999, has a negative impact on the volume increments Konukcu 2001). The species is distributed of Pinus brutia trees and forests. Two areas with identical site conditions are selected far study: across various altitudes from sea level to 1300 one non-infested and one infested with Marcha- m. Wood and resin obtained from Pinus bru- lina hellenica. The effects of site quality and age tia is used for a range of purposes in Turkey on the sampled trees have been eliminated. The (Bozkurt-Göker 1981). The species is alsa diameter at breast height, basa! area (the the host for Marchalina hellenica Gennadius cross-sectional area ofa tree at breast height) and (Homoptera, Margarodidae), which produc- the increment of tree volume are determined es the honeydew used for honey production separately far both study areas. A t-test applied in the southwestern parts of Turkey. to volume increments of both infested and non- Marchalina hellenica mainly infest pine infested trees of ali ages proves that infestation trees, including halepensis Mill., Pinus causes significant negative impacts on trees be- brutia , Pinus silvestris L. and Pinus pinea L. tween the ages of 40 and 80 years. The greatest loss of increment in single trees is 2.0% (of the ( G o una r i et al. 2002). Furthermore, it was volume of non-infested tree) which occurs at the concluded in a study conducted in Greece age of 70 years old. When considering the entire that this pest also infests Abies cephalonica stand, rhe greatest loss of increment is 3.4% (of Loud. trees (Bacandritsos 2002). The the volume of non-infested stan<l) which occurs range of the pest is limited to Turkey and at the age of approximately 45 years. Greece (Selmi 1983). While Marchalina hellenica is a pest KEY Gen- known to suck sap from trees in pine for- nadius, Pinus brutia Ten., tree growth, volume ests, especially Pinus no research 1 increment has been conducted into the harmful effects 452 Ahmet et al. of the pest on Pinus brutia trees or forests ditions prevail during summer (7 months) 1998). Other harmful (Atalay 2002). The average annual temper- fungi, parasites or pests can alsa negatively ature in is 14.9°C. The highest average impact on the expected correlation between monthly temperature is 40°C in July, while age and increment, in a similar manner. the lowest one is in January. However, Pinus brutia forests are distributed from it may rarely decrease to -8°C. The average sea level to 1300 meters, with single trees of- annual rainfall in the region is 1196 ten settling in elevations up to 1500 meters. mm, with a considerable amount of this pre- Pinus brutia forests are widely distributed cipitation taking place in winter and spring over Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of (Fig. 2) (Atalay 2002). Turkey 1976, Baydak 2004). üne of the study plots is located within an Marchalina hellenica mainly infests the Pinus infested Pinus brutia stand situated at an alti- brutia forests within the borders of Regional tude of 790 m, while the other plot is located in Directorate of Forestry in The vegeta- a non-infested stand at an altitude of 900 m. tion in region mainly consists of Pinus The two study plots display many simi- brutia, maquis and garig vegetation, as well larities in terms of site conditions ( climate, as Quercus cerris L., Castenea sativa Mill. and soil, altitude, relief and exposure) site quality Pinus nigra Arn. in areas higher than 1000 m. (a measure of the relative productive capac- The goal of this study is to determine ity ofa site) and stand features (Table 1) ob- whether the pest living on Pinus brutia in tained from topographical and management the region of Turkey (28°20'03"E; maps (scale of 1:25 000); 31 sample trees 37° 12' 18"N) has a negative impact on the were measured in the infested study plot and diameter at breast height, basal area and ~s- 30 sample trees were measured in the non- pecially the volume incr'ements of trees and infested plot. forests. Two areas with similar site condi- Using a caliper, the diameter at breast tions and area (2592' and 2855 m 2 ), one of height (DBH) was measured by averaging which is infested and the other is infestation two measurements far all sample trees in free, were taken as study plots. both plots. The study areas were located in the The height of 15 trees in different diameter Province of the Southern Aegean Re- classes was measured and the increment cores gion, Turkey (Fig. 1). from the breast height of all trees were taken. Temperate and rainy conditions occurs The annual ring width of increment cores was in winter (5 months), warm and arid can- measured with a precision of O.Ol mm. ITRI 40 Fig. 1. Location of study area of Pinus brutia forests in region (Turkey). Effect of Marchalina hellenica on the growth parameters of Pinus brutia 453 and NS = non-significant) and volume of trees (tH = 0.525N5) were not significant at 5% level (P> 0.05). There is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and therefore the sample plots represent the same popula- tion according to diameter at breast height and volume (Table 1). Figure 3 shows the development trend of diameter increment according to age. As displayed in the graph in Figure3, there is a greater difference between diameter incre- ments for older trees in infested and non-in- Fig. 2. The average monthly rainfall and tempera- fested areas than for younger trees. ture in region (Atalay 2002). The sectional area increment (the cross sectional area increment of the tree at any The number of annual rings of the in- point along the stem) at soil level reaches crement cores taken from the breast height its maximum value some years after the tree of the trees was considered to be the age of reaches the maximum diameter increment. the sample trees at breast height. The aver- As the tree is usually taller than 1.3 m at the age value of the tree age at breast height is age it reaches the maximum value, the maxi- shown in Table 1, together with other rel- mum point of bas al area increment curve can evant parameters. The following parameters be observed in the Figure 4. were calculated: mean diameter at breast :: The correlation between age and volume height (DBH), mean height and· mean vol- increment reaches the maximum value at an ume of trees of study plots, mean hasal area age older than for the correlation between (the . area of a' tree at breast age and basa! area increment; it is also seen height) and mean volume of stand, and stand asa bell-shaped curve with the volume incre- form factor and stand density factor. The ments at all ages (Fig. 5) t-test showed that the values of breast diame- The correlation between the age and ter (tH = 0.853N5, where, tH = calculated t value height increment is similar to the volume in- Table 1. Selected characters of Pinus brutia stand on infested and non-infested region (Turkey). Characteristics of stands Infested Non-infested Mean breast diameter of trees (cm) 49.59 52.89 Mean height of trees (m) 21.21 21.14 Mean volume of trees (m3 ) 1.745 1.981 Number of sample trees 31 30 Size of the study plot (m2 ) 2592 2855 Number of trees (ind. ha-1) 120 105 Mean basa! area of stand (m2 ha-1) 23.10 23.09 Mean volume of stand (m3 ha-1) 208.696 208.161 Stand form factor 1 0.426 0.428 Stand density factor 2 0.766 0.757 Average tree age (years at breast height) 85 75 Relief and slope status (%) Upper slope. 3-5% Upper slope. 6-9% 1 The ratio of the stand volume to cylinder volume of the same diameter and height. 2 The ratio of tree stocking assessed by coniparison with yield table 454 Ahmet et al. crement and generally reaches the maximum tively, it is believed that the increment values value at an age younger than in the corre- will be distributed normally around the av- lation between age and volume increment erage value. Diameter at breast height, hasal 1984, 2004).
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