Survival Blueprint Pearl Coral 2015
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Pearl Bubble Coral, Physogyra lichtensteini Philippines Compiler: Grace Quiton-Domingo Contributors: Grace Quiton-Domingo, Gregorio E. dela Rosa, Jr. Suggested citation: Quiton-Domingo, G., Dela Rosa, G. 2015. A Survival Blueprint for the Pearl Bubble Coral,. Physogyra lichtensteini. Compilation from the project: Conserving Philippines’ EDGE coral reefs in Silago and Hinunangan, Southern Leyte, Philippines 1. STATUS REVIEW Phylum: Cnidaria 1.1 Taxonomy: Class: Anthozoa Species: Physogyra lichtensteini Order: Scleractinea Common names English: Pearl bubble coral, Tipped bubblegum coral Family: Euphyllidae Genus: Physogyra 1.2 Distribution and population status: 1.2.1 Global distribution: This species can be found in the Indian and Pacific oceans, from Mozambique and the Red Sea to southern Japan, northern Australia and Fiji. It is native species of Saudi Arabia; Australia; Bahrain; Burma; Comoros; Egypt; United Arab Emirates; Eritrea; Philippines; Fiji; Guam; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Japan; Jordan; Kenya; Kiribati; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Northern Mariana Islands; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia; Mozambique; Nauru; New Caledonia; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Qatar; meeting; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan (China); Tanzania; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; Wallis and Futuna; Yemen and Yibuti. (Turak and Wood 2014). 1.2.2 Local distribution: Population Region / Level of Country Site size Reference(s) Notes province Protection (colonies) Research report of EDGE Marine Protected Brgy. San Juan, Community- Quiton- 3 Area (MPA) Hinunangan conserved area Domingo 2012 survey in Hinunangan and Silago, Southern Leyte Research report of EDGE MPA Brgy. Calag-itan Community- Quiton- survey in 2 Hinunangan conserved area Domingo 2012 Hinunangan and Silago, Southern Southern Leyte Leyte Research report of EDGE MPA Brgy. Sudmon, Community- Quiton- survey in 4 Silago conserved area Domingo 2012 Hinunangan and Silago, Southern Philippines Leyte Research report of EDGE MPA Brgy. Mercedes, Community- Quiton- survey in 1 Silago conserved area Domingo 2012 Hinunangan and Silago, Southern Leyte Philippine Ilocos Sur Sta. Maria 1 National Collections Museum dela Rosa, Ikulong Island, Curnick & Brgy. Aluyon, 12 Koldewey (in Burdeos press) dela Rosa, Brgy. Palasan, Curnick & 1 Quezon Burdeos Koldewey (in press) dela Rosa, Anawan Island, Curnick & Brgy. Carlagan, 1 Koldewey (in Burdeos press) Population Region / Level of Country Site size Reference(s) Notes province Protection (colonies) dela Rosa, Malaguinoan Maliit Island, Curnick & 2 Brgy. Calutcot, Koldewey (in Burdeos press) dela Rosa, Maragakdak MPA, Brgy. Community- Curnick & 3 Calutcot, conserved area Koldewey (in Burdeos press) dela Rosa, Gumian, Brgy. Curnick & Aluyon, 3 Koldewey (in Burdeos press) dela Rosa, Kabalwa Island, Curnick & Quezon Brgy. Aluyon, 1 Koldewey (in Burdeos press) Lawis, Brgy. dela Rosa, GE. (personal Palasa, 2 Jr. observations) Burdeos Binunbunan Island, Brgy. dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 San Rafael, Jr. observations) Burdeos Katakian, dela Rosa, GE. (personal Philippines 2 Patnanungan Jr. observations) Brgy. Philippine Villahesus, 1 National Collections Alabat Museum Philippine Brgy. Balungay, 1 National Collections Alabat Museum Hugom Marine Community- 2 dela Rosa, GE. (personal Sanctuary, San conserved area Jr. observations) Juan Laiya Aplaya, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Batangas San Juan Jr. observations) Baluarte, San dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 Juan Jr. observations) Laiya Ibabao, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 San Juan Jr. observations) Matabao Marine Community- dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Protected Area conserved area Jr. observations) Bilangbilangan Community- dela Rosa, GE. (personal Marine 1 conserved area Jr. observations) Protected Area Bohol Takot Babag, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Talibon Jr. observations) Mono-mono, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Talibon Jr. observations) Canmongo, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 Talibon Jr. observations) Population Region / Level of Country Site size Reference(s) Notes province Protection (colonies) Brgy. Mahanay, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Talibon Jr. observations) dela Rosa, GE. (personal Putik, Jetafe 1 Bohol Jr. observations) Brgy. Campao dela Rosa, GE. (personal Occidental, 1 Jr. observations) Jetafe Brgy. Capadan, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 Cortes Jr. observations) Philippines Surigao del Brgy. Nurcia, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Sur Lanuza Jr. observations) Brgy. Madrileno, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Cortes Jr. observations) Snake Island, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 1 Puerto Princesa Jr. observations) Pandan Island, dela Rosa, GE. (personal Palawan 1 Puerto Princesa Jr. observations) Meara Island, dela Rosa, GE. (personal 2 Puerto Princesa Jr. observations) 1.3 Protection status: Pearl bubble corals are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of threatened species and is listed on Appendix II of CITES. In the Philippines, pearl bubble corals and other scleractinians are protected under Republic Act 8550 and the Fisheries Code of 1998. In addition, all wildlife, including scleractinian corals and its by-products and derivatives, are allowed for collection only for scientific, breeding or propagation purposes under Republic Act 9147 or the Wildlife Act of 2001 and the National Integrated Protected Areas System of 1992 or Republic Act 7586. Corals also protected under local legislation in the 1,827 marine protected areas all over the Philippines. 1.4 Habitat and resource assessment: Physogyra lichtensteini favors turbid, shallow waters within 1-20m depth. They are commonly found in protected areas such as crevices and overhangs. 1.5 Biology and ecology: Pearl bubble coral is a colonial, stony species that form massive colonies bubble-like appearance—thus its common name. Colonies can reach 3 meters in length. During the day, the surface of the colony has a pale grey, almost white colour and adorned with many small, spherical, fleshy vesicles that look like small grapes. The vesicles can either be smooth and rounded like a bubble (or fork-shaped with tiny bumps) which will retract when disturbed. At night, the species extends thick fleshy tentacles in order to catch food suspended in surrounding waters (Turak and Wood 2014; Veron 1986). The structure of P.lichtensteini colonies are ideal for small crustaceans such as shrimp to live. The spaces between the individual vesicles are used by shrimps as hiding places from larger predators. Species associated with the Pearl bubble coral include Commensal shrimp such as Vir philippinesis (bubble coral shrimp), crabs such as Achaeus japonicus (orang-utan crab) and Hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata. Physogyra lichtensteini are gonochoristic - they release either sperm or eggs into the water where fertilization occurs (Veron 1986). Spawning occurs after sunset a few days after a full moon in late spring. 1.6 Threat analysis: Pearl bubble corals are heavily harvested for the aquarium and live coral trade. According to IUCN, 11,000 specimens were allowed to be extracted annually from the wild as of 2012. Indonesia is the largest exporter of this species with an annual quota of 10,500 pieces as of 2005. The population decline of this species is linked to general stressors of the coral reefs in the world. P.lichtensteini, like most corals, is severely threatened by destructive fishing, deforestation, pollution and other anthropogenic stressors. Climate change, coral diseases, bleaching (Carpenter et al. 2008, Burke et al. 2011), ocean acidification and extreme weather conditions caused by ENSO events and storms further threaten this species. THREATS Priority Anthropogenic Overfishing Unsustainable collection for aquarium and live fish trade Illegal fishing methods (cyanide and dynamite) Poaching in marine protected areas Improper waste disposal and no recycling of wastes Sedimentation Weak management capacity of local government and community Natural Coral bleaching Crown-of-Thorns 1.7 Stakeholder analysis: Current Proposed Country Stakeholder Interest Impact Intensity activities activities Submit US AID Development Funder + Low proposals Submit GIZ Development Funder + Low proposals Submit UNDP-GEF Development Funder + Medium proposals Conservation Conservation Practitioners + High Collaborate International Zoological Society Conservation Practitioners + High Collaborate of London International Coral Cay Conservation Conservation Practitioners + High Collaborate Foundation Conservation Oceana & law Practitioners + High Collaborate enforcement World Wildlife Fund Conservation Practitioners + High Collaborate Fauna and Flora Conservation Practitioners + High Collaborate International California Academy Research Research + Low Collaborate of Sciences Asian Development Submit Regional Development Funder + Medium Bank proposals Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, + Critical Collaborate of Burdeos resource manager Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, - Critical Collaborate of Patnanungan resource manager Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, + Critical Collaborate of Polillo resource Philippines manager Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, + Critical Collaborate of Jomalig resource manager Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, + Critical Collaborate of Panukulan resource manager Conservation, law Local government Government enforcement, - Critical Collaborate of Mauban resource manager Current