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Estimation of the Mean Tree Height of Forest Stands by Photogrammetric Measurement Using Digital Aerial Images of High Spatial Resolution

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Estimation of the Mean Tree Height of Forest Stands by Photogrammetric Measurement Using Digital Aerial Images of High Spatial Resolution Ann. For. Res. 58(1): _-_ 2015 ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH www.afrjournal.org Estimation of the mean tree height of forest stands by photogrammetric measurement using digital aerial images of high spatial resolution I. Balenović, A. Seletković, R. Pernar, A. Jazbec Balenović I., Seletković A., Pernar R., Jazbec A., 2015. Estimation of the mean tree height of forest stands by photogrammetric measurement using digital aerial images of high spatial resolution. Ann. For. Res. 58(1): _-_ 2015. Abstract. Tree height is one of the more fundamental measurements in forest inventories. In addition to classical field measurements, tree height may be estimated by remote sensing methods, such as by photogrammetric meas- urements of aerial images. Since it has been found and generally accepted that the extraction of forest and tree data from classical analogue aerial photographs has certain limitations, especially in the densely canopied for- ests, the usefulness of photogrammetric-based forest inventory in many countries remains a controversial issue. Therefore, this paper focuses on investigating the possibility of applying digital photogrammetric method to estimate mean stand height. Photogrammetric stereo-measurements of tree height were conducted on colour infrared images of high spatial resolu- tion (ground sample distance – GSD – of 30 cm and 10 cm) using a digital photogrammetric workstation. The height of each tree within 183 sample plots (14 subcompartments) were calculated as the difference between the tree top elevations determined with the aerial images and the correspond- ing tree bottom elevations determined from the digital terrain model. To compare the photogrammetric- and field-estimated mean stand heights, the mean plot heights were calculated for both photogrammetric and field esti- mates of tree heights. Repeated measurements using ANOVA testing did not reveal a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the field-esti- mated and photogrammetric-estimated mean stand heights using the 30 cm and 10 cm GSD digital aerial images. Deviations of the mean stand heights estimated using the images of both spatial resolutions were similar to the field-estimated heights. Using the 30 cm images the deviations of the pho- togrammetrically estimated mean stand height amounted to 0.35 m (1.59%) on average, whereas using the 10 cm images the deviations amounted to 0.31 m (1.41%) compared to the field estimation. Therefore, it can be con- cluded that the 30 cm GSD aerial images allow for the photogrammetric measurement of mean stand heights with accuracy similar to 10 cm GSD aerial images. In addition, 30 cm GSD aerial images are more favourable financially since the same area of interest could be covered with a consid- erably smaller number of images than of the 10 cm GSD aerial images. Keywords tree height, mean stand height, stereo-measurement, digital aerial images, digital photogrammetric workstation. 1 Ann. For. Res. 58(1): _-_, 2015 Research article Authors. Ivan Balenović ([email protected]) - Croatian Forest Research Insti- tute, Zagreb, Croatia; Ante Seletković, Renata Pernar, Anamarija Jazbec - Uni- versity of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Zagreb, Croatia. Manuscript received May 23, 2014; revised October 28, 2014; accepted January 01, 2015; online fi rst January 30, 2015. Introduction this process is the limited potential of identify- ing the bottom of a tree in densely canopied Tree height is an important variable for the stands if the terrain surface in the vicinity of quantitative description of trees and stands that the tree is not visible (Korpela 2004, Paine & can determine the site quality of a stand and Kiser 2012). Another reason for the limited estimate parameters such as: growing stock, practical application is related to the amount biomass, carbon stock, and stand growth, etc.. of manual processing required when using the There are a number of instruments and meth- classical photogrammetric methods (Balenović ods for estimating the height of standing trees. et al. 2010, Paine & Kiser 2012). Due to In addition to the classical fi eld methods, tree above-mentioned reasons it has been gener- and stand heights may also be estimated by re- ally accepted that the extraction of forest and mote sensing methods (van Laar & Akça 2007). tree data from classical analogue aerial photo- Widely used remote sensing methods for esti- graphs has certain limitations, especially in the mating tree heights include photogrammetric densely canopied forests. Therefore, except for measurements of aerial images and more re- the above-mentioned countries the usefulness cently LiDAR (light detection and ranging) of photogrammetric method for forest invento- technology. Estimating the height of an indi- ries remains a controversial issue (van Laar & vidual tree and mean stand height, which is Akça 2007). more common, by photogrammetric measure- However, advancements in computer tech- ments of stereo pairs using classical analogue nology in the 1980s and 1990s have enhanced aerial photographs from analogue or analytical the development of remote sensing methods stereo instruments (analogue and analytical and techniques. Over the past thirty years, pho- photogrammetry) has been studied by a number togrammetry has also crossed a developmental of authors (e.g., Worley & Landis 1954, Benko path from analogue and analytical to digital 1993, Næsset 1996, Kovats 1997, Anttila 1998, photogrammetry, which has replaced analogue Eid et al. 2004, Magnusson & Fransson 2005). aerial photographs and analogue and analyti- Aerial photographs and digital aerial images cal stereo instruments with digital aerial im- have become an integral part of forest inven- ages and digital photogrammetric workstations tories in a number of countries (e.g., Finland, (DPWs) (Magnusson et al. 2007, Linder 2009). Norway, Sweden, Canada) (Spencer & Hall Current digital aerial photogrammetric camer- 1988, Næsset 2002a, Magnusson et al. 2007, as make it possible to capture digital aerial im- Tuominen et al. 2014). ages of extremely high spatial resolution with During a photogrammetric stereo-meas- ground sampling distance (GSD) values of urement of analogue aerial photographs, tree only several centimetres (Sandau 2010). With height is determined by placing stereo mark- the application of DPWs, a number of photo- ers of the instrument on the top of the tree and grammetric processes, such as the creation of ground next to the tree and the elevation dif- digital terrain models (DTMs) or digital ortho- ference between the two markers is then calcu- photos, have generally become automated and lated as the height. The main disadvantage of the manipulation of aerial images has improved 2 Balenović et al. Estimation of the mean tree height of forest ... (Honkavaara et al. 2009, Lemmens 2011). the applied photogrammetric measurement The development of digital photogrammetry method is applicable in operational forest in- has motivated foresters to undertake numer- ventory. In addition, the spatial resolution (10 ous research activities related to its applica- cm GSD and 30 cm GSD) of the applied aerial tion in forestry services. Based on a review images was investigated to determine if it af- of the research on the applications of digital fects the accuracy of the obtained results and photogrammetric method in forest inventories, the extent of the effects. Furthermore, the pur- Benko & Balenović (2011) differentiated be- pose of this study was also to provide the pro- tween (i) manual methods (e.g., Korpela 2004, cedure to facilitate data collection in Croatia Magnusson et al. 2007, Balenović et al. 2011, and other countries where remote sensing 2012, Hoxha 2012, Ferdinent & Padmanaban methods are not an integral part of forest in- 2013); (ii) automated methods of photogram- ventory. metric measurement and interpretation of dig- ital aerial images using a computer or DPW (e.g., Næsset 2002a, Korpela 2004, Korpela & Material and methods Anttila 2004, Zagalikis et al. 2005, Bohlin et al. 2012). Disadvantages of manual methods, Study area such as the required expertise of the work- force, need for interpreters, increased time The research was conducted in a privately requirements, and subjectivity of interpreters owned forest in the management unit Donja (Meyer et al. 1996, Anttila 2005, Morgan et Kupčina - Pisarovina, which is located 25 km al. 2010), have made automated methods more south of Zagreb (Croatia). Covering the to- attractive and interesting for researchers (Ke tal area of 1152.77 ha, the management unit & Quackenbush 2011). However, automatic extends from 45°31’52’’ to 45°36’18’’ north methods are still lacking in terms of the ac- latitude and from 15°45’19’’ to 15°55’27’’ curacy of the results, such as when determin- east longitude (Transverse Mercator projec- ing trees species and estimating the elements tion, Bessel 1841 ellipsoid, Helmannskoegel in a stand structure, which limits the poten- datum). The study area for this research cov- tial of their operational (Hollaus et al. 2006, ers approximately 480 ha containing a total of Balenović et al. 2011). Furthermore, continual six compartments and fourteen sub-compart- progress in computer technology (DPWs) and ments. Multiple aerial surveys were required the development of user-friendly photogram- to collect the imagery utilized in this study metric software provide suffi cient reasons for (Figure 1). The altitude of the area ranges from further studies on the application of digital 100 to 160 m and slope from 0º
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