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Status of River Herring on the North Shore of Massachusetts Tim Purinton, Frances Doyle and Dr

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Status of River Herring on the North Shore of Massachusetts Tim Purinton, Frances Doyle and Dr H.L. Todd Vicky Boundy H.L. Todd H.L. Todd Status of River Herring on the North Shore of Massachusetts Tim Purinton, Frances Doyle and Dr. Robert D. Stevenson 2003 This report was funded by the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs – Massachusetts Watershed Initiative through the Riverways Programs of the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game formally the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Law Enforcement. 2 This project would not be possible if not for the hundreds of volunteers who counted fish in rain and sleet, dedicating hours of their time to the noble study of river herring. Special thanks to the staff of the City of Gloucester Water Filtration Plant, Byfield Water District and the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site for allowing their properties to be used by volunteers and staff for fish counting. The following Massachusetts rivers of the North Shore are covered under this report: the Merrimack, Parker, Little (Gloucester), Saugus and Ipswich Rivers as well Alewife Brook/Essex River in Essex. Other rivers like the Danvers River, the Egypt River (Ipswich) and the Mill River (Rowley), with known populations of river herring, were not covered under this report; a map of the rivers is found in Figure 2. This report is can be downloaded at the Eight Towns and the Bay Website: www.eighttowns.org or at www.riverherring.org. Copies can also be obtained by contacting Tim Purinton of Mass Audubon at (978) 927-1122 ext. 2704. 3 Table of Contents Section Page I. History of Volunteer Counts……………………………………………………………….…… 4 II. River Herring Natural History………………………………………………………………….. 5 III. Cultural Importance and Historical Significance…………………………………………….. 8 IV. Threats………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 V. Adult Spawning Run by Watershed………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 VI. Spawn Run Based on Habitat Size……………………………………………….…………. 14 VII. Restoration Priorities and Recommendations……………………………..………………………………………………. 15 Appendices A. Potential Alewife Spawning Habitat Per Watershed 1. Saugus River 2. Little River 3. Essex River/Alewife Brook 4. Ipswich River 5. Parker River B. Estimated Daily Count Totals 1. Essex River/Alewife Brook 2. Ipswich River 3. Little River 4. Parker River 5. Merrimack River 6. Saugus River 7. All Rivers C. Organizational Descriptions D. Relevant Online Resources E. Kenneth Reback and Joseph DiCarlo’s, Anadromous Fish Investigations Report F. Recent Press Coverage (hard copy only) 4 Executive Summary An expanding program of NGO-sponsored and citizen-based monitoring programs has collected data on the spring upstream spawning runs of river herring in the Great Marsh and the North Coastal Watershed, Essex County Massachusetts. Monitoring began with the Parker River in 1997 and now includes the Essex, Ipswich. Little and Saugus Rivers. After reviewing the biology and historic use of river herring, this report summarizes the data that have been collected. Despite some modest efforts at restoration, it appears that population levels are much below historic levels and well below the production capacity of the spawning habitats of the lakes and ponds of these river systems. More study is needed to determine the apparent decline of river herring. I. History of Volunteer Counts The Great Marsh Summit sponsored by the Massachusetts Audubon Society was convened in 1996 to discuss the status of the 20,000-acre Great Marsh ecosystem. The conference recommended that a Great Marsh anadromous fish restoration team be created. The recommendation was the result of data published in The Plum Island Sound/Rivers Ecosystem: Current Status and Future Management: Final Project Report of the Massachusetts Bays Program by Robert Buchsbaum, et al. (Buchsbaum et. al. 1997). The report executive summary stated, “Certain species of fish, most notably smelt and alewives, have declined in recent years. Pollution of spawning areas and deteriorating fishways are suspected of playing a significant role in these declines.” Figure 1. Degraded Fishway, Parker River The mission of this newly formed team was to work on the restoration of river herring runs that historically were abundant. This team included representatives from the Parker River Clean Water Association, Mass Audubon, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management and the Essex County Sportsman’s Association. In early 1997, this anadromous fish team identified a University of Massachusetts graduate student’s 1975 masters degree thesis entitled “Movement and Behavior of Adult Anadromous Alosa Pseudoharengus in the Parker River, Massachusetts.” In 1973 and 1974, as part of the thesis, James Beltz trapped and counted alewives during their runs at three of the fish ladders on the Parker River (Beltz 1975). A significant volume of data was developed on the age and size of the alewives that had returned to the river. This study used a count methodology that estimated total numbers of alewife based on 10-minute sample times. This methodology provided the basis for the contemporary counts started by the Parker River Clean Water Association in 1997 and standardized in 2002 for all the river systems except the Merrimack River, which is coordinated by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and based on actual, not estimated counts at the Essex Dam in Lawrence. The following four organizations are responsible for organizing the volunteer based river herring counts. The Parker River Clean Water Association organized the first volunteer fish count on the Parker River at the Central Street Dam in Byfield and later integrated counts at the Pentucket Pond Dam in Georgetown from 1997 to 2003. Mass Audubon and the Eight Towns and the Bay Committee co-organized the 2000 Little River 5 Alewife Count (funded by Riverways Programs) in Gloucester at the Water Filtration Plant and the 2001, 2002, and 2003 Essex River/ Alewife Brook count at Apple Street in Essex. Mass Audubon also organized the 2001-2003 Little River Alewife Count. The Ipswich River Watershed Association has organized a Herring Count/Watch on the Ipswich from 1999 to 2003 at the G.E. Sylvania Dam in downtown Ipswich. The Saugus River Watershed Council, with funding from this grant, started to monitor river herring in the spring of 2003 at the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site. Figure 2. Active Fish Count Rivers and Count Locations Merrimack River Essex Dam Central Street # Parker River # GE Sylvania Dam Ipswich River # Water Filtration Plant # # Apple Street Little River Essex River/Alewife Brook Saugus Iron Works # Saugus River II. Natural History of River Herring Typically, herring are small, streamlined, schooling “planktivores,” or plankton feeders. The nearly 200 true herring species in the family Clupeidae share several distinguishing characteristics. They are silvery fish with a single dorsal fin; no lateral line and a protruding bulldog-like lower jaw. There are two closely related migratory species both native to the eastern coast of North America. The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) occurs from Newfoundland to South Carolina and the blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) occurs from Nova Scotia to the St. John’s River in Florida. Because they are so difficult to distinguish from each other, they are collectively termed, “river herring”. 6 Streamlined for swimming, the river herring body is relatively deep and flattened laterally (side to side), with a distinctly forked tail (caudal fin). On their laterally compressed bodies are one short-based dorsal fin and a small triangular flap of skin at the base of the pelvic fin. The midline of the belly narrows to “knife-edged” thinness. The rear margin of scales along this rear belly edge is slightly elevated, forming a saw-toothed pattern. Nearly all external characteristics are indistinguishable, or greatly overlapping in the two species although there are very subtle differences in the scale patterns. The most reliable identifying characteristic is internal, therefore dissection is needed. The peritoneum or tissue lining of the body cavity is uniformly dark brown or blackish in the blueback, but gray or silvery with small dark spots in the alewife. Alewives have a larger eye than bluebacks. Misidentification between the two species may cause problem in identifying range and abundance. An example of this ambiguity is that there is some speculation that the fish counted in the Ipswich River may be bluebacks rather than alewives. Further study is needed to determine which species is using the fishway at the G.E. Sylvania dam. River herring are important to the ecology of the freshwater, estuarine and marine environment. They feed extensively on zooplankton as well as small insect and fish larvae. They have three different feeding methods: gulping, individual particulate feeding, and filtering. Gulping involves opening the mouth wider for larger objects, as opposed to particulate feeding. When filtering, the river herring leaves its mouth open and captures any zooplankton and other small organisms present in its feeding area. River herring are anadromous fish, living in saltwater and seasonally returning to the freshwaters of Massachusetts to spawn. Throughout most of the year they travel the coast in large schools, foraging. Then in the spring, they ascend coastal streams and rivers to spawn. Alewives continue up river towards ponds and lakes to spawn. As a rule, they spawn in slack water.
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