Epos Technology Focus
ELECTRICAL ENERGY Distributed (renewable)energysources(part1)
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EPOS TECHNOLOGY FOCUS Technologies for industrial processes July 2018 About the EPOS Technology Focus Within the scope of the EPOS project, extensive literature and market research reviews were performed in order to identify different technological, organisational, service and management solutions that could be applied to different industrial sites and clusters. The collected information will aid in establishing on-site and/or cross-sectorial industrial symbiosis opportunities; additionally, to enhance overall sustainability, performance and resource efficiency of different process industry sectors. Through the cooperation of project partners, a longlist of different technological options was created. Resource material for this list included: scientific articles, project reports, manufacturer’s documentation and datasheets.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Almost all of modern human activity is of the production lines. This results in either directly or indirectly dependent significant costs for the industry, not upon a reliable and quality supply only from the decreased productivity of electricity; this electricity is also a but also due to increased amounts of cornerstone of each energy intensive waste, “stand-by” of the workforce industrial sector. There are both and re-establishment of the production constant incentives and demands process. for more sustainable and green If the electricity supply is not of electricity generation and its efficient adequate quality (harmonic distortion, use in households and energy intensive voltage mitigation, voltage sags/ industrial sectors (e.g. steel industry). swells, flicker, etc.), there will also be There have been rapid developments an impact on industry; this may cause in the areas of renewable energy malfunctions. Additionally, accelerated sources, storage systems, and ageing of equipment can occur. In advanced monitoring and control order to avoid such issues, industries systems that can contribute to the must take care of proper power quality more effective use of electrical energy. conditioning. This is not only to protect These technological developments their own assets, but also to minimise should be integrated into the industrial the effects of industrial activities (e.g. environment. operation of arc furnaces) on the From an industrial perspective, a top quality of electricity supply of other priority is a reliable and quality supply of customers that also connect to the electrical energy. Any kind of (longer) electrical network. interruption can lead to the outage
DISTRIBUTED (RENEWABLE) ENERGY SOURCES
The following technologies relate to distributed (renewable) energy sources.
Dish Stirling Combined heat and power plant – cogeneration Combined cooling, heat and power – trigeneration Small/micro hydro power plant Micro-turbine Wind turbine Electrical vehicle charging infrastructure DISTRIBUTED (RENEWABLE) ENERGY SOURCES Technology 1: Dish Stirling
Using a large, reflective, parabolic dish, sunlight that strikes the dish is focused up onto a single point above the dish, where a receiver captures heat and transforms it into a useful form. Typically, the dish is coupled with a Stirling engine, but sometimes a steam engine is used. The engines create a rotational kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity using an electric generator. 1
Figure 1 Dish Stirling 1
Applicability Maturity United sun systems’ For the generation of electricity Commercial. solution. by the utilisation of solar thermal energy. Technology 2: Combined heat and power plant - cogeneration
The simultaneous generation of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy in one process. 2
Figure 2 Combined heat and power plant 2
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the simultaneous generation Commercial. CHP in chemical industry: of heat and electricity. It is Millennium Chemicals. especially suitable for plants with a significant heat demand at temperatures within the range of medium or low-pressure steam. Technology 3: Combined cooling, heat and power - trigeneration
The simultaneous conversion of a fuel into three useful energy products: electricity, hot water or steam and chilled water. A trigeneration system is a cogeneration system with an absorption chiller that uses some of the heat to produce chilled water. 2
Figure 3 Trigeneration 3
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Used in building air conditioning, Commercial. Cisco data centre heating during winter and cooling trigeneration. during summer or for heating in one area and cooling in another area. Technology 4: Small/micro hydro power plant
A hydraulic turbine converts the potential energy of water into kinetic energy/ mechanical work. The mechanical work is further transformed into electrical energy, using an electric generator. 4
Figure 4 Hydro power plant 4
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Generation of electricity by Commercial. Smart Hydro Power’s turbines. the exploitation of water’s hydro potential. It is usually implemented near small creeks or rivers. Technology 5: Micro-turbine
A combustion turbine that produces both heat and electricity on a relatively small scale. Typical outputs are from 25 kW to 1000 kW. Most micro-turbines are comprised of a compressor, combustor, turbine, alternator, recuperator, and generator. Different types of fuel can be used such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane or diesel. 5
Figure 5 Micro-turbine 5
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Generates electricity through the Commercial. Landfill gas-fired micro-turbines utilisation of different fuels (e.g. installed at the Jamacha gas obtained from a landfill). It Landfill in Spring Valley. usually provides services such as stand by power, power quality improvement, reduction of the peak demand, etc. Technology 6: Wind turbine
Converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical energy into electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and generates electricity. 6 7
Figure 6 Wind turbine 6
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Generates electricity through Commercial. Integration of small wind the utilisation of wind energy. It turbines into the urban areas. is suitable for windy areas with a constant wind speed. Technology 7: Power generation from osmosis
Electricity generation based on a semipermeable membrane, which separates two fluids with different salt concentrations. Salt ions travel through a membrane, until there is the same salt concentration in both fluids. Ions are simply atoms with electrical charges; the movement of the salt ions can be exploited to generate electricity. 8
Figure 7 Osmotic power plant 9
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Osmotic power plants can be Research stage, Statkraft porotype osmotic used to generate clean electricity. demonstration power plant, Norway. cases. Technology 8: Electrical vehicle charging infrastructure
For charging electric vehicles. The rapid growth of electric vehicles offers new opportunities for stable operation of the electric power system. The expected growth of electric vehicles will result in a significant impact on the future development of electrical networks. 10
Figure 8 Electrical vehicle charging infrastructure 11
Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Can be used as a support for the Commercial. Flemish living lab: electrical electrical networks via balancing vehicles. the variability of other energy resources. REFERENCES
1 “Project profile: Dish Stirling high-performance thermal storage,”[Online] .
2 “Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference documents (BREFs): Energy efficiency,” 2009. [Online].
3 “Tri-Generation,” [Online].
4 “Micro Hydro Power Plants,” [Online].
5 Barney L. Capehart, “Microturbines,” [Online].
6 “The inside of a wind turbine,” [Online].
7 “How do wind turbines work,” [Online].
8 “Electricity generated with water, salt and a 3 atoms thick membrane,” [Online].
9 “Ocean Energy: Global Technology Development Status,” [Online].
10 Hugo Morais, Tiago Sousa, Zita Vale, Pedro Faria, “Evaluation of the electric vehicle impact in the power demand curve in a smart grid environment,” Energy Conversion Management, vol. 82, pp. 268-282, 2014.
11 “Portland Airport Gets Record Number Of EV Charging Stations,” [Online]. All the EPOS TECHNOLOGY FOCUS Acts could be found on www.spire2030.eu/epos (Section Outcomes/Publications)
CREDITS Date July 2018 Authors Podbregar G.; Strmčnik B., Dodig V., Lagler B., Žertek A., Haddad C., Gélix F., Cacho J., Teixiera G., Borrut D., Taupin B., Maqbool A. S., Zwaenepoel B., Kantor I., Robineau J., all names in correct order (2017), G. Van Eetvelde and F. Maréchal and B.J. De Baets (Eds.) Technology market screen. Longlist of technical, engineering, service and management solutions for Industrial Symbiosis. Design CimArk This report is © EPOS. Reproduction is authorised provided the source (EPOS Technology Focus) is acknowledged.
CONTACT
Interested in this work? www.spire2030.eu/epos Please contact us at [email protected] @projectepos
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 679386. This work was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 15.0217. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government.