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Greek Theories on Eugenics David J Galton St Bartholomew's Hospital, London

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Greek Theories on Eugenics David J Galton St Bartholomew's Hospital, London Journal ofMedical Ethics 1998;24:263-267 J Med Ethics: first published as 10.1136/jme.24.4.263 on 1 August 1998. Downloaded from Greek theories on eugenics David J Galton St Bartholomew's Hospital, London Abstract tion by donor, gene therapy or gene manipulation With the recent developments in the Human Genome of germ-line cells.3 This definition does not Mapping Project and the new technologies that are include any terms related to the acceptability or developingfrom it there is a renewal ofconcern about otherwise of the means to achieve these ends, ie eugenic applications. Francis Galton (b1822, whether some methods should be made compul- dl911), who developed the subject ofeugenics, sory by the state, or left entirely to the personal suggested that the ancient Greeks had contributed choice of the individual. A major problem for the very little to social theories ofeugenics. In fact the future will be where to draw the fine line between Greeks had a profound interest in methods of state control and personal choice for the many supplying their city states with thefinest possible genetic issues that will arise with the application of progeny. This paper therefore reviews the works of the new DNA technology. This is particularly so Plato (The Republic and Politics) and Aristotle as some ofthe genetic issues related to multifacto- (The Politics and The Athenian Constitution) rial disease are complex and may go beyond the which have a direct bearing on eugenic techniques understanding of some citizens who may be and relates them to methods used in the present involved in such decisions. century. Galton's work on eugenics makes very little ref- copyright. (7ournal ofMedical Ethics 1998;24:263-267) erence to Greek social theories of eugenics and Keywords: Eugenics; ancient Greeks; Plato; Aristotle; contemporary methods current standard works on eugenics4 make no ref- erence to the Greek contribution. For example Galton states in a letter, that he had read "Plato's Introduction Republic and Laws for eugenic passages; but they Eugenics (Gk eu- good, well; Gk gen- genesis, don't amount to much beyond the purification of creation), a term proposed by Francis Galton, was the city by sending off all the degenerates to form http://jme.bmj.com/ defined as "the science of improving the inherited what is termed a colony!".' It is not clear where stock, not only by judicious matings, but by all Galton obtained this idea of colonisation as a other influences ...".' With the recent develop- eugenic measure; it does not appear to occur any- ments in the Human Genome Mapping Project where in Plato's works. In early ancient Greek his- the scope for eugenics has enormously increased tory (from the eighth to sixth centuries BC) because of the development of a very powerful establishing colonies was a way of coping with technology for the manipulation of DNA. A mul- population expansion and of establishing trading on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected titude of gene sequences and genetic markers are Galton may have been now becoming available to predict risks of contacts overseas. Perhaps developing such common conditions as cancer, recalling Herodotus, Book IV, where Polymnes- ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and tus, a man ofhigh repute in Thera, had a defective hypertension; and in some cases it is possible to son with a speech impediment named Battus treat such disorders by gene therapy (ie replace- (meaning stammerer); and Battus was dispatched ment of the LDL-receptor gene in patients with by the citizens with sanctions from the Delphic homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia).2 oracle to found a colony in Libya.6 However, Gene manipulation of germ-line cells is currently Herodotus does not say anything explicitly to sug- in use for animal models ofhuman disease and no gest that the disability was a motive for sending doubt will soon become available for the supply of him to lead a colony. On the other hand Plato's donor organs for purposes of human transplanta- works do reveal a profound interest in eugenics as tion surgery. A wider definition of eugenics might a means of supplying the city state with the finest therefore be "the use of science applied to the possible progeny. This was of vital significance for quantitative and qualitative improvement of the the future ofthe city, which needed to supply men human genome"; and this would cover methods of for its army which was continually at war with regulating population numbers as well as improv- other city states. The purpose of this paper is to ing genome quality by selective artificial insemina- describe prevailing ancient Greek views on 264 Greek theories on eugenics J Med Ethics: first published as 10.1136/jme.24.4.263 on 1 August 1998. Downloaded from eugenic methods to improve the quality of their The newborn children were to be taken from progeny. their mothers and reared in special nurseries in a separate quarter of the city. Family life was to be discouraged as it provided a distraction from the Plato's Republic' business of governing, of defending or extending This work was probably written before 368 BC the city state by conquest. Any children born when the author was in his fourth to fifth decade. defective would be "hidden away" in some appro- It is a blueprint for the organisation of an ideal priate manner. This may actually be a euphemism society and with regard to eugenics adopts the for infanticide.8 However neither infanticide nor policy of ensuring "judicious matings". Plato exposure as practised in Sparta and other Greek thought it vital to society that the correct arrange- cities was recommended by Plato for his republic. ments should be made for such matings. He pro- Women should be allowed to bear children from posed that marriage for the guardian classes the ages of 20 - 40 years, and men reproduce from (guardians were the premier class of Athenian 25 - 55 years, when the bodily and mental powers citizens, selected by their natural capacities and are at their best. Unofficial unions which pro- attainments to govern the state) be abolished and duced children would be considered as a civil (and that provision be made for men and women of the divine) offence and appropriate punishments same natural capacities to mate. He drew an anal- instituted. Men should only have relations with ogy with the selective breeding of sporting dogs women of a marriagable age if the rulers had and horses in order to obtain the desired stock. paired them together. Incestuous unions between The members of the guardian classes should only parents and children were to be forbidden; but be allowed to breed in their prime, for men, after there were no sanctions against brother-sister reaching the age of 25 years, for women 20 years. unions. Brother-sister marriages were not uncom- Inferior members ofthe guardian classes should mon in Egypt and the Greeks had probably not be discouraged from reproducing. Only the best of noticed the increased frequency of defective copyright. chil- the offspring should be kept in the guardian class dren resulting from consanguineous marriages. and the inferior children should be relegated to The main aim of brother-sister incest as practised the civilian classes (farmers or craftsmen). These by the royal families of Egypt was to keep the were the general principles; and in practical terms throne within the family. It appears clear from they could be implemented by the institution of a portraits of the Ptolemies of Egypt, the most marriage festival, bringing together suitable young notorious case of such incest, that some members people in the correct age band. Sacrifices, poetry, suffered from inherited endocrine disorders,9 buthttp://jme.bmj.com/ songs and dance would set the atmosphere for there is no evidence that this was connected by the young couples to "marry" and cohabit during the ancients themselves with the practice of brother- period of the festival for about one month, after sister incest. However, if all the newborn Greek which the marriage would be dissolved and the children were brought up communally in a creche, partners remain celibate until the next festival. real brothers and sisters would not perhaps know The number ofmarriages at each festival would be they were so related; especially as there would be at the ruler's discretion, to keep the population so many different marriage pairs from each on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected numbers constant, taking into account losses suceeding festival. Finally, men and women of the caused by war or epidemics. Plato was more afraid guardian classes past the child-bearing age could of a decline than a rise in the birth rate and con- form relationships that would fall outside the sidered that the civilian classes could breed with- jurisdiction of the rulers. out restriction so as to keep an average city state with 5,000 citizens (as stated in The Laws). To Plato's Laws'° prevent marriage of the inferior members of the This is the last of Plato' dialogues, written in his guardian classes a lottery system would be set up eighth decade in about 350 BC, but it is highly but so rigged that young men acquitting them- likely that he was at work on The Laws for many selves well in war and other duties would be given years during intervals of writing other texts, since the first opportunities of having a marriage it is his longest work and it may well incorporate partner for the term of the festival to produce material for earlier projects at which he hints, but children whilst the inferior youth would draw lots seems never to have completed.
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