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Junior Collegesin General Page V JUNIORCOLLEGES By WALTER J. GREENLEAF t4. SpochNitilinHigher Education, Office of Education =111.1. ql Bulletin, 1936, No. 3 UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THEINTERIOR , Harold L. Ickes,Secretary gio OFFICE OF EDUCATION-J. W. Studebaker,Commissioner UNITED STATESGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE-WASHINGTON-113S For sift by th Superintendent s Documents,Wash Mitten, D. C.-Price 1$ cents CONTENTS Part IJunior CollegesIn General Page V _ _ _ _ _ 1 INTRODUCTION 7 _ - _ _ _ _ _ PLAN OF THE STUDY 1 WHAT THE JUNIOR COLLEGE IS 3 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED JUNIOR COLLEGES 6 Authorization for public junior colleges _ _ _ _ 7 A dministration 9 The public ¡unior college and secondary education 9 Distribution of public junior colleges 11 Students in public junior colleges, 1933-34 12 Curriculum offerings 13 Financial considerations 13 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED JUNIOR COLLEGES 13 Independent junior colleges, privately controlled _ 14. Denominational junior colleges, church controlled__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 Financial considerations 15 RECENT. CHANGES IN ME STATUS OF JUNIOR COLLEGES 4M 11B 16 What has happened to the junior colleges of 1919?_ ........ 16 What junior colleges have closed? _ 16 What junior colleges have merged? 18 Are senior colleges dropping work to become junior colleges?... 19 Ara junior colleges adding work to become senior colleges?__ __ _ _ _ _ 21 RELATED INSTITUTIONS OF ME JUNIOR-COLLEGE TYPE 22 Small junior colleges 23 1-year junior colleges 4 23 Normal schools with scheduled junior collegeprograms 23 Commercial schoolsorbusiness colleges 24 Branch junior college@ 24 Emergency junior oolleges and freshman colleges 25 JUNIOR-COLLEGE DIVISIONS IN LIBERAL-ARTS COLLEGES 28 TRANSFERRING JUNIOR-COLLEGE CREDITS TO 4-YEAR couzars 32 PROBLEMS OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE 33 Part IIAnalysis of the Survey of Junior Colleges EXPLANATION. 36 The inquiry 36 Junior colleges seltcted for analysis 37 Number and types of junior colleges in the study 38 Summary by StatesSummary A 38 DISCUSSION OFTkIBLE1COLUMN BYCOLdMNE Names of junior collegesColumn 1 40 Summary by namesSummary B 41 Dates of establishment of junior coll lumns 2 and 3 __ 42 Graphic presentationChart I 42 , Summary byyevars---SummaryC % 43 In % Iv CONTENTS DISCUSSION OF TABLE 1COLUMN BY COLUMNContinued. Page Legal control of junior CollegesColumn 4_____ _ . 44 Staff members in junior collegesColumn 5.__.. _ 44 Considered by States_____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.N_ 44 Enrollments, 1933-34Columns 6 and7_. _ _ ._ _ 45 Grand totals for 535 junior colleges 45 Summary iby types of junior collegesSummaryD____ 46 Summary by public junior collegesSummaryE_____ 46 Summ by independent junior collegesSummaryF 46 .Summary by denominational bodiesSummary G _ 47 Graduates, 1934Column 8 _ ._ _ ..M . 47 Summary by StatesSummary H _ _ . _ _ _ m. 48 Dormitories and living quartersColumn9__ _ _ _ 48 Titlesordegrees conferredColumn 10______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 Associate in arts _ _ _ ..... _ 49 Summer sessionsColumn11____ _ ______ _ ______ _ 52 Summary bytypes of institutionsSummary. I___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 TuitionratesColumn12 52 Board androom chargesColumn- 13 53 Minimum expenses necessaryfor freshmanyearColumn14 _ 54 1, Typicalexpensesof freshmen studentsColumn15WII _____ N. A M ...I 55 TABLES 1. Junior colleges for white students 56 2. Negro junior colleges . e. 72 3. Branoh junior colleges with parent institutions , . 74 4. Miscellaneous unclassified junior colleges 76 5. Universities ancrcolleges with junior-college divisions in 1934-35 __ _ _ 80 4 SU M MARI ES A. Number of junior colleges, by types and by States 38 B. Names ofjgglio-rcolleges 41 C. Dates of establishment of junior colleges,newand reorganized___ _ _ _ _ 43 D. Enrollments and graduates, 1934; bytypes of junior colleges__ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46 E. Public junior colleges, 1934; number, enrollments,graduates, and tui- tion 46 F. Independent junior colleges; number, enrollments,and graduates, 1934_ 46 G. Denominational junior colleges; by controllingbodies; number,en- rollments, and graduates, 1934 47 H. Junior colleges, by States; number,staff, enrollments, andgraduates.__ _ 48 I. Summer sessions in junior colleges, 1934;by types of institutions 52 CHART Dates of establishment of 426 juniorcolleges; number,newand reorganized, %. 1898-1934 42 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY References 83 sat PART I JUNIOR COLLEGES IN GENERAL O 411) INTRODUCTION QPREADING GRADUALLYand quietly from West.to East., the junior-collegemovement has been gaining impetut inthe United States for thepast 20yearsuntilnow morethan 500 such collegesarein operation.These comprise public highschools that have addedjimior-collegedivisions, establishedpreparatory schools -reorganizedasjunior collegesoroffering junior-collegework, small 4-yearcolleges that have givenuptheir degree-granting privileges to concentrateonthe first 2yearsof college work, and newlycreated junior colleges. Accompanying thismovement, branch junior colleges have been sponsored by several of the universities;anumber of4-year colleges and universities have divided their curriculaintotwo divisions eqvivalenttoajunior-college divisionandasenior-college division and emergèncy and freshman junior collegeshavespningintobeing during the depression. On the other handsomeone-time junior collegeshave increased their 2-year offeringsto become degree-granting collegesoruni- versities.Also,somehave merged with otherstronger institutionsas a meansof self-protection; and stillothers,onfailingto attract suf- ficient studentsorfunds, have closed theirdoors permanently. Notwithstanding these latterchanges, however,the bewildering activity evident in promotions,affiliations,reorganizations, and innovations indicates that the juniorcollege, although still inastate of flux, has foundaplace in American education. As.aninstitution the juniot college isalmost entirelyaproduct of. thepresent century, developing for themost part since 1900, and receiving theencouragement of the colleges and universities.Many of its fundamental problems,'however, still remainunsolved, and attempted solutions ofthew problems withrespect to support, administration,andstatusvarywidely in the differentStates. a -.; PLAN OF THE STUDY Thepurposeof this study isto provide in readily accessible,com- pact farm information concerning the juniorcollegesastheynow exist;to recordsomeof the important changesthat have taken 1 2 JUNIOR COLLEGES place inthestatus of theseinstitutionssince theircreation;andto furnish dataoneach of thejunior collegesthat willbe helpfulto students whoareselectinga2-year college andwhomay orinaynot plan furtherwork in highereducation.For convenience,the study is arrangedintwo parts: PartI.Generalconsiderationsand observationsabout thejunior collegesarecollected anddiscussedunderpart I, inan'effortto prepare abackgroundfor themoredetailed analysisinpart II. In this sectionmaterial isgathered togethertoanswersuch questions as:What isajunior college?Whatarepublicly controlledjunior colleges?Whatareprivatelycontrolled juniorcolleges?What former juniorcollegeshave closed,merged,orhave increasedtheir offerings?What otherinstitutionsmight he includedinajunior- college study?What universitieshave createdjunior-collegedivisions withadean in charge?To assist inansweringsomeof theseques- tions, data havebeen borrowedfrompart II. Part II.Inthis sectioninformation isdetailedfor individual institutionsand summarizedby States,sections, andtypes of institu- tions.The datawereobtainedthroughabriefsurveymade during the fall of1934 by the Officeof Education,andconcerninpart establishment,control,studentenrollments,graduates, andexpenses for each juniorcollege. This studyis coordinatedwith theEducationalDirectory,1935, where onlyoneclassification is giventoacollege. Anattempt has been madeto list all of theknown2-year junior collegesin this directory.Under the"junior-college"classification,however,many normal schoolswhich offerjunior-collegeworkare notincluded since theyarelisted under"normal schools"and remainsoclassified until stichtime as4heirpresidents considertheir majorworkto be in the junior-college fieldrather than inteacher training.Likewise, junior colleges for Negrostudentsarelisted under"Negro colleges",identified by the word"junior." Notwo independentdirectories listexactly thesamejuniorcolleges. Many variationsmaybe accounted*by the factthatsomeinclude 2-year normalschools,2-year professionalschools,1-year junior colleges, commercialschools, lowerdivisions ofuniversities, andeven 4-year degree-grantingcolleges whichareaccredited onlyfor the first2yearsof collegework. Thenagain, closures,mergers,andnew listingsare sofrequent thatacontinualchange inanydirectory list of junior collegesis predictedfor severalyears. Itwasnotuntil1918 that the juniorcollege founditsNvayinto the annualEducationalDirectory ofthe Office ofEducation.In that year84 junior collegeswerereported, principallyin California,Mis- souri, Texas,and Virginia.Thirty-three ofthese have since closed, ilifh a. JUNIOR COLLEGES 3 7 havemerged, 4 have become senior colleges, and 40arestill listedas juniorcolleges. The followingyearthese institutionswerediscussed in Unitéci States Officeof Education in Bulletin 1919, No. 35, The Junior College, by F. M.McDowell, from which the following introductory sentences have beenextracted: The term "junior college" isnow(1918) widely acceptedas applyingto thoseinstitutions, either publicorprivate, which offer the first 2yearsof the standard collegecourse,'above and beyond the standard 15 units of highlchool work. There are morethan 100 institutions calling themselves junior
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