El Manhattan Beat

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El Manhattan Beat El Manhattan Beat Jack Kerouac Allen Ginsberg William Burroughs El Manhattan Beat Los beats fueron un grupo de locos iluminados que decidieron escribir en contra del mundo. El movimiento nació en la América de la década de los cincuenta y se caracterizó por su actitud de rechazo hacia los valores tradicionales de la sociedad norteamericana del momento. Su actitud rebelde quería acabar con todo, por lo que sus máximos aliados fueron el uso y abuso de drogas, una desbocada libertad sexual y el estudio de los principios de la filosofía oriental. Los principales integrantes y fundadores, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac y William S. Burroughs dejaron por escrito la experiencia que fueron sus vidas y su particular modo de concebir al mundo dejó su principal influencia y legado a la posterior contracultura o movimiento hippie. Para adentrarnos en su mundo te proponemos un trayecto por la cosmopolita Manhattan siguiendo los pasos errantes de aquellos jóvenes. Un viaje por el recuerdo de lo que fue una ciudad supone un enorme reto, la esencia de un mundo anterior es difícilmente revivida a través de unas pocas visitas, por lo que este viaje es más mental que físico. Antes de emprender el viaje debes adentrarte en su mundo, por lo que el siguiente texto de Jack Kerouac (1922-1969), publicado originalmente en 1958 en la revista Esquire, resume a la perfección el espíritu y la filosofía de la Generación Beat. «La Generación Beat fue una visión que tuvimos John Clellon Holmes 67 y yo, y Allen Ginsberg más salvajemente todavía, hacia fines de los años cuarenta, de una generación de hipsters locos e iluminados, que aparecieron de pronto y empezaron a errar por los caminos de América, graves, indiscretos, haciendo dedo, harapientos, beatíficos,hermosos, de una fea belleza beat —fue una visión que tuvimos cuando oímos la palabra beat en las esquinas de Times Square y en el Village, y en los centros de otras ciudades en las noches de la América de la posguerra —beat quería decir derrotado y marginado pero a la vez colmado de una convicción muy intensa. Llegamos incluso a escuchar a los viejos Padres Hipsters de 1910 usar la palabra en ese mismo sentido, con una entonación melancólica. Nunca aludió a la delincuencia juvenil; nombraba personajes de una espiritualidad singular que, en lugar de andar en grupo, eran Bartlebies solitarios que contemplan el mundo desde el otro lado de la vidriera muerta de nuestra civilización. Los héroes subterráneos que se salieron de la maquinaria de la “libertad” de Occidente y empezaron a tomar drogas, descubrieron el bop, tuvieron iluminaciones interiores, experimentaron el “desajuste de todos los sentidos”, hablaban en una lengua extraña, eran pobres y alegres, fueron profetas de un nuevo estilo de la cultura estadounidense, un estilo nuevo (creíamos) completamente libre de influencias 2 El Manhattan Beat europeas (a diferencia de la Generación Perdida), un reencantamiento del mundo. Algo parecido pasaba casi al mismo tiempo en la Francia de posguerra de Sartre y Genet, algo sabíamos de eso. Pero en cuanto a la existencia de la Generación Beat, no fue verdaderamente más que una idea que se nos ocurrió. Nos quedábamos despiertos todo el día, las veinticuatro horas, y poníamos discos de Wardell Gray, Lester Young, Dexter Gordon, Willis Jackson, Lennie Tristano y los demás, un disco tras otro, y hablábamos incansablemente de ese aire nuevo que sentíamos en la calle. Escribíamos relatos sobre los santos negros del jazz que hacían dedo por Iowa con sus instrumentos y grabaciones y llevaban el mensaje secreto del hálito, de la respiracióna otras costas, otras ciudades, a semejanza de un auténtico Walter el Indigente que liderara una invisible Primera Cruzada. Teníamos nuestros propios héroes, nuestros propios místicos, escribíamos novelas sobre ellos, las cantábamos, y componíamos larguísimas odas a los “ángeles” nuevos de la América subterránea. Quedaban en realidad un puñado de esos hips, de esos tipos con verdadero swing, y lo que hubo antes se extinguió velozmente en la Guerra de Corea (y después) cuando emergió en los Estados Unidos una especie novedosa de eficiencia; puede haber sido la consecuencia de la universalización de la televisión y nada más (la Política del Control Policial Total de los oficiales de la “paz” de Dragnet), pero después de 1950 los fantasmas beat decayeron y se desvanecieron en cárceles y manicomios o quedaron confinados en la vergüenza de un conformismo silencioso; la generación misma fue efímera y muy pequeña.” Pero no tendría ningún sentido escribir todo esto si no fuera igualmente cierto que, por un raro milagro de la metamorfosis, la juventud de la posguerra se reveló también beat y adoptó sus gestos; pronto se lo vio en todas partes, el nuevo estilo, el desaliño y la actitud indiferentes; por fin llegó al cine (James Dean) y a la televisión; los arreglos de bop que había sido el éxtasis musical secreto del ánimo contemplativo beat empezaron a escucharse en los fosos de todas las orquestas y de todas las partituras (cf. las obras de Neal Hefti, para no hablar de las piezas de Basie), esas visiones del bop pasaron a ser propiedad común del mundo de la cultura popular y comercial; el uso de nuestras palabras (palabras como “crazy”, “hungup” o “go”) se volvieron familiares y entraron en el uso común; el consumo de drogas ganó una legitimación oficial (sedantes y todo lo demás); e incluso el vestuario de los hipsters beat se abrió paso en la nueva juventud del rock „n‟ roll por vía de Montgomery Clift (la campera de cuero), Marlon Brando (la camiseta) y Elvis Presley (las patillas), y entonces la Generación Beat, aunque ya muerta, resucitaba y se veía de pronto justificada. Lo realmente triste es que mientras se me pide que explique qué es la Generación Beat ya no queda nada de la Generación Beat original. Y en cuanto al análisis de lo que significa… ¿cómo saberlo? Aun en esta etapa tardía de la civilización en la que lo único que le importa a todos es el dinero, creo que es tal vez la “segunda religiosidad” que profetizó Oswald Spengler para Occidente (en los Estados Unidos, el hogar definitivo de Fausto) porque existen elementos de significación religiosa oculta en el modo, por ejemplo, en que un tipo como Stan Getz, el genio mayor de su generación “beat”, cuando lo metieron en la cárcel por intentar robar un almacén, tuvo una súbita visión de Dios y se arrepintió. Muchas veces escuchamos entre los hipsters tempranos raras conversaciones sobre “el fin del mundo” en la “segunda venida”, “visiones” e incluso visitaciones, todos ellos creyentes, todos fervorosos, inspirados y libres de cualquier materialismo bohemio-burgués. 3 El Manhattan Beat Un tipo tuvo visiones de un Armagedón tecnológico (la experiencia fue en Sing Sing); otro, visiones de una reencarnación según la voluntad de Dios. Un tercero, inusitadas visiones de un Apocalipsis en Texas (antes y después de la explosión en la ciudad de Texas). Luego estuvo también el intento desesperado de otro tipo que buscó asilo en una iglesia (los policías lo echaron y le rompieron un brazo) y la visión que tuvo un chico en Times Square: la televisación de la Segunda Venida (todo esto envuelto en la niebla de la vida contemporánea, en las cabezas de los miembros típicos de mi generación y a quienes conocí; el regreso del sentimiento de una temprana primavera gótica, mucho antes de que la civilización racional de Occidente desarrollara la relatividad, los jets y las superbombas y tuviera estructuras supercolosales, burocráticas, benevolentes y totalitarias semejantes al Gran Hermano). Entonces, según dijo Spengler, cuando llega la decadencia de nuestra cultura (cumplida ahora de acuerdo a sus gráficos morfológicos) y sedimenta el polvo de nuestras pugnas civilizadas, la clara luz del fin del día revela una vez más las aflicciones originarias, revela una indiferencia beatífica hacia las cosas que son del César, por decirlo así, un cansancio de todo eso, y arrepentimiento, y el anhelo de un valor trascendente, o “Dios”, el “Paraíso”, la penitencia espiritual por el Amor Infinito que terminará verificándose con nuestra teoría de la gravitación electromagnética, nuestra conquista del espacio, y en lugar de las meras técnicas de la eficiencia no habrá ya nada, como un pueblo extinguido por un terremoto, solo pervivirán las Últimas Cosas... de nuevo. Todos estamos al tanto del Renacimiento Religioso, Billy Graham y todo lo demás, pero la Generación Beat, e incluso los existencialistas con sus dobleces intelectuales y su pretensión de indiferencia, representan una religiosidad más profunda, el deseo de desaparecer, de estar fuera de este mundo (que no es nuestro reino), de “elevarse”, de conquistar el éxtasis, de ser redimido, como si las visiones de los santos de los monasterios de Chartres y Clairvaux estuvieran otra vez entre nosotros y crecieran como el pasto que crece entre el cemento, en las aceras de esta civilización endurecida y agitada por sus últimos estertores. O quizá la Generación Beat, vástago de la Generación Perdida, no es más que un paso hacia esa generación pálida y definitiva que tampoco tendrá las respuestas. Como sea, todo indica que su efecto tiene raíces en la cultura estadounidense. Tal vez. Y si no, ¿qué importa? » 4 El Manhattan Beat Itinerario Viernes Mañana Columbia University Paradójicamente, los principales integrantes del movimiento literario anti-academicista por excelencia, se conocieron entre las altas paredes de la Universidad de Columbia, la institución de educación superior más antigua del estado. Los edificios señoriales del campus han acogido y formado las más brillantes mentes del siglo pasado. Entre ellos, 96 premios Nobel, convirtiéndose en 2011 como la universidad con más alumnos ganadores del premio. Ginsberg o Kerouac, sin embargo, no tomaron el camino del estudiante ejemplar y poco tardaron en desviarse y emprender camino hacia su particular bajada a los infiernos.
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