Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Annotating a Text
HUNTER COLLEGE READING/WRITING CENTER THE WRITING PROCESS Invention: Annotating a Text Annotating a text, or marking the pages with notes, is an excellent, if not essential, way to make the most out of the reading you do for college courses. Annotations make it easy to find important information quickly when you look back and review a text. They help you familiarize yourself with both the content and organization of what you read. They provide a way to begin engaging ideas and issues directly through comments, questions, associations, or other reactions that occur to you as you read. In all these ways, annotating a text makes the reading process an active one, not just background for writing assignments, but an integral first step in the writing process. A well-annotated text will accomplish all of the following: •clearly identify where in the text important ideas and information are located •express the main ideas of a text •trace the development of ideas/arguments throughout a text •introduce a few of the reader’s thoughts and reactions Ideally, you should read a text through once before making major annotations. You may just want to circle unfamiliar vocabulary or concepts. This way, you will have a clearer idea about where major ideas and important information are in the text, and your annotating will be more efficient. A brief description and discussion of four ways of annotating a text and a sample annotated text follow: !Highlighting/Underlining Highlighting or underlining key words and phrases or major ideas is the most common form of annotating texts. -
Measure for the Men and Women of Hewlett-Packard F APRIL 1977
Measure For the men and women of Hewlett-Packard f APRIL 1977 • New proof of Einstein theory - pages 2A • Renegotiation - unnecessary burden - pages 5-7 • New ways of organizing work - pages 8-12 • The great all-Europe HP ski race - page 13 • From the president's desk - page 15 Another proof for Einstein... Lab director Len Cutler and HP atomic clocks help prove general relativity theory o The theories of Albert Einstein are effects would be working against each resonance and measures it so precisely that nearly 75 years old now, and several gener other. But, as any science-fiction buff it would take about 30,000 years for the ations of scientists have relied on them. knows, velocities approaching the speed clock to gain or lose even one second. The With the exception of a few skeptics, of light would age an interstellar traveller U.S. Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Naval modern·day physicists and astronomers very slowly in comparison with his friends Observatory, and similar agencies in other generally accept the curvature-of-time on Earth. countries rely on HP atomic clocks. In and-space concept as fact. Widely held be Experiments conducted in 1971 tend fact, the official definition of a second is liefs about the evolution of the universe to bear that out. Under the direction of now based on the oscillations of the free are based on relativity theory, and Professor Joseph Hafele of Washington cesium atom. Santa Clara Division also Einstein's hypotheses are considered "a University and Richard Keating, an as makes rubidium standards, which have dif cornerstone of modern cosmological tronomer with the U.S. -
Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment
Lunar Laser Ranging experiment The ongoing Lunar Laser Ranging experiment or Apollo landing mirror measures the distance between surfaces of Earth and the Moon using laser ranging. Lasers at observatories on Earth are aimed at retroreflectors planted on the Moon during the Apollo program (11, 14, and 15), and the two Lunokhod missions.[1] Laser light pulses are transmitted and reflected back to Earth, and the round-trip duration is measured. The lunar distance is calculated from this value. Contents Overview Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment Principle from the Apollo 11 mission Results Photo gallery See also References External links Overview The first successful tests were carried out in 1962 when a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology succeeded in observing laser pulses reflected from the Moon's surface using a laser with a millisecond pulse length.[2] Similar measurements were obtained later the same year by a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory using a Q-switched ruby laser.[3] Greater accuracy was achieved following the installation of a retroreflector array on July 21, 1969, by the crew of Apollo 11, and two more retroreflector arrays left by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions have also contributed to the experiment. Successful lunar laser range measurements to the retroreflectors were first reported by the 3.1 m telescope at Lick Observatory, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Lunar Ranging Observatory in Arizona, the Pic du Apollo 15 LRRR Midi Observatory in France, the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, and McDonald Observatory in Texas. The uncrewed Soviet Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 rovers carried smaller arrays. -
Universal Design Toolkit Santa Rosa Junior College
Universal Design Toolkit Santa Rosa Junior College Course Component Universal Design for Learning Practices Appendices & Websites Syllabus • Available in hardcopy and online. Appendix A: • Available to students prior to the start of the semester. • Syllabus Rubric • Offer varied ways to contact instructor for questions/concerns. • Syllabus Tips • Provide a brief overview of instructor. • Sample Syllabus • Textbooks: • SLO's Graphically -List required and recommended texts with purchase Organized information. • Syllabus Questionairre -Electronic equivalent provided or texts ordered early to ensure timely conversion in an alternative format. Websites: • Clearly explain and link all learning objectives, course • Sample Syllabus requirements/assignments, and appropriate due dates (even if Statements tentative). Provide detailed guidance on how to complete major course projects, activities, or papers and offers links to examples and illustrations as appropriate. • Provide instructions and passwords for any online components of the course. • Include statement regarding accommodations. • Include link to the student code of conduct. • Include information about what to do in an emergency. • Consider the language you use, steer clear from subjective and/or vague language. • Keep language succinct and simple. Avoid metaphor, figures of speech and other forms of representational language. • Include a calendar of due dates, and highlight key course events and activities. • Include information about student-orientated campus resources and highlight specific additional resources that may be unique to your course. • Periodically review key items throughout the semester. • Check for comprehension. In Class Writing • Allow students to use a word processor. Appendix B: Assignments • Have a “plan B” for students who will need more than the • Sample Writing allotted time. -
Robert Dicke and the Naissance of Experimental Gravity Physics
Eur. Phys. J. H 42, 177–259 (2017) DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H RobertDickeandthenaissance of experimental gravity physics, 1957–1967 Phillip James Edwin Peeblesa Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA Received 27 May 2016 / Received in final form 22 June 2016 Published online 6 October 2016 c The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract. The experimental study of gravity became much more active in the late 1950s, a change pronounced enough be termed the birth, or naissance, of experimental gravity physics. I present a review of devel- opments in this subject since 1915, through the broad range of new approaches that commenced in the late 1950s, and up to the transition of experimental gravity physics to what might be termed a normal and accepted part of physical science in the late 1960s. This review shows the importance of advances in technology, here as in all branches of nat- ural science. The role of contingency is illustrated by Robert Dicke’s decision in the mid-1950s to change directions in mid-career, to lead a research group dedicated to the experimental study of gravity. The re- view also shows the power of nonempirical evidence. Some in the 1950s felt that general relativity theory is so logically sound as to be scarcely worth the testing. But Dicke and others argued that a poorly tested theory is only that, and that other nonempirical arguments, based on Mach’s Principle and Dirac’s Large Numbers hypothesis, suggested it would be worth looking for a better theory of gravity. -
Measure for the Men and Women of Hewlett-Packard I APRIL 1977
Measure For the men and women of Hewlett-Packard I APRIL 1977 • New proof of Einstein theory - pages 2-4 • Renegotiation - unnecessary burden - pages 5-7 • New ways of organizing work - pages 8-12 • The great all-Europe HP ski race - page 13 • From the president's desk - page 15 www.HPARCHIVE.com Another proof for Einstein... Lab director Len Cutler and HP atomic clocks help prove general relativity theory o The theories of Albert Einstein are effects would be working against each resonance and measures it so precisely that nearly 75 years old now, and several gener other. But, as any science-fiction buff it would take about 30,000 years for the ations of scientists have relied on them. knows, velocities approaching the speed clock to gain or lose even one second. The With the exception of a few skeptics, of light would age an interstellar traveller U.S. Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Naval modern-day physicists and astronomers very slowly in comparison with his friends Observatory, and similar agencies in other generally accept the curvature-of-time on Earth. countries rely on HP atomic clocks. In and-space concept as fact. Widely held be Experiments conducted in 1971 tend fact, the official definition of a second is liefs about the evolution of the universe to bear that out. Under the direction of now based on the oscillations of the free are based on relativity theory, and Professor Joseph Hafele of Washington cesium atom. Santa Clara Division also Einstein's hypotheses are considered "a University and Richard Keating, an as makes rubidium standards, which have dif cornerstone of modern cosmological tronomer with the U.S. -
Its OK to Say Einstein Is Wrong Roger J Anderton [email protected]
Its OK to say Einstein is wrong Roger J Anderton [email protected] What a dissident astronomer has to say is contrasted with what an Einstein believer says, and then its pointed out this means it is OK to say Einstein is wrong; because the case of the Einstein believers evaporate. Hilton Ratcliffe describes himself as a dissident astronomer who has struggled for 30-years to try to put the "physical" back into "physics".[1] He says there is “ blatant skewing of scientific data by an informally associated league of mathematical theorists. The author argues that the method adopted by scientific elite not only leads the world up the garden path, but also brings with it a slew of associated misconceptions.” In his book he says he :”details the nuances of classical relativity, compares them with the abstractions proposed by Einstein, and exposes the scientific malpractice that was used to entrench Albert Einstein and his theories as models of advanced thinking. Famous experimental verifications of Special and General Relativity are dissected and found wanting, and experiments clearly falsifying tenets of Einstein’s theoretical model are discussed. Alternative explanations using non- relativistic physics are suggested.” He continues his analysis: “discusses the implications of quasi-scientific theories that completely abandon experimental evidence and logic. We meet Planck, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, and Hawking. Beginning with the intrinsically implausible case of quantum mechanics, the chapter traces the decline of theoretical physics to the point where it becomes unapologetically irrational.” He explains how Einstein started the trend of sanctifying nonsense [2] : “I have colleagues who have been barred from observatories, had been refused publication, had research funding withdrawn, lost jobs and even been chased from their country of birth -– all because they insisted on publicly announcing what they had seen in the heavens, which did not fit the preferred model. -
MOONSHOTS 15 Retroreflector; Earth Rises Above the Moon As Seen from Apollo 11
Clockwise from right: McDonald Observatory’s 107-inch telescope fires a laser at the Moon; a laser lights up the Apache Point 3.5-meter telescope; part of the Apollo MOONSHOTS 15 retroreflector; Earth rises above the Moon as seen from Apollo 11. 40 years after the first astronauts walked on the Moon, Apollo’s last experiment is still probing the Moon, Earth, and much more By Damond Benningfield om Murphy scrambles up a narrow about the thickness of a paperclip. ladder into a concrete vestibule be- Murphy’s observations could add one more Tneath the 3.5-meter telescope at the “giant step” to Apollo’s accomplishments by Apache Point Observatory in southern New showing that Albert Einstein’s theory of grav- Mexico. A blue metallic cone punctures the ity is wrong. Such a result could explain dark center of the tiny room, part of the support energy, provide the first support for string structure for the 45-ton telescope. But Mur- theory, and unify two fundamental fields of phy is there to check on a boxy electronics physics — general relativity and quantum cabinet in the corner. A new addition to the mechanics. room, it measures the up-and-down flex of the “It sticks in the craw that the two pillars of 9,200-foot mountain peak below the telescope physics don’t get along,” Murphy says. “When in response to changes in air pressure, tides you try to merge them, it simply doesn’t work. in Earth’s crust, and even the crash of storm- You get pathologies in that marriage that make driven waves on shores thousands of miles physicists scratch their heads.” away. -
Robert Dicke and the Naissance of Experimental Gravity Physics, 1957-1967
EPJ manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Robert Dicke and the naissance of experimental gravity physics, 1957-1967 P. J. E. Peeblesa Joseph Henry Laboratories Princeton University, Princeton NJ USA Abstract. The experimental study of gravity became much more active in the late 1950s, a change pronounced enough be termed the birth, or naissance, of experimental gravity physics. I present a review of devel- opments in this subject since 1915, through the broad range of new approaches that commenced in the late 1950s, and up to the transition of experimental gravity physics to what might be termed a normal and accepted part of physical science in the late 1960s. This review shows the importance of advances in technology, here as in all branches of nat- ural science. The role of contingency is illustrated by Robert Dicke's decision in the mid-1950s to change directions in mid-career, to lead a research group dedicated to the experimental study of gravity. The re- view also shows the power of nonempirical evidence. Some in the 1950s felt that general relativity theory is so logically sound as to be scarcely worth the testing. But Dicke and others argued that a poorly tested theory is only that, and that other nonempirical arguments, based on Mach's Principle and Dirac's Large Numbers hypothesis, suggested it would be worth looking for a better theory of gravity. I conclude by offering lessons from this history, some peculiar to the study of grav- ity physics during the naissance, some of more general relevance. The central lesson, which is familiar but not always well advertised, is that physical theories can be empirically established, sometimes with sur- prising results. -
The Writing Process: Annotating a Text
THE WRITING PROCESS Annotating a Text Annotating a text, or marking the pages with notes, is an excellent, if not essential, way to make the most out of the reading you do for college courses. Annotations make it easy to find important information quickly when you look back and review a text. They help you familiarize yourself with both the content and organization of what you read. They provide a way to begin engaging with ideas and issues directly through comments, questions, associations, or other reactions that occur to you as you read. In all these ways, annotating a text makes the reading process an active one, not just background for writing assignments, but an integral first step in the writing process. A well-annotated text will accomplish all of the following: • clearly identify where in the text important ideas and information are located • express the main ideas of a text • trace the development of ideas/arguments throughout a text • introduce a few of the reader’s thoughts and reactions Ideally, you should read a text through once before making major annotations. You may just want to circle unfamiliar vocabulary or concepts. This way, you will have a clearer idea about where major ideas and important information are in the text, and your annotating will be more efficient. A brief description and discussion of four ways of annotating a text—highlighting/underlining, paraphrase/summary of main ideas, descriptive outline, and comments/responses—and a sample annotated text follow: HIGHLIGHTING/UNDERLINING Highlighting or underlining key words and phrases or major ideas is the most common form of annotating texts. -
Robert Dicke and the Naissance of Experimental Gravity Physics
Eur. Phys. J. H DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2016-70034-0 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H RobertDickeandthenaissance of experimental gravity physics, 1957–1967 Phillip James Edwin Peeblesa Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA Received 27 May 2016 / Received in final form 22 June 2016 Published online 6 October 2016 c The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract. The experimental study of gravity became much more active in the late 1950s, a change pronounced enough be termed the birth, or naissance, of experimental gravity physics. I present a review of devel- opments in this subject since 1915, through the broad range of new approaches that commenced in the late 1950s, and up to the transition of experimental gravity physics to what might be termed a normal and accepted part of physical science in the late 1960s. This review shows the importance of advances in technology, here as in all branches of nat- ural science. The role of contingency is illustrated by Robert Dicke’s decision in the mid-1950s to change directions in mid-career, to lead a research group dedicated to the experimental study of gravity. The re- view also shows the power of nonempirical evidence. Some in the 1950s felt that general relativity theory is so logically sound as to be scarcely worth the testing. But Dicke and others argued that a poorly tested theory is only that, and that other nonempirical arguments, based on Mach’s Principle and Dirac’s Large Numbers hypothesis, suggested it would be worth looking for a better theory of gravity. -
![Arxiv:1601.04360V3 [Quant-Ph] 28 Jun 2016](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/8950/arxiv-1601-04360v3-quant-ph-28-jun-2016-10198950.webp)
Arxiv:1601.04360V3 [Quant-Ph] 28 Jun 2016
On Participatory Realism Christopher A. Fuchs Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston MA 02125, USA and Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany 12 January 2016 Abstract: In the Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote, \ `I' is not the name of a person, nor `here' of a place, . But they are connected with names. [And] it is characteristic of physics not to use these words." This statement expresses the dominant way of thinking in physics: Physics is about the impersonal laws of nature; the \I" never makes an appearance in it. Since the advent of quantum theory, however, there has always been a nagging pressure to insert a first-person perspective into the heart of physics. In incarnations of lesser or greater strength, one may consider the \Copenhagen" views of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Pauli, the observer-participator view of John Wheeler, the informational interpretation of Anton Zeilinger and Caslavˇ Brukner, the relational interpretation of Carlo Rovelli, and, most radically, the QBism of N. David Mermin, R¨udigerSchack, and the present author, as acceding to the pressure. These views have lately been termed \participatory realism" to emphasize that rather than relinquishing the idea of reality (as they are often accused of), they are saying that reality is more than any third-person perspective can capture. Thus, far from instances of instrumentalism or antirealism, these views of quantum theory should be regarded as attempts to make a deep statement about the nature of reality. This paper explicates the idea for the case of QBism.