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Northern Ireland Troubles timeline Northern Ireland Troubles In this issue, gain an overview 1998 The Good Friday Agreement of the Troubles through to the After decades of bloodshed the republicans were engaged in secret Good Friday Agreement negotiations from the late 1980s with both the British and Irish governments. In 1994 the Provisional IRA declared a unilateral ceasefire which was followed a few weeks later by an equivalent ceasefire from the main loyalist organisations. The key political parties — Sinn Fein (republican), the Social and Democratic Labour Party (moderate nationalist), the Ulster Unionist Party and the Ulster Democratic Party (representing loyalist paramilitary groups) — were 1968 The struggle for civil rights in talks throughout 1997. The only party to refuse to take part was the Democratic Unionist Party led by Ian Paisley. The Government of Ireland Act in 1920 divided Ireland into two These discussions eventually led to the Good Friday Agreement of territories, effectively creating Northern Ireland, which consisted 1998. The Agreement confirmed that the constitutional status of of the six counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Derry Northern Ireland would be decided only by a democratic vote but and Tyrone. This was in response to unionist resistance to Home allowed inhabitants to take both British and Irish citizenship. The Rule. Although the self-governing region was mainly Protestant, it Northern Ireland Assembly was established to restore legislative contained a substantial minority of Catholic nationalists. This Catholic powers to Stormont and governed the province until the resignation minority suffered discrimination in employment, in the allocation of of Martin McGuinness in January 2017 forced its suspension. Cross- social housing, and in elections where boundaries were constructed border bodies were set up and the Republic of Ireland rescinded its to group the Catholic voters together to dilute their proportionate territorial claim to the province by amending its constitution. The strength. Royal Ulster Constabulary was replaced by the Police Service of In 1967, the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association was formed to Northern Ireland which had quotas for Catholic police officers. fight discrimination against Catholics. In 1968 their tactics changed The Agreement was confirmed by referendums in Northern Ireland from petitioning and lobbying to protest marches which were and the Republic. John Hume (SDLP) and David Trimble (UU) shared 1981 increasingly dispersed violently by the police. The start of ‘the the 1998 Nobel peace prize for their efforts to find a peaceful end Troubles’ is often dated to a civil-rights march in Derry on 5 October 1 March–31 October, 1985 to the conflict in Northern Ireland. The Good Friday Agreement has 1968, when there was a violent struggle between the police and Republican prisoners at the Maze 15 November, provided an uneasy peace in Northern Ireland for 20 years, although young Catholic residents: the so-called Battle of the Bogside. The prison go on hunger strike. Margaret Thatcher and there is some anxiety about the future of the border and its impact immediate consequences of the civil-rights riots were the deployment Bobby Sands is elected as an MP. Garret FitzGerald, the on stability when the UK leaves the European Union in March 2019. of British troops to restore order and the rise of the militant He and nine other prisoners die Irish Taoiseach, sign A majority of voters in the province voted to remain in the EU in the Provisional Irish Republican Army who launched a new armed campaign. while on hunger strike Anglo-Irish Agreement referendum of 2016. 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1984 1987 1990 1998 12 October, bomb explodes 8 November, 30 July, Ian Gow MP 10 April, Good Friday Agreement at the Grand Hotel Brighton 11 civilians killed killed by a car bomb signed and hailed as the end of 1968 1969 1972 1974 1979 during Conservative Party by a bomb at a the Troubles. Between 1968 and Civil-rights marches British government 30 January, ‘Bloody Pub bombings in 30 March, Airey conference, five people die Remembrance service 1998 over 3,600 people had been take place across sends troops to Sunday’, 13 civilians Guildford (5 deaths, Neave MP killed by a but Prime Minister Margaret in Enniskillen killed and thousands more injured Northern Ireland Northern Ireland as a shot dead by British 5 October) and car bomb as he leaves Thatcher survives unhurt ‘limited operation’ to army. March, Birmingham (21 Parliament. 27 August, restore law and order Stormont government deaths, 21 November) Lord Mountbatten dissolved and direct and three others killed ModernHistoryReviewExtras rule imposed from by a bomb in Sligo, Go online for a printable pdf of this centre spread Sarah Richardson is an associate professor of Westminster Republic of Ireland (www.hoddereducation.co.uk/historyreviewextras) British history at The University of Warwick. 16 Modern History Review February 2019 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/historyreview 17.
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