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This table was published on 4/7/17. Independent Expenditure Table 1 Independent Expenditure Totals by Committee and Filer Type January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2016 Independent Expenditure (IE) Totals by Committee and Filer Type Amount PAC Independent Expenditures* $76,176,918 Party Independent Expenditures $254,502,794 Independent Expenditure-Only Political Committees (Super PACs) $1,056,466,148 Political Committees with Non-Contribution Accounts (Hybrid PACs) $46,661,972 Independent Expenditures Reported by Persons other than Political Committees $197,194,244 Total Independent Expenditures (IE) $1,631,002,075 ID # IEs by Political Action Committee (PAC)* Amount C00344531 1199 32BJ/144 SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION HOME CARE POLITICAL ACT $188,000 C00348540 1199 SERVICE EMPLOYEES INT'L UNION FEDERAL POLITICAL ACTION FUND $472,261 C00346015 80-20 NATIONAL ASIAN AMERICAN PAC $7,014 C00136838 AGPAC OF THE ARIZONA FARM BUREAU FEDERATION INC $15,425 C00613448 AMERICA FOR EVERYONE PAC $92 C00359539 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $58,800 C00411553 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $25,000 C00196246 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY INC POLITICAL COMMITTEE (OPHTHPAC) $88,565 C00343459 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY ASSOCIATION PAC $943,946 C00382424 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION PAC $75,000 C00011114 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE COUNTY & MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES P E O P L E $15,187,034 C00028860 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, AFL-CIO COMMITTEE ON POLITICAL EDUCATION $411,481 C00449926 AMERICAN FUTURE FUND POLITICAL ACTION $61,213 C00106146 AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION PAC $1,278,075 C00000422 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $141,616 C00017525 AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION PAC $6,293 C00113803 AMERICAN OSTEOPATHIC INFORMATION ASSOCIATION - OSTEOPATHIC POLITICAL ACTI $25,000 C99002396 AMERICAN POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $84,558 C00611020 AMERICANS AGAINST INSECURE BILLIONAIRES WITH TINY HANDS PAC $9,017 C00624692 AMERICANS DESERVE BETTER PAC, INC. $125,703 C00615344 AMISH PAC $31,112 C00412213 APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY ACTION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $4,266 C00346239 ARAB AMERICAN POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $7,715 C00623306 ARIZONA ROCK PRODUCT ASSOCIATION $6,944 C00485748 ARKANSAS RURAL WATER ASSOCIATION FEDERAL POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $1 C00033795 AZ COTTON GROWERS ASSOCATION $2,850 C00155713 BAYPAC $1,000 C00560599 BLACK CONSERVATIVES FUND $56,000 C00319517 BLACKS IN GOVERNMENT POLITICAL ADVANCEMENT COUNCIL $875 C00620104 BROKEN ARROW REPUBLICAN FUND $8,000 C00609602 BUFFALO FOR BERNIE SANDERS $2,533 C00553883 BUILDING AMERICAN CONSERVATISM PAC AKA GO BY BAC PAC $3 C00617449 BUILDING BRIDGES, NOT WALLS $25,959 C00483040 BUSINESS LEADERS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY PAC $6,166 C00228122 CALIFORNIA PRO LIFE COUNCIL INC POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $650 C00589317 CALIFORNIA'S NEW FRONTIER $130,851 C00325076 CAMPAIGN FOR WORKING FAMILIES $14,304 This table was published on 4/7/17. C00365536 CHC BOLD PAC $99,269 C00628255 CHINESE AMERICANS FOR KEEPING AMERICA GREAT $7,204 C00295527 CITIZENS UNITED POLITICAL VICTORY FUND $69,969 C00432260 CLUB FOR GROWTH PAC $206,015 C00002089 COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS OF AMERICA-COPE POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS COMMITT $150 C00628412 CONCERNED CITIZENS OF INDIAN RIVER COUNTY $3,637 C00569350 CONSERV AMERICA BUILDING A BRIGHTER FUTURE TOGETHER $28,000 C00495010 CONSERVATIVE CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE $52,506 C00524454 CONSERVATIVE MAJORITY FUND $761,555 C00007880 CULAC THE PAC OF CREDIT UNION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION $1,813,273 C00536664 DEFENDERS OF FREEDOM AND SECURITY $15,500 C00370007 DEMOCRACY FOR AMERICA $177,564 C00587279 DEMOCRACY USA $813 C00464198 DEMOCRATIC CLUB OF THE CONEJO VALLEY $1,500 C00416347 DEMOCRATIC WOMEN OF THE DESERT $1,320 C00406397 DESERT STONEWALL DEMOCRATS $2,117 C00626580 DIVERSITY POLITICAL COALITION $844 C00103937 EAGLE FORUM PAC $5,785 C00573261 END CITIZENS UNITED $11,962,074 C00582544 EPIC: EMPOWERING PROGRESSIVE INITIATIVES + CANDIDATES $2,687 C00307777 FREEDOM CLUB FEDERAL PAC $3,939 C00401786 FREEDOM'S DEFENSE FUND $1,057,917 C00573550 FREEDOMWORKS PAC $3,147 C00528406 FRIENDS OF CORN - PAC $4,250 C00442251 FUTURE DEMOCRATS OF AMERICA $174 C00354605 GRASS ROOTS NORTH CAROLINA/FORUM FOR FIREARMS EDUC POL VICTORY FUND $5,878 C00278101 GUN OWNERS OF AMERICA, INC. POLITICAL VICTORY FUND $400 C00552851 HOUSE FREEDOM FUND $100,000 C00558288 HOUSTON GLBT POLITICAL CAUCUS PAC $3,542 C00235853 HUMAN RIGHTS CAMPAIGN PAC $281,138 C00619593 HUMANITY FOR PROGRESS $191,221 C00193441 ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION ACTIVATOR POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT FUND (FE $4,436 C00395889 ILLINOIS TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT DEMOCRATS $327 C00616177 IMMIGRATION FOR AMERICANS $47 C00365296 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIRE FIGHTERS, LOCAL 42 POLITICAL ACTION COMMI $24,809 C00029447 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FIREFIGHTERS INTERESTED IN REGISTRATION AND E $19,176 C00162818 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL 98 COMMITTEE ON $207,241 C00027342 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMIT $1,960 C00176214 INTERNATIONAL LONGSHORE AND WAREHOUSE UNION -- POLITICAL ACTION FUND $6,735 C00418400 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL 49 PAC IUOE LOCAL 49 PAC $16,500 C00003632 INTL UNION OF BRICKLAYERS & ALLIED CRAFTWORKERS PAC $47,267 C00320432 IRISH AMERICAN DEMOCRATS $2,500 C00455832 JUST PERMANENT INTERESTS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $1,000 C00175521 KANSANS FOR LIFE FEDERAL POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $11,633 C00405563 KOREAN AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE $300 C00007922 LABORERS' INTERNATIONAL UNION OF NORTH AMERICA (LIUNA) PAC $163,221 C00590620 LAS CRUCES FOR BERNIE $511 C00617548 LIBERTARIAN YOUTH CAUCUS $964 C00582775 LIBERTY PA 2016 $410 C00438747 LIFE AND LIBERTY PAC INC $3,000 This table was published on 4/7/17. C00405639 LIFE OF THE PARTY $612 C00367847 LINCOLN CLUB OF SOUTHWEST RIVERSIDE COUNTY PAC $1 C00355289 LOCAL 32BJ SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION AMERICAN DREAM POLITICAL $51,979 C00269779 LONE STAR PROJECT $191 C00339051 MAINSTREAM POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $17,434 C00623470 MAKING AMERICA GREAT AGAIN, LLC $69,383 C00128520 MASSACHUSETTS CITIZENS FOR LIFE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $289 C00580878 MICHIGAN FOR PROGRESSIVES $6,402 C00617779 MIDWEST GROWTH PAC $69,660 C00129171 MINNESOTA CITIZENS CONCERNED FOR LIFE, INC. FEDERAL PAC $2,464 C00613489 MISSOURI FARM BUREAU FEDERATION FEDERAL PAC $21,336 C00157958 MISSOURI RIGHT TO LIFE FEDERAL POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $5,770 C00527663 MONTPAC-MONTANA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (MMA) $2,735 C00079541 NARAL PRO-CHOICE AMERICA PAC $281,375 C00481200 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GUN RIGHTS INC PAC $103,825 C00023580 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LETTER CARRIERS OF U.S.A. POLITICAL FUND (LETTER CAR $43,157 C00563759 NATIONAL CAMPAIGN $1,470,000 C00140061 NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEDICINE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE - AMERICAN COLLEG $95,000 C00101105 NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS FEDERAL POLITICAL ACTION COM $665,700 C00053553 NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA POLITICAL VICTORY FUND $19,241,228 C00111278 NATIONAL RIGHT TO LIFE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $384,598 C00107128 NATIONAL TREASURY EMPLOYEES POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $624 C00003251 NEA FUND FOR CHILDREN AND PUBLIC EDUCATION $5,000 C00260331 NEW JERSEY RIGHT TO LIFE COMMITTEE FEDERAL PAC $14,912 C00590646 NEW YORK CAPITAL REGION FOR BRINGING ECONOMIC REVOLUTION NOW INSPIRING E $2,307 C00610477 NORTH END BREAKFAST CLUB $2,400 C00590240 NORTHEAST MUSICIANS FOR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY $268 C00097196 OHIO RIGHT TO LIFE SOCIETY, INC. PAC $175 C00439984 OJAI VALLEY DEMOCRATIC CLUB $35 C00492132 ORGANIC TRADE ASSOCIATION PAC (ORGANIC PAC) $6,001 C00622142 PEOPLE VS NRA $110 C00619890 PITTSBURGH DELEGATES FOR BERNIE $5,024 C00396911 PLUMBERS AND STEAMFITTERS LOCAL NO 73 FEDERAL PAC FUND $28,500 C00343137 POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORTHOPAEDIC SU $294,410 C00023754 POLITICAL ACTION COUNCIL OF EDUCATORS(UNITED TEACHERS-LOS ANGELES) $419 C00546887 POTATO GROWERS OF MICHIGAN INC PAC $500 C00202804 PROCHOICE VOTER $2,500 C00589226 PROGRESS N@ $3,603 C00589937 PROGRESSGJ $618 C00458000 PROGRESSIVE CHANGE CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE $51,843 C00620005 PROGRESSIVE DELEGATE ALLIANCE OF CALIFORNIA $1,300 C00613778 PROGRESSIVE JEWS PAC $1,239 C00580068 PROGRESSIVE TURNOUT PROJECT $432,125 C00584300 PROGRESSIVE WISCONSIN - LET'S REBUILD AMERICA $8,592 C00621441 PROTECTING YOUR FREEDOM $17,847 C00626150 REFORM WISCONSIN FUND $1,375,060 C00551770 REGENERATE WEST VIRGINIA $3,600 C00427849 REPLACEMENTS LTD PAC $11,477 C00442319 REPUBLICAN MAJORITY CAMPAIGN $3,000 C00426528 RHODE ISLAND STATE RIGHT TO LIFE COMMITTEE INC FEDERAL PAC $2,951 This table was published on 4/7/17. C00101212 RIGHT TO LIFE OF MICHIGAN POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $31,993 C00141572 RIGHT TO LIFE/OREGON PAC $8,375 C00105791 ROCHESTER AREA RIGHT TO LIFE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $435 C00122101 SAFARI CLUB INTERNATIONAL PAC (SCI-PAC) $190,000 C00611566 SAN DIEGO ASIAN AMERICANS FOR EQUALITY FOUNDATION PAC $1,385 C00429456 SANTA BARBARA WOMEN'S POLITICAL COMMITTEE $467 C00004036 SEIU COPE (SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION COMMITTEE ON POLITICAL E $8,550,289 C00448696 SENATE CONSERVATIVES FUND $901,138 C00135368 SIERRA CLUB POLITICAL COMMITTEE $463,486 C00587766 SILVER CITY NM FOR BERNIE SANDERS $99 C00569012 SOUTHERN FUTURES A POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE $3,707 C00627638 STRONG NH ACTION $145,119 C00566174 TEA PARTY MAJORITY FUND $1,826,203 C00491290
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  • The Evolution of the Digital Political Advertising Network

    The Evolution of the Digital Political Advertising Network

    PLATFORMS AND OUTSIDERS IN PARTY NETWORKS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE DIGITAL POLITICAL ADVERTISING NETWORK Bridget Barrett A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the Hussman School of Journalism and Media. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Daniel Kreiss Adam Saffer Adam Sheingate © 2020 Bridget Barrett ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Bridget Barrett: Platforms and Outsiders in Party Networks: The Evolution of the Digital Political Advertising Network (Under the direction of Daniel Kreiss) Scholars seldom examine the companies that campaigns hire to run digital advertising. This thesis presents the first network analysis of relationships between federal political committees (n = 2,077) and the companies they hired for electoral digital political advertising services (n = 1,034) across 13 years (2003–2016) and three election cycles (2008, 2012, and 2016). The network expanded from 333 nodes in 2008 to 2,202 nodes in 2016. In 2012 and 2016, Facebook and Google had the highest normalized betweenness centrality (.34 and .27 in 2012 and .55 and .24 in 2016 respectively). Given their positions in the network, Facebook and Google should be considered consequential members of party networks. Of advertising agencies hired in the 2016 electoral cycle, 23% had no declared political specialization and were hired disproportionately by non-incumbents. The thesis argues their motivations may not be as well-aligned with party goals as those of established political professionals. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................... V POLITICAL CONSULTING AND PARTY NETWORKS ...............................................................................