“Discrete Subgroups of Lie Groups” Held at BIRS
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On Abelian Subgroups of Finitely Generated Metabelian
J. Group Theory 16 (2013), 695–705 DOI 10.1515/jgt-2013-0011 © de Gruyter 2013 On abelian subgroups of finitely generated metabelian groups Vahagn H. Mikaelian and Alexander Y. Olshanskii Communicated by John S. Wilson To Professor Gilbert Baumslag to his 80th birthday Abstract. In this note we introduce the class of H-groups (or Hall groups) related to the class of B-groups defined by P. Hall in the 1950s. Establishing some basic properties of Hall groups we use them to obtain results concerning embeddings of abelian groups. In particular, we give an explicit classification of all abelian groups that can occur as subgroups in finitely generated metabelian groups. Hall groups allow us to give a negative answer to G. Baumslag’s conjecture of 1990 on the cardinality of the set of isomorphism classes for abelian subgroups in finitely generated metabelian groups. 1 Introduction The subject of our note goes back to the paper of P. Hall [7], which established the properties of abelian normal subgroups in finitely generated metabelian and abelian-by-polycyclic groups. Let B be the class of all abelian groups B, where B is an abelian normal subgroup of some finitely generated group G with polycyclic quotient G=B. It is proved in [7, Lemmas 8 and 5.2] that B H, where the class H of countable abelian groups can be defined as follows (in the present paper, we will call the groups from H Hall groups). By definition, H H if 2 (1) H is a (finite or) countable abelian group, (2) H T K; where T is a bounded torsion group (i.e., the orders of all ele- D ˚ ments in T are bounded), K is torsion-free, (3) K has a free abelian subgroup F such that K=F is a torsion group with trivial p-subgroups for all primes except for the members of a finite set .K/. -
Affine Reflection Group Codes
Affine Reflection Group Codes Terasan Niyomsataya1, Ali Miri1,2 and Monica Nevins2 School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE)1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics2 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5 email: {tniyomsa,samiri}@site.uottawa.ca, [email protected] Abstract This paper presents a construction of Slepian group codes from affine reflection groups. The solution to the initial vector and nearest distance problem is presented for all irreducible affine reflection groups of rank n ≥ 2, for varying stabilizer subgroups. Moreover, we use a detailed analysis of the geometry of affine reflection groups to produce an efficient decoding algorithm which is equivalent to the maximum-likelihood decoder. Its complexity depends only on the dimension of the vector space containing the codewords, and not on the number of codewords. We give several examples of the decoding algorithm, both to demonstrate its correctness and to show how, in small rank cases, it may be further streamlined by exploiting additional symmetries of the group. 1 1 Introduction Slepian [11] introduced group codes whose codewords represent a finite set of signals combining coding and modulation, for the Gaussian channel. A thorough survey of group codes can be found in [8]. The codewords lie on a sphere in n−dimensional Euclidean space Rn with equal nearest-neighbour distances. This gives congruent maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding regions, and hence equal error probability, for all codewords. Given a group G with a representation (action) on Rn, that is, an 1Keywords: Group codes, initial vector problem, decoding schemes, affine reflection groups 1 orthogonal n × n matrix Og for each g ∈ G, a group code generated from G is given by the set of all cg = Ogx0 (1) n for all g ∈ G where x0 = (x1, . -
Finitely Generated Groups Are Universal
Finitely Generated Groups Are Universal Matthew Harrison-Trainor Meng-Che Ho December 1, 2017 Abstract Universality has been an important concept in computable structure theory. A class C of structures is universal if, informally, for any structure, of any kind, there is a structure in C with the same computability-theoretic properties as the given structure. Many classes such as graphs, groups, and fields are known to be universal. This paper is about the class of finitely generated groups. Because finitely generated structures are relatively simple, the class of finitely generated groups has no hope of being universal. We show that finitely generated groups are as universal as possible, given that they are finitely generated: for every finitely generated structure, there is a finitely generated group which has the same computability-theoretic properties. The same is not true for finitely generated fields. We apply the results of this investigation to quasi Scott sentences. 1 Introduction Whenever we have a structure with interesting computability-theoretic properties, it is natural to ask whether such examples can be found within particular classes. While one could try to adapt the proof within the new class, it is often simpler to try and code the original structure into a structure in the given class. It has long been known that for certain classes, such as graphs, this is always possible. Hirschfeldt, Khoussainov, Shore, and Slinko [HKSS02] proved that classes of graphs, partial orderings, lattices, integral domains, and 2-step nilpotent groups are \complete with respect to degree spectra of nontrivial structures, effective dimensions, expansion by constants, and degree spectra of relations". -
Arxiv:Math/0511624V1
Automorphism groups of polycyclic-by-finite groups and arithmetic groups Oliver Baues ∗ Fritz Grunewald † Mathematisches Institut II Mathematisches Institut Universit¨at Karlsruhe Heinrich-Heine-Universit¨at D-76128 Karlsruhe D-40225 D¨usseldorf May 18, 2005 Abstract We show that the outer automorphism group of a polycyclic-by-finite group is an arithmetic group. This result follows from a detailed structural analysis of the automorphism groups of such groups. We use an extended version of the theory of the algebraic hull functor initiated by Mostow. We thus make applicable refined methods from the theory of algebraic and arithmetic groups. We also construct examples of polycyclic-by-finite groups which have an automorphism group which does not contain an arithmetic group of finite index. Finally we discuss applications of our results to the groups of homotopy self-equivalences of K(Γ, 1)-spaces and obtain an extension of arithmeticity results of Sullivan in rational homo- topy theory. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 20F28, 20G30; Secondary 11F06, 14L27, 20F16, 20F34, 22E40, 55P10 arXiv:math/0511624v1 [math.GR] 25 Nov 2005 ∗e-mail: [email protected] †e-mail: [email protected] 1 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Themainresults ........................... 4 1.2 Outlineoftheproofsandmoreresults . 6 1.3 Cohomologicalrepresentations . 8 1.4 Applications to the groups of homotopy self-equivalences of spaces 9 2 Prerequisites on linear algebraic groups and arithmetic groups 12 2.1 Thegeneraltheory .......................... 12 2.2 Algebraicgroupsofautomorphisms. 15 3 The group of automorphisms of a solvable-by-finite linear algebraic group 17 3.1 The algebraic structure of Auta(H)................ -
Congruence Subgroups of Matrix Groups
Pacific Journal of Mathematics CONGRUENCE SUBGROUPS OF MATRIX GROUPS IRVING REINER AND JONATHAN DEAN SWIFT Vol. 6, No. 3 BadMonth 1956 CONGRUENCE SUBGROUPS OF MATRIX GROUPS IRVING REINER AND J. D. SWIFT 1. Introduction* Let M* denote the modular group consisting of all integral rxr matrices with determinant + 1. Define the subgroup Gnf of Mt to be the group of all matrices o of Mt for which CΞΞΞO (modn). M. Newman [1] recently established the following theorem : Let H be a subgroup of M% satisfying GmnCZH(ZGn. Then H=Gan, where a\m. In this note we indicate two directions in which the theorem may be extended: (i) Letting the elements of the matrices lie in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field, and (ii) Considering matrices of higher order. 2. Ring of algebraic integers* For simplicity, we restrict our at- tention to the group G of 2x2 matrices (1) . A-C b \c d where α, b, c, d lie in the ring £& of algebraic integers in an algebraic number field. Small Roman letters denote elements of £^, German letters denote ideals in £&. Let G(3l) be the subgroup of G defined by the condition that CΞΞO (mod 91). We shall prove the following. THEOREM 1. Let H be a subgroup of G satisfying (2) G(^)CHCGP) , where (3JΪ, (6)) = (1). Then H^GφW) for some Proof. 1. As in Newman's proof, we use induction on the number of prime ideal factors of 3JL The result is clear for 9Jέ=(l). Assume it holds for a product of fewer than k prime ideals, and let 2Ji==£V«- Qfc (&i^l)> where the O4 are prime ideals (not necessarily distinct). -
Feature Matching and Heat Flow in Centro-Affine Geometry
Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications SIGMA 16 (2020), 093, 22 pages Feature Matching and Heat Flow in Centro-Affine Geometry Peter J. OLVER y, Changzheng QU z and Yun YANG x y School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.math.umn.edu/~olver/ z School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China E-mail: [email protected] x Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China E-mail: [email protected] Received April 02, 2020, in final form September 14, 2020; Published online September 29, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3842/SIGMA.2020.093 Abstract. In this paper, we study the differential invariants and the invariant heat flow in centro-affine geometry, proving that the latter is equivalent to the inviscid Burgers' equa- tion. Furthermore, we apply the centro-affine invariants to develop an invariant algorithm to match features of objects appearing in images. We show that the resulting algorithm com- pares favorably with the widely applied scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), speeded up robust features (SURF), and affine-SIFT (ASIFT) methods. Key words: centro-affine geometry; equivariant moving frames; heat flow; inviscid Burgers' equation; differential invariant; edge matching 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 53A15; 53A55 1 Introduction The main objective in this paper is to study differential invariants and invariant curve flows { in particular the heat flow { in centro-affine geometry. In addition, we will present some basic applications to feature matching in camera images of three-dimensional objects, comparing our method with other popular algorithms. -
The Affine Group of a Lie Group
THE AFFINE GROUP OF A LIE GROUP JOSEPH A. WOLF1 1. If G is a Lie group, then the group Aut(G) of all continuous auto- morphisms of G has a natural Lie group structure. This gives the semi- direct product A(G) = G-Aut(G) the structure of a Lie group. When G is a vector group R", A(G) is the ordinary affine group A(re). Follow- ing L. Auslander [l ] we will refer to A(G) as the affine group of G, and regard it as a transformation group on G by (g, a): h-^g-a(h) where g, hEG and aGAut(G) ; in the case of a vector group, this is the usual action on A(») on R". If B is a compact subgroup of A(n), then it is well known that B has a fixed point on R", i.e., that there is a point xGR" such that b(x)=x for every bEB. For A(ra) is contained in the general linear group GL(« + 1, R) in the usual fashion, and B (being compact) must be conjugate to a subgroup of the orthogonal group 0(w + l). This conjugation can be done leaving fixed the (« + 1, w + 1)-place matrix entries, and is thus possible by an element of k(n). This done, the translation-parts of elements of B must be zero, proving the assertion. L. Auslander [l] has extended this theorem to compact abelian subgroups of A(G) when G is connected, simply connected and nil- potent. We will give a further extension. -
Decomposing Some Finitely Generated Groups Into Free Products With
Decomposing some finitely generated groups into free products with amalgamation 1 V.V. Benyash-Krivets Introduction . We shall say that a group G is a non-trivial free product with amalgamation if ¡ ¡ G = G1 A G2, where G1 = A = G2 (see [1]). Wall [2] has posed the following question: Which one-relator groups are non-trivial free products with amalgamation? £ Let G = ¢ g , . , g R = = R = 1 be a group with m generators and n 1 m | 1 · · · n relations such that def G = m n ¤ 2. It is proved in [4] that G is a non-trivial − free product with amalgamation. In particular, if G is a group with m ¤ 3 generators and one relation, then G is a non-trivial free product with amalgamation. A case of groups with two generators and one relation is more complicated. For example, the free −1 −1 £ abelian group G = ¢ a, b [a, b] = 1 of rank 2, where [a, b] = aba b , obviously, is | not a non-trivial free product with amalgamation. Other examples are given by groups −1 n £ Gn = ¢ a, b aba = b . For any n, the group Gn is solvable and using results from [3], | ¡ it is easy to show that for n = 1 the group G is not decomposable into a non-trivial − n free product with amalgamation. The following conjecture was stated in [4]. m £ ¤ Conjecture 1 Let G = ¢ a, b R (a, b) = 1 , m 2, be a group with two generators | and one relation with torsion. Then G is a non-trivial free product with amalgamation. -
Introduction to Arithmetic Groups What Is an Arithmetic Group? Geometric
What is an arithmetic group? Introduction to Arithmetic Groups Every arithmetic group is a group of matrices with integer entries. Dave Witte Morris More precisely, SLΓ(n, Z) G : GZ where " ∩ = University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada ai,j Z, http://people.uleth.ca/ dave.morris SL(n, Z) nΓ n mats (aij) ∈ ∼ = " × # det 1 $ [email protected] # = # semisimple G SL(n, R) is connected Lie# group , Abstract. This lecture is intended to introduce ⊆ # def’d over Q non-experts to this beautiful topic. Examples For further reading, see: G SL(n, R) SL(n, Z) = ⇒ = 2 2 2 D. W. Morris, Introduction to Arithmetic Groups. G SO(1, n) Isom(x1 x2 xn 1) = = Γ − − ···− + Deductive Press, 2015. SO(1, n)Z ⇒ = http://arxiv.org/src/math/0106063/anc/ subgroup of that has finite index Γ Dave Witte Morris (U of Lethbridge) Introduction to Arithmetic Groups Auckland, Feb 2020 1 / 12 Dave Witte Morris (U of Lethbridge) Introduction to Arithmetic Groups Auckland, Feb 2020 2 / 12 Γ Geometric motivation Other spaces yield groups that are more interesting. Group theory = the study of symmetry Rn is a symmetric space: y Example homogeneous: x Symmetries of a tessellation (periodic tiling) every pt looks like all other pts. x,y, isometry x ! y. 0 ∀ ∃ x0 reflection through a point y0 (x+ x) is an isometry. = − Assume tiles of tess of X are compact (or finite vol). Then symmetry group is a lattice in Isom(X) G: = symmetry group Z2 Z2 G/ is compact (or has finite volume). = " is cocompact Γis noncocompact Thm (Bieberbach, 1910). -
Congruence Subgroups Undergraduate Mathematics Society, Columbia University
Congruence Subgroups Undergraduate Mathematics Society, Columbia University S. M.-C. 24 June 2015 Contents 1 First Properties1 2 The Modular Group and Elliptic Curves3 3 Modular Forms for Congruence Subgroups4 4 Sums of Four Squares5 Abstract First we expand the connection between the modular group and ellip- tic curves by defining certain subgroups of the modular group, known as \congruence subgroups", and stating their relation to \enhanced elliptic curves". Then we will carefully define modular forms for congruence sub- groups. Finally, as a neat application, we will use modular forms to count the number of ways an integer can be expressed as a sum of four squares. This talk covers approximately x1.2 and x1.5 of Diamond & Shurman. 1 First Properties Recall the modular group SL2 Z of 2 × 2 integer matrices with determinant one, and its action on the upper half-plane H = fτ 2 C : im(τ) > 0g: aτ + b a b γτ = for γ = 2 SL and τ 2 H: (1) cτ + d c d 2 Z Any subgroup of the modular group inherits this action on the upper half- plane. Our goal is to investigate certain subgroups of the modular group, defined as follows. Let a b a b 1 0 Γ(N) = 2 SL : ≡ mod N (2) c d 2 Z c d 0 1 1 (where we simply reduce each entry mod N). As the kernel of the natural morphism SL2 Z ! SL2 Z=NZ, we see Γ(N) is a normal subgroup of SL2 Z, called the principal congruence subgroup of level N. -
Congruence Subgroup Problem for Algebraic Groups: Old and New Astérisque, Tome 209 (1992), P
Astérisque A. S. RAPINCHUK Congruence subgroup problem for algebraic groups: old and new Astérisque, tome 209 (1992), p. 73-84 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=AST_1992__209__73_0> © Société mathématique de France, 1992, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la collection « Astérisque » (http://smf4.emath.fr/ Publications/Asterisque/) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’uti- lisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ CONGRUENCE SUBGROUP PROBLEM FOR ALGEBRAIC GROUPS: OLD AND NEW A. S. RAPINCHUK* Let G C GLn be an algebraic group defined over an algebraic number field K. Let 5 be a finite subset of the set VK of all valuations of K, containing the set V*£ of archimedean valuations. Denote by O(S) the ring of 5-integers in K and by GQ(S) the group of 5-units in G. To any nonzero ideal a C O(S) there corresponds the congruence subgroup Go(s)(*) = {96 G0(s) \ 9 = En (mod a)} , which is a normal subgroup of finite index in GQ(S)- The initial statement of the Congruence Subgroup Problem was : (1) Does any normal subgroup of finite index in GQ(S) contain a suitable congruence subgroup Go(s)(a) ? In fact, it was found by F. Klein as far back as 1880 that for the group SL2(Z) the answer to question (1) is "no". -
[Math.GR] 2 Mar 2002 ∆ Missing”
COXETER GROUPS, 2-COMPLETION, PERIMETER REDUCTION AND SUBGROUP SEPARABILITY Paul E. Schupp Abstract. We show that all groups in a very large class of Coxeter groups are locally quasiconvex and have uniform membership problem solvable in quadratic time. If a group in the class satisfies a further hypothesis it is subgroup separable and relevant homomorphisms are also calculable in quadratic time. The algorithm also decides if a finitely generated subgroup has finite index. §1. Introduction. Several years ago the author [S2] raised the question of whether or not small cancellation methods could be used to investigate questions about finitely gener- ated subgroups of “sufficiently nice” groups— in particular the solvability of the membership problem and the Howson property. Rips [R] replied “No” by con- ′ 1 structing, for every metric small cancellation condition C n , finitely presented groups which satisfy the condition but which have unsolvable membership prob- lem and are neither Howson nor coherent. However, recent work of McCammond and Wise [M-W] and of Arzhantseva and Olshanskii[A-O] shows that the answer is actually “Yes” in many cases. McCammond and Wise introduced the use of “distributive” small cancellation hypotheses where the condition involves how the generators are distributed among all the defining relators and the ingenious idea of “perimeter reduction” where one counts “what is missing”. In this paper we introduce the idea that if one has a “suitable” subgroup graph, ∆1(H), of a subgroup H, one can construct from it a “complete” subgroup graph, arXiv:math/0203020v1 [math.GR] 2 Mar 2002 ∆2(H) which has most of the properties of subgroup graphs in the case of free groups and which directly reveals desired information about H.