Kids and Guns: from Playgrounds to Battlegrounds Also ◆ the National Juvenile Justice Action Plan: a Comprehensive Response

T O EN F J TM U R ST U.S. Department of Justice A I P C E E D

O J C S F A V Office of Justice Programs F M O I N A C I J S R E BJ G O OJJ DP O F PR Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention JUSTICE

Volume III • Number 2 JUVENILE JUSTICE

Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds Also ◆ The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan: A Comprehensive Response

Journal of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention From the Administrator

H eartened by the recent good news about the first reduction in juvenile crime and violence in a decade, those of us who work in juvenile justice are eager to build on this success and seize the opportunity presented by our increasing knowledge of what works to steer young people away from delinquency. In this issue of Juvenile Justice, we offer two very different, but complementary, articles about encouraging progress in one particularly troubling problem area and in the overall effort to combat juvenile violence and delinquency. In “Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds,” Stuart Greenbaum begins by citing ominous statistics showing significant increases in the past two decades in gun ownership and use by juveniles. Most of the article, however, describes more positive news—promising steps to curb violence in general and gun violence in particular. The author concludes that youth gun violence is preventable if the current public indignation generates support for national, State, and local efforts to get guns out of the hands of young people. The second article, “The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan: A Comprehensive Response to a Critical Challenge,” summarizes a comprehensive agenda to reduce youth violence. Under the leadership of Attorney General Janet Reno, the Coordi- nating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention identified eight objectives for successfully reducing youth violence and delinquency. Author Sarah Ingersoll discusses what OJJDP and other Council members are doing to implement the National Juvenile Justice Action Plan—and OJJDP’s Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, on which it is based. After years of increasing juvenile crime and violence, an anxious public is looking to policymakers and practitioners for answers to this urgent problem. There is, of course, no single solution, but this issue of Juvenile Justice offers a glimpse of actions we can take and programs we can support to rescue at-risk children from delinquent and violent futures and make our communities safer places to live.

Shay Bilchik Administrator Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention JUVENILE Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

810 Seventh Street NW. JUSTICE Washington, DC 20531 Volume III • Number 2 September 1997 (202) 307–5911

Administrator Shay Bilchik FEATURES Executive Editor Earl E. Appleby, Jr. Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds Assistant Editor by Stuart Greenbaum ...... 3 Catherine Doyle The lethal mixture of kids and guns has reached a crisis in the United States. Managing Editor Attorney General Janet Reno has observed that, “No corner of America is safe Bob Jefferson from increasing levels of criminal violence, including violence committed by Juvenile Justice Staff and against juveniles.” Nancy Hegle Stephanie Melis The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan: Irene Cooperman A Comprehensive Response to a Critical Challenge by Sarah Ingersoll ...... 11 Juvenile Justice is published by the Office of Juvenile Justice Drawing on decades of research, the Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and and Delinquency Prevention Delinquency Prevention’s Action Plan encourages helping youth throughout their (OJJDP) to advance its man- development while responding to juvenile crime in a way that ensures public safety. date to disseminate information regarding juvenile delinquency and prevention IN BRIEF programs (42 U.S.C. 5652). Points of view or opinions ex- Statistical Highlights pressed in this publication are those of the authors and do What’s Behind the Recent Drop in Juvenile Violent Crime?...... 21 not necessarily represent the Across Our Desk official position or policies of Waiting for Justice: Moving Young Offenders Through the OJJDP or the U.S. Department Juvenile Court Process ...... 23 of Justice. Recreation Programs that Work for At-Risk Youth: The Challenge of Shaping the Future ...... 23 The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention OJJDP Publications is a component of the Office OJJDP Bulletins Highlight Education and Youth of Justice Programs, which Development Initiatives ...... 24 also includes the Bureau of Teleconferences Spotlight a Variety of Youth Issues ...... 26 Justice Assistance, the Bureau OJJDP Online Publications List ...... 26 of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the Office for Victims ORDER FORM ...... 27 of Crime. Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds by Stuart Greenbaum

Late last year an 11-year-old boy was shot and killed. An 18-year- old allegedly killed the boy because he had shorted him on drug money (Thomas and Martin, 1996). The shooting should have rocked the Chicago neighborhood where it took place, except that this kind of thing happens all too often.

The lethal mix of children and guns poll showed that 35 percent of children has reached a crisis in the United States. ages 6 to 12 fear their lives will be cut Teenage boys are more likely to die of short by gun violence (Louis Harris and gunshot wounds than from all natural Associates, Inc., 1993). A 1990 Centers causes combined. The number of chil- for Disease Control and Prevention study dren dying from gunshot wounds and found that one in five 9th through 12th the number of children committing graders reported carrying a weapon in the homicides continue to rise at alarming past month; one in five of those carried a rates (McEnery, 1996). firearm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1991). Guns are now the weapon of choice for youth. As can be seen in the figure on “No corner of America is safe from the following page, gun homicides by increasing levels of criminal violence, juveniles have tripled since 1983, while including violence committed by and homicides involving other weapons have against juveniles,” Attorney General declined. From 1983 through 1995, the Janet Reno has observed. “Parents are Stuart Greenbaum is president proportion of homicides in which a juve- afraid to let their children walk to school of Greenbaum Public Relations, a nile used a gun increased from 55 percent alone. Children hesitate to play in neigh- Sacramento, California, firm that specializes in public interest con- to 80 percent (Snyder and Finnegan, borhood playgrounds. The elderly lock cerns, including high-risk youth 1997). themselves in their homes, and innocent services. A 20-year veteran of Americans of all ages find their lives public safety communication, Disputes that would previously have changed by the fear of crime” (Coordi- Mr. Greenbaum is a cofounder ended in fist fights are now more likely and past communications director nating Council on Juvenile Justice and to lead to shootings. A 1993 Louis Harris of the National School Safety Delinquency Prevention, 1996). Center at Pepperdine University.

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The number of murdered juveniles in- of the juveniles killed in 1994 were teen- creased 47 percent between 1980 and agers ages 15 to 17, while 30 percent 1994, according to figures from Juvenile were younger than age 6. In 1994, one Offenders and Victims: 1996 Update on in five murdered juveniles was killed by Violence (Snyder et al., 1996). The Sum- a juvenile offender. mary, which cites data from the Federal Recently, however, there has been good news. Between 1994 and 1995, juvenile arrests for murder declined 14 percent, Buying guns illegally is relatively easy resulting in the number of juvenile murder for juveniles. arrests in 1995 being 9 percent below the 1991 figure. Overall arrests for violent juvenile crime decreased 3 percent be- Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime tween 1994 and 1995—the first decline Reporting Program, notes that from 1980 in 9 years. These efforts must continue, through 1994 an estimated 326,170 per- however, as even these reduced rates are sons were murdered in the United States. substantially higher than 1986 levels Of these, 9 percent (30,200) were youth (Snyder, 1997). under age 18. While there was a 1-percent increase from 1980 through 1994 in the Often, teenagers turn guns on themselves. total number of murders, the rate of juve- In 1991, 1,889 teens ages 15 to 19 com- niles murdered increased from five per mitted suicide—a rate of 11 per 100,000 day to seven per day. Fifty-three percent (Allen-Hagen et al., 1994). Between

Juvenile Gun Homicides Gun homicides by juveniles have tripled since 1983, while homicides involving other weapons have declined.

Number of homicides 2,600 2,400 2,200 Firearm involved 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 No firearm involved 200 0 19801982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

◆ From 1983 through 1995, the proportion of homicides in which a juvenile used a gun increased from 55 to 80 percent.

Source: Snyder, H.N., and T.A. Finnegan. 1997. Easy Access to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: 1980–1995 (data presentation and analysis package). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

4 Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds

1980 and 1994, the suicide rate for 15- to 19-year-olds rose 29 percent, with an increase in firearms-related suicides ac- counting for 96 percent of the rise (Cen- ters for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996). The risk of suicide is five times greater for individuals living in house- holds with guns than for those in house- holds without guns (Kellerman et al., 1992). What is causing this epidemic of violence and how can it be stopped? The deterioration of the traditional family and the impact of drugs, gangs, poverty, and violence in the media are among the factors cited as contributing to the vio- Attorneys outlined the following ways lent behavior of today’s teens. Many of in which they are supporting State and these children—victims and perpetra- local programs: tors—come from one- or no-parent fami- ◆ lies (McEnery, 1996). Disrupting the markets that provide guns to youth. Guns are readily available to juveniles. ◆ Although Federal law mandates that a Taking guns out of the hands of person must be at least 18 years old to young people through coordination with purchase a shotgun or rifle, and at least State and local law enforcement officials. 21 years old to buy a handgun, law en- ◆ Working with State and local pros- forcement officials and youth themselves ecutors to enhance enforcement of report that buying guns illegally is rela- their laws. tively easy for juveniles. Increasingly, ◆ Encouraging and providing financial juveniles believe they need guns for pro- support for State and local efforts to trace tection or carry them as status symbols. the sources of guns taken from juveniles. As more guns appear in the community, a local arms race ensues. This article describes some promising Programs to get guns out of the hands of steps that have been taken to curb the violence endangering our youth and our young people are being put into place. communities. It also provides information about a number of initiatives that ◆ Launching targeted enforcement have focused on gun violence in particular. efforts in places where young people should feel safe, such as their homes, U.S. Attorneys Join schools, and recreation centers. ◆ Participating in prevention efforts the Fight directed at juveniles in our communities Local, State, and national programs to through mentoring, adopt-a-school (in get guns out of the hands of young people which schools are “adopted” by civic are being put in place. In a report to the groups or businesses), and Neighborhood Attorney General and the President, U.S. Watch programs.

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◆ Promoting increased personal of Justice Assistance, traffic law violators responsibility and safety through public were routinely stopped, as were youth outreach and information on the conse- violating curfews and individuals in- quences of juvenile handgun possession volved in other infractions of the law. (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- During these stops, police looked for vio- quency Prevention, 1996). lations that established legal authority to search a car or pedestrian for illegal guns. These special gun-interception teams The experience of victimization by violence were 10 times more cost-effective than is far too common among children. regular police patrols. The success of the Kansas City Gun Experiment is striking. An evaluation These approaches, also supported by other funded by the National Institute of components of the U.S. Department of Justice (NIJ) found that crime in the Justice (DOJ), are critical elements of 80-block target neighborhood, which a comprehensive youth gun violence re- had a homicide rate 20 times the na- duction strategy. tional average, was cut in half in 6 To advance the U.S. Attorneys’ violence months. Significantly, the program did prevention efforts and to help States and not merely displace crime to other loca- local jurisdictions respond to the problem tions. Gun crimes did not increase in any of juvenile firearms violence, the Office of the seven surrounding patrol beats. of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- The active involvement of community vention (OJJDP) published Reducing and religious leaders in the development Youth Gun Violence: An Overview of Pro- of the program resulted in broad support grams and Initiatives (Office of Juvenile for the program in the community, which Justice and Delinquency Prevention, had objected to past police crackdowns 1996). This report provides information on guns (Sherman et al., 1995). on a wide array of strategies—from In Boston, where juveniles in high-risk school-based prevention to gun market neighborhoods frequently carry guns, NIJ interception. In addition to program has launched a problem-solving project descriptions, the report includes a direc- to devise, implement, and assess strategic tory of youth gun violence prevention interventions to disrupt illicit firearms organizations and a bibliography of markets and deter youth violence. Its ini- research, evaluation, and publications tial focus was analyzing the supply and on youth and guns. demand for guns. Strategic interventions by police, probation, and parole officers Promising Programs have presented gang members—preva- lent among both victims and offenders— Many State and local programs designed with a clear choice: Stop the flow of guns to take guns out of the hands of teenagers and stop the violence or face rapid, fo- have proven successful. In the Kansas cused, and comprehensive law enforce- City (Missouri) Gun Experiment, the ment and corrections attention. Although U.S. Attorney’s Office and the Kansas it is too soon to evaluate the long-term City Police Department worked with effectiveness of this strategy, its immedi- local agencies to focus law enforcement ate impact is encouraging; youth vio- efforts on high-crime neighborhoods. lence in Boston appears to have been Under this initiative, developed with substantially reduced (Kennedy, 1997). Weed and Seed funding from the Bureau

6 Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds

NIJ’s promising initiative in Boston OJJDP is funding an evaluation of was highlighted at OJJDP’s August 1996 Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun national satellite teleconference, Reduc- Violence to document and analyze the ing Youth Gun Violence, which was process of community mobilization, viewed by more than 8,000 participants planning, and collaboration needed to at 271 downlink sites. The teleconfer- develop a comprehensive approach to ence, which is available on videotape combating youth gun violence. from OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Clearing- The fundamental challenge in reducing house, also featured the Detroit-based juvenile firearm possession is to convince Handgun Intervention Program, carried youth that they can survive in their out by volunteers in Michigan’s 36th neighborhoods without being armed. District Court, and the Shock Mentor Community-based programs such as those Program, a collaborative effort among listed above are working to dispel the Prince George’s County, Maryland, perception by many juveniles that the Public Schools, the Washington, D.C., authorities can neither protect them nor chapter of Concerned Black Men, Inc., maintain order in their neighborhoods. and Prince George’s Hospital Center. A number of communities have implemented programs that address the risk of Partnerships To Reduce victimization, improve school safety, and Juvenile Gun Violence foster a secure community environment. Based on a review of research and pro- Victimization and the grams conducted by OJJDP and summarized in Reducing Youth Gun Violence: Cycle of Violence An Overview of Programs and Initiatives, The experience of victimization by vio- OJJDP has started a new initiative, Part- lence is far too common among children nerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Vio- in America. A survey of inner-city high lence. This effort is intended to increase school students revealed that 45 percent the effectiveness of existing youth gun had been threatened with a gun or shot violence reduction strategies by enhanc- at, and one in three had been beaten ing and coordinating prevention, inter- up on their way to school (Sheley and vention, and suppression strategies and Wright, 1993). According to a survey by strengthening linkages among the community, law enforcement, and the juvenile justice system. Its comprehensive approach addresses three critical factors: juveniles’ access to guns, the reasons young people carry guns, and the reasons they choose to use guns to re- solve conflicts. Partnerships have been forged through recent OJJDP grants to the Center for Community Alternatives in Syracuse, New York; the City of East Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse of North- west Louisiana; and Youth ALIVE!, which services Oakland and Los Angeles, California.

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released by the U.S. Department of are victims, witnesses, and (in some Health and Human Services, child abuse instances) perpetrators of violent acts. and neglect nearly doubled between 1986 The CD–CP program serves as a model and 1993 (Sedlak and Broadhurst, 1996). for police-mental health partnerships Investigations by child protective ser- across the Nation and is being replicated vices agencies in 49 States determined under the CD–CP grant in Buffalo, New that more than 1 million children were York; Charlotte, North Carolina; Nash- victims of substantiated or indicated child ville, Tennessee; and Portland, Oregon abuse and neglect in 1995 (National Cen- (Marans and Berkman, 1997). In fiscal ter on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997). year 1997, OJJDP is enhancing the CD– CP program to provide training to school OJJDP and NIJ have supported several personnel, probation and parole officers, studies focusing on this cycle of violence. and prosecutors. The research indicates a relationship between experiences of childhood violence and subsequent delinquent behavior. Public Information OJJDP’s Rochester (New York) Youth Development Study found that children Campaigns who had been victims of violence were Researchers have found that long-term 24 percent more likely to report engaging public education campaigns on violence in violent behavior as adolescents than prevention, family education, alcohol those who had not been maltreated in and drug prevention, and gun safety cur- childhood (Thornberry, 1994). An NIJ riculums in schools are effective in help- longitudinal study of childhood victim- ing to reduce delinquency (American ization found that child abuse increases Academy of Pediatrics, 1992; Centers for the likelihood of future delinquency and Disease Control and Prevention, 1991; adult criminality by nearly 40 percent Christoffel, 1991; DeJong, 1994). This (Widom, 1992). may be especially true for education campaigns to prevent gun violence, because public awareness of positive activities can Child abuse and neglect nearly doubled reduce fear, which is a powerful factor between 1986 and 1993. in juveniles choosing to carry guns. In- volving teenagers in the development and operation of these programs is a criti- With funding support from OJJDP, the cal ingredient to a program’s success New Haven (Connecticut) Department (Treanor and Bijlefeld, 1989). The public of Police Services and the Yale Child and private sectors, including the media, Study Center established the Child also can play significant roles in program Development–Community Policing design and implementation. (CD–CP) program to address the adverse The goal of public information and impact of continued exposure to violence education efforts should be threefold: on children and their families and to in- to change public perceptions about youth terrupt the cycle of violence affecting so violence and guns, to educate the commu- many of our children. Reflecting New nity about the problem, and to convince Haven’s commendable commitment to youth and adults that their involvement community policing, the program brings is essential to the success of any program law enforcement and mental health pro- to curb possession and use of guns by fessionals together to help children who youth. Public information campaigns can

8 Kids and Guns: From Playgrounds to Battlegrounds

empower citizens to reach informed judg- OJJDP and the Bureau of Justice Assis- ments about effective ways of preventing tance are funding a public-private part- firearms violence by and against juveniles. nership to create and market PSA’s with a three-part message designed to persuade Public information campaigns to reduce young people to turn away from violence, gun violence should: educate parents and other community ◆ Provide accurate information to key residents about solutions to youth vio- policymakers about the causes, nature, lence, and show teens, parents, and youth- and extent of juvenile delinquency and serving professionals how they can become victimization, particularly gun-related part of the solution. violence. ◆ Communicate that juvenile gun violence and victimization are preventable. Public information campaigns can ◆ Publicize strategies and results of empower citizens to reach informed successful programs and encourage their judgments. replication. ◆ Motivate individuals, government agencies, and community service organi- Conclusion zations to work collaboratively to address As disturbing as youth gun violence is, the problem as a key to ensuring public it need not be inevitable. It is prevent- safety. able—as many programs throughout the A number of public information cam- United States are beginning to demon- paigns have been launched or are being strate. With the public alarmed about the developed. In California, the statewide problem, public servants and practitioners Campaign To Prevent Handgun Violence might bear in mind the Greek philosopher Against Kids has produced 30-second Solon’s words, “There can be no justice television public service announcements until those of us who are unaffected by (PSA’s) in English and Spanish; commu- crime become as indignant as those who nicated critical information on youth gun are.” violence to elected officials, media leaders, and public agencies; and received thousands of calls through its hotline and References information service (Office of Juvenile Jus- Allen-Hagen, B., M. Sickmund, and H.N. Snyder. tice and Delinquency Prevention, 1996). 1994 (November). Juveniles and Violence: Juvenile Offending and Victimization. Fact Sheet. Washing- To assist communities in their public ton, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of education efforts, the Center to Prevent Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Handgun Violence collaborated with Disney Educational Productions (1994) American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence. 1992. Firearms and adolescence. to produce Under the Gun: A Story About Pediatrics 89(4):784–787. Violence Prevention. The video, intended Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996 for educational and law enforcement (November). National Summary of Injury Mortality agencies, refutes the notion that guns are Data, 1987–1994. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Dis- glamorous and that carrying guns makes ease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. communities safer.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1991. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Weapon carrying among high school students: Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juve- United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly nile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Report 40(40):681–684. Sedlak, A.J., and D.D. Broadhurst. 1996 (Septem- Christoffel, K.K. 1991. Toward reducing pediatric ber). Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse injuries from firearms: Charting a legislative and and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of regulatory course. Pediatrics 88(2):294–305. Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and De- linquency Prevention. 1996 (March). Combating Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright. 1993 (December). Violence and Delinquency: The National Juvenile Gun Acquisition and Possession in Selected Juvenile Justice Action Plan. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Samples. Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- National Institute of Justice and Office of Juvenile vention. Justice and Delinquency Prevention. DeJong, W. 1994 (November). Preventing Inter- Sherman, L.W., J.W. Shaw, and D.P. Rogan. personal Violence Among Youth: An Introduction 1995 (January). The Kansas City Gun Experiment. to School, Community and Mass Media Strategies. Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- NIJ Issues and Practices. Washington, DC: U.S. ment of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Na- Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, tional Institute of Justice. National Institute of Justice. Snyder, H.N. 1997 (February). Juvenile Arrests Disney Educational Productions. 1994. Under the 1995. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- Gun: A Story About Violence Prevention. Burbank: ment of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office The Walt Disney Company. of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, G. Somes, D.T. Snyder, H.N., and M. Sickmund. 1995 (August). Reay, J. Francisco, G. Banton, J. Prodzinski, C. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report. Fligner, and B.B. Hackman. 1992. Suicide in the Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, home in relation to gun ownership. New England Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Jus- Journal of Medicine 327:467–472. tice and Delinquency Prevention. Kennedy, D.M. 1997 (March). Juvenile Gun Vio- Snyder, H.N., M. Sickmund, and E. Poe-Yamagata. lence and Gun Markets in Boston. Research Pre- 1996 (February). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: view. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 1996 Update on Violence. Statistics Summary. Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National In- Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, stitute of Justice. Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Jus- tice and Delinquency Prevention. Louis Harris and Associates, Inc. 1993. A Survey of Experiences, Perceptions and Apprehensions About Snyder, H.N., and T.A. Finnegan. 1997. Easy Ac- Guns Among Young People in America. New York, cess to the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: NY: Louis Harris and Associates, Inc., and LH 1980–1995 (data presentation and analysis pack- Research, Inc. age). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Jus- tice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Marans, S., and M. Berkman. 1997 (March). Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Child Development–Community Policing: Partnership in a Climate of Violence. Bulletin. Washington, Thomas, J., and A. Martin. Notorious block’s DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice deadly legacy, West Adams Street’s world of fear, Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- drugs, death. Chicago Tribune. Nov. 23, 1996. quency Prevention. Thornberry, T. 1994 (December). Violent Families McEnery, R. Today’s schoolyard bully just might and Youth Violence. Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: be armed. Asbury Park Press. Feb. 28, 1996. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Pro- grams, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Prevention. 1997. Child Maltreatment 1995: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data Treanor, W.W., and M. Bijlefeld. 1989. Kids and System. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Guns: A Child Safety Scandal. Washington, DC: Health and Human Services, National Center on American Youth Work Center and Educational Child Abuse and Neglect. Fund to End Handgun Violence. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven- Widom, C.S. 1992 (October). The Cycle of Vio- tion. 1996 (May). Reducing Youth Gun Violence: lence. Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. An Overview of Programs and Initiatives. Program Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

10 The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan: A Comprehensive Response to a Critical Challenge by Sarah Ingersoll

“More and more of our Nation’s children are killing and dying. The only way we can break the cycle of violence is through a truly national effort implemented one community at a time. Everyone has a role—businesses, schools, universities, and especially parents. Every community and every citizen can find practical steps in the Action Plan to do something now about youth violence.” Attorney General Janet Reno

On the heels of the crack epidemic, A Comprehensive Plan the Nation has witnessed the drive-by murder of a 3-year-old girl playing in In 1994, Attorney General Janet Reno the wrong place at the wrong time, a 12- convened the first meeting of the restruc- year-old boy caught in a deadly feud over tured Coordinating Council on Juvenile drug turf, and a homeless man set on fire Justice and Delinquency Prevention, in the subway by boys who should have which comprises nine juvenile justice been in school. Lurid headlines have cap- practitioners and representatives from tured the public’s attention as youth vio- the U.S. Departments of Justice (DOJ), lence takes center stage in the domestic Health and Human Services (HHS), debate. Housing and Urban Development, Labor, Treasury, and Education (ED); the Of- Responses to these events have been as fice of National Drug Control Policy; Sarah Ingersoll is a Special Assis- swift as they have been varied, but often tant to the Administrator of the and the Corporation for National Ser- they are reactions to a crisis rather than Office of Juvenile Justice and vice. The Attorney General charged the Delinquency Prevention. solutions based on analysis.

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Council to create an agenda to reduce OJJDP is working to implement the Action youth violence. Combating Violence and Plan through a coordinated initiative of Delinquency: The National Juvenile Justice demonstration grants, training and tech- Action Plan (Coordinating Council on nical assistance, research and evaluation Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- programs, and information dissemination vention, 1996) is the Council’s call to activities. The following examples dem- action. onstrate the scope of these initiatives.

Strengthening the Juvenile The Action Plan encourages helping Justice System youth throughout their development. Attaining the first objective of the Action Plan requires strengthening the Nation’s Drawing on decades of research, previously juvenile justice system. Through Formula summarized in the Office of Juvenile Grants, Title V Community Prevention Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Grants, and State Challenge Grants, (OJJDP’s) Comprehensive Strategy for Seri- OJJDP provides States with funds to plan ous, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders and implement comprehensive State and (Wilson and Howell, 1993), the Action local programs to prevent and control Plan encourages helping youth through- delinquency and enhance the effective out their development while responding operation of the juvenile justice system. to juvenile crime in a way that ensures In five program sites, OJJDP is demonstrat- public safety. The Coordinating Council ing the graduated sanctions approach that calls on citizens to work together to ad- is part of the Comprehensive Strategy for vance the Action Plan’s eight key objec- Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile tives to combat youth violence: Offenders. OJJDP is also supporting de- ◆ Provide immediate intervention and velopment of a stronger juvenile justice appropriate sanctions and treatment for system through the SafeFutures Program; delinquent juveniles. developing, testing, and expanding model juvenile community assessment centers; ◆ Prosecute certain serious, violent, and and promoting statewide adoption of the chronic juvenile offenders in criminal Comprehensive Strategy through inten- court. sive technical assistance and training in ◆ Reduce youth involvement with guns, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Rhode Island, drugs, and gangs. and Texas. ◆ Provide opportunities for children In addition, OJJDP is training juvenile and youth. justice system personnel to implement the balanced and restorative justice ◆ Break the cycle of violence by ad- model. Restorative justice holds the of- dressing youth victimization, abuse, and fender responsible for making restitution neglect. to the victim and restoring the state of ◆ Strengthen and mobilize communities. well-being that existed in the community ◆ Support the development of innovative before the offense. The balanced ap- approaches to research and evaluation. proach also suggests that the juvenile justice system improve the ability of of- ◆ Implement an aggressive public out- fenders to pursue legitimate endeavors reach campaign on effective strategies after their release. Training and techni- to combat juvenile violence. cal assistance are also being provided to

12 The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan

probation officers and juvenile justice With each new legislative debate regard- practitioners to enable them to establish ing new provisions, State legislators and restitution and community service pro- criminal justice officials are faced with a grams. States interested in juvenile code lack of reliable current information on reforms that reflect the balanced and re- the effectiveness of newly adopted laws storative justice model are also receiving and policies. To address this information training and technical assistance. By gap, OJJDP is currently funding three the end of 1995, at least 24 States had studies in Arizona, Florida, New Jersey, adopted, or were examining, codes or New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, procedures incorporating the concepts of and Utah to determine the outcome and balanced and restorative justice. impact of waiver and transfer provisions on juvenile offenders under varying legal Prosecuting Serious, Violent, and administrative configurations. The research will control for the presenting and Chronic Offenders offense, offense history, and offender’s The second objective of the Action Plan age and will include the kind of case at- addresses how to deal with juvenile of- tribute information that is often missing fenders whose offenses, or offense history from studies in this subject area. and failure to respond to treatment, merit The studies are being done collaboratively. criminal prosecution. In recent years, no Universities and research organizations other juvenile justice policy has received are teaming up with key State and local more legislative attention or yielded such criminal justice agencies to answer criti- a multitude of different approaches for cal questions about the process, impact, dealing with serious, violent, and chronic and comparative effectiveness of new juvenile offenders. strategies. Two of the current studies in- OJJDP has published a research summary volve replication and expansion of prior of legislative changes taking place across research and will provide information on the country between 1992 and 1995. differences in processing and outcome in State Responses to Serious and Violent Juve- the strategies of the 1980’s compared nile Crime (Torbet et al., 1996) covers with those of the 1990’s; another looks such topics as juvenile court jurisdic- at long-term trends. tional authority, including waiver and transfer mechanisms; sentencing options, including blended sentencing practices; OJJDP is funding studies to determine the corrections options for juveniles; confidentiality and information sharing; vic- impact of waiver and transfer provisions tim rights in the juvenile justice system; on juvenile offenders. and comprehensive State system reforms to respond to serious, violent, and chronic delinquency. In addition, OJJDP is fund- All of the studies have gone beyond the ing the National Conference of State limited data routinely available in auto- Legislatures to help improve State juvenile mated record systems to study in greater justice systems by providing State legisla- detail critical aspects related to offenses, tors and staff with the latest research, such as the offender’s role in the commis- effective State policies, and model re- sion of the crime, harm to the victim, sponses to youth violence through both and involvement of drugs or guns in the publications and intensive training. offense. It is hoped that more indepth

Volume III • Number 2 13 Juvenile Justice

characterization of cases will reveal pat- prevention, intervention, and suppression terns in the determinations made by activities that target three critical areas prosecutors and judges to transfer a juve- affecting juvenile violence—guns, drugs, nile to criminal court for prosecution. and gangs. One of the goals of the research program Guns. From 1985 to 1992, the number is to explore the possibility of developing of homicides committed by juveniles a system to collect routine information with firearms more than doubled. Under from a broader range of sources on the Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun processing, outcomes, and impacts of Violence, OJJDP is funding four initia- criminal prosecution nationally. Research- tives—one in California, two in Louisi- ers from all sites will collaborate to pro- ana, and one in New York—that are duce a cross-jurisdictional comparison of linking community mobilization efforts critical dimensions of the process. with law enforcement to address this problem. An evaluation of the Partner- ships effort is also being sponsored by The Youth Substance Use Prevention Grant OJJDP. In addition, OJJDP has held a national satellite teleconference on pro- Program will support 10 community-based, grams designed to reduce youth gun vio- youth-led prevention initiatives. lence. The teleconference, which is available on videotape from OJJDP’s Ju- venile Justice Clearinghouse, was viewed In addition to these studies, OJJDP and by approximately 8,130 people at 271 the Bureau of Justice Statistics will be downlink sites. funding State-initiated studies of juvenile transfers through the State Justice Statis- Drugs. In response to an increase in drug tics Program for Statistical Analysis Cen- use by young people, OJJDP is adminis- ters in fiscal year 1997. tering the $1 million Youth Substance Use Prevention Grant Program of the Targeting Guns, Drugs, President’s Crime Prevention Council, which will support 10 community-based, and Gangs youth-led prevention initiatives. OJJDP Objective three of the Action Plan also is also funding an evaluation of the pro- identifies programmatic and strategic gram that will build local program grantees’ capacity for designing, implementing, and interpreting evaluations; determine whether youth-led delinquency and substance use prevention activities have a greater impact on youth than adult-led prevention activities; and define the elements critical to implementing a successful youth-led prevention activity. OJJDP is also continuing to fund the Commu- nity Anti-Drug Abuse Technical Assis- tance Voucher project and the Congress of National Black Churches’ National Anti-Drug/Violence Campaign—programs that help grassroots organizations and churches address juvenile drug abuse.

14 The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan

The Race Against Drugs Program is a unique drug awareness, education, and prevention campaign implemented with the help and assistance of 23 motor sports organizations, the Federal Bureau of In- vestigation, Drug Enforcement Adminis- tration, U.S. Navy, and others. OJJDP is also working with the American Proba- tion and Parole Association to train and help juvenile justice practitioners identify and treat drug-involved youth. OJJDP held a national satellite teleconference on preventing drug abuse among youth that was viewed by approximately 10,000 people at 300 downlink sites. (To obtain a videotape of this teleconference, see agencies with program emphasis on youth order form, page 27.) gangs and related problems. OJJDP’s national satellite teleconference on strat- Gangs. OJJDP is implementing and test- egies to prevent, intervene in, and sup- ing a research-driven, community-based approach to suppressing, intervening in, press juvenile gang violence was viewed by approximately 17,000 people at 635 and preventing gang violence through its downlink sites. (To obtain a videotape Comprehensive Response to America’s Youth Gang Problem Initiative. Five of this teleconference, see order form, page 27.) jurisdictions experiencing an emerging or chronic gang problem (Mesa and Tucson, Arizona; Riverside, California; Enhancing Opportunities Bloomington, Illinois; and San Antonio, for Youth Texas) have been funded under this initiative to implement the comprehensive Objective four of the Action Plan calls for model for 3 years. OJJDP has established the Nation to provide positive opportu- the National Youth Gang Center to pro- nities for youth. Research demonstrates mote effective and innovative strategies, that mentoring, afterschool activities, collect and analyze statistical data on gangs, analyze gang legislation, and review gang literature. OJJDP also funded OJJDP is testing a research-driven, Boys & Girls Clubs of America gang- community-based response to youth gangs. prevention programs that have reached 6,000 youth at risk for gang involvement. OJJDP has also established the inter- conflict resolution programs, remedial agency, public/private Gang Consortium education, and vocational training can as part of the Comprehensive Response prevent young people from becoming de- initiative. The Consortium seeks to fa- linquents. OJJDP is actively disseminat- cilitate and expand ongoing coordination ing a variety of research-based documents. activities and enhance youth gang pre- Delinquency Prevention Works (Office of vention, intervention, and suppression Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- policies and activities, including informa- vention, 1995a) and the Guide for Imple- tion exchange and technical assistance menting the Comprehensive Strategy for services provided by the many Federal Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile

Volume III • Number 2 15 Juvenile Justice

MST Approach (Henggeler, 1997), and Mentoring—A Proven Delinquency Preven- tion Strategy (Grossman and Garry, 1997). DOJ is also funding expanded opportunities for youth and training for youth service professionals. Boys & Girls Clubs have provided afterschool activities that have increased school attendance, improved academic performance, and reduced the juvenile crime rate in high-risk neighborhoods. In addition to funding the Law-Related Education Program and the Teens, Crime, and the Community Initiative, which involves young people in community safety efforts, OJJDP has provided professional development training for youth workers and programmatic Offenders (Howell, 1995) both offer many support to 93 mentoring programs funded examples of effective prevention and under the Juvenile Mentoring Program intervention programs. Other helpful (JUMP). A recent national evaluation publications are the OJJDP Bulletins in of the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America the Youth Development Series, which mentoring program found that the young OJJDP created this year to present find- people involved in this program were ings from the Program of Research on the 46 percent less likely to start using drugs, Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, 33 percent less likely to exhibit aggres- a longitudinal research program studying sive behavior, and 27 percent less likely to start using alcohol than their peers. Mentoring is a component of OJJDP’s Conflict resolution education reduces SafeFutures initiative, which assists communities in combating delinquency by juvenile violence and improves school developing a full range of coordinated attendance. services. In addition to JUMP and SafeFutures, OJJDP supports more than 90 mentoring efforts in individual States 4,000 young people in Denver, Colorado; through its Formula Grants Program Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Rochester, (Grossman and Garry, 1997). OJJDP New York. Series titles developed thus recently held a national satellite telecon- far are Epidemiology of Serious Violence ference on mentoring. (To obtain a vid- (Kelley et al., 1997), Gang Members and eotape of this teleconference, see order Delinquent Behavior (Thornberry and form, page 27.) Burch, 1997), and In the Wake of Child- hood Maltreatment (Kelley et al., 1997). Addressing conflict resolution program- In addition, OJJDP has published a num- ming in schools, the community, and ber of individual Bulletins on specific juvenile justice settings, a 1995 OJJDP promising programs, including Allegheny satellite teleconference provided more County, PA: Mobilizing To Reduce Juve- than 10,000 participants with informa- nile Crime (Hsia, 1997), Treating Seri- tion on conflict resolution programs ous Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: The that have reduced the number of violent

16 The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan

juvenile acts, decreased the number of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997). Studies chronic school absences, reduced the show that childhood abuse and neglect number of disciplinary referrals and increase a child’s odds of future delin- suspensions, and expanded classroom in- quency and adult criminality. Data from struction. These conflict resolution pro- the Rochester Youth Development Study grams and approaches are described in (RYDS) show that self-reports of youth Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to violence increased with exposure to more Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth- types of family violence. RYDS is one of Serving Organizations, and Community three coordinated, longitudinal research and Juvenile Justice Settings (Crawford projects of OJJDP’s Causes and Correlates and Bodine, 1996), published by OJJDP Program, the largest shared-measurement and ED’s Safe and Drug-Free Schools approach ever achieved in delinquency Program. OJJDP has funded a training research. and technical assistance program that supports the implementation of conflict resolution efforts at the local level. Studies show that childhood abuse and Supported by OJJDP in collaboration with neglect increase a child’s odds of future the U.S. Departments of Health and Hu- man Services, Commerce, and Defense, delinquency. the Communities In Schools dropout- prevention program has reached more The fifth objective of the Action Plan, than 97,000 youth and their families, in- therefore, challenges us to eliminate the creased students’ likelihood of attending disturbing cycle of domestic violence, and staying in school, and improved their academic performance. OJJDP and ED have also funded the National School Safety Center to focus attention on the problems of youth who do not attend school regularly because they are truants or dropouts, are afraid to attend school, have been suspended or expelled, or are in need of help to be reintegrated into mainstream schools after spending time in juvenile detention and correctional settings. Four forums on Youth Out of the Education Mainstream were held in summer 1996 to highlight effective and promising programs. Intensive training and technical assistance are being deliv- ered to 10 sites to implement comprehensive approaches to this problem.

Breaking the Cycle of Violence In 1995, child protective service agencies investigated an estimated 2 million reports alleging the mistreatment of almost 3 million children (National Center on

Volume III • Number 2 17 Juvenile Justice

child abuse and neglect, and youth vio- which is being implemented by the Uni- lence. OJJDP is collaborating with other versity of Utah, Department of Health bureaus in the Office of Justice Programs Education, in Salt Lake City. This project to support Safe Kids/Safe Streets: Com- allows the university to continue work munity Approaches to Reducing Abuse it has been conducting since 1990 to and Neglect and Preventing Delinquency. identify the most effective family pro- This initiative is designed to help youth grams for the prevention of delinquency. at risk for abuse and neglect and their This project is designed to help close the families, to encourage communities to gap between the state of research and the strengthen the response of their criminal state of practice in family-focused pre- and juvenile justice systems to child abuse vention. The university will synthesize and neglect, and to enhance system coor- and disseminate information about model dination with child and family service family strengthening programs through agencies. Five communities (Huntsville, training and technical assistance and the Alabama; the Sault Sainte Marie Tribe development of written materials. of Chippewa Indians in Michigan; Kan- OJJDP is also funding the Yale/New sas City, Missouri; Toledo, Ohio; and Haven Child Development–Community Chittenden County, Vermont) have been Policing (CD–CP) Program to engage selected for funding under the Safe Kids/ community police and mental health Safe Streets Program. The funding agen- professionals in addressing the psycho- cies are also sponsoring an evaluation of logical burdens of increasing levels of the program. community violence on children, families, and communities. The CD–CP Program, a collaborative effort of the The CD–CP program serves as a national New Haven (Connecticut) Department model for police-mental health partnerships. of Police Services and the Child Study Center at the Yale University School of Medicine, serves as a national model In addition, OJJDP is working with the for police-mental health partnerships Executive Office for Weed and Seed (Marans and Berkman, 1997). and HHS to implement the David Olds Nurse Home Visitation Program in six In addition, OJJDP is sponsoring four sites. Six hundred low-income, first-time regional children’s advocacy centers to mothers (some of whom are drug addicts) coordinate the response of judicial and and their babies will be served through social service systems to child abuse. The this prenatal and early childhood home- regional centers act as clearinghouses, visitation program. Through home visits distributing resource materials and other in the first 2 years of a child’s life, pro- tools, providing training and technical gram nurses work intensively with new assistance, and facilitating information mothers to improve key aspects of sharing. OJJDP supports the National health and early child development and Network of Children’s Advocacy Cen- strengthen the mother’s parenting and ters, which provides funding, training, vocational skills. and technical support to local children’s advocacy centers. Thanks to such efforts, In October 1995, OJJDP entered into nearly 300 communities now have a 3-year cooperative agreement for a children’s advocacy centers. Moreover, project called Training and Technical through OJJDP’s support of the National Assistance for Family Strengthening, Court Appointed Special Advocates

18 The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan

Association, some 700 communities Through its Juvenile Justice Clearing- have established court appointed special house, OJJDP annually distributes more advocate (CASA) programs providing than 2 million copies of Reports, Sum- volunteers to serve as advocates in court maries, Bulletins, Fact Sheets, and other proceedings for victims of child abuse publications providing research findings (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- quency Prevention, 1997). Deterring delinquency requires a Putting the Plan Into Action substantial investment of financial and The remaining objectives of the Action human resources. Plan focus on mobilizing communities, engaging a variety of disciplines to ensure that research serves as the foundation and program information. OJJDP publi- of program activities, and conducting cations are available through a toll-free an outreach campaign on effective strate- telephone line, and by mail, fax, and gies to combat juvenile violence. the Internet. OJJDP also continues to present national satellite teleconferences OJJDP is helping communities mobilize on key juvenile justice issues and is cur- to prevent juvenile delinquency and rently completing production of an inter- transferring the research base on the active CD-ROM on effective prevention causes and correlates of delinquency and intervention programs. Information through the Title V Community Preven- about these services and activities can be tion Grants. These grants have been dis- obtained by calling the Juvenile Justice tributed to 49 States, 5 territories, and Clearinghouse, toll free, at 800–638–8736. the District of Columbia. Nearly 4,000 participants have been trained in risk- and protective-factor-focused delin- Conclusion quency prevention, and 3-year Commu- nity Prevention Grants have been Deterring delinquency and reducing awarded to approximately 400 communi- youth violence require a substantial, sus- ties. OJJDP’s Title V Delinquency Preven- tained investment of financial and hu- tion Program Community Self-Evaluation man resources by both the public and Workbook (Office of Juvenile Justice and private sectors. If this Nation truly in- Delinquency Prevention, 1995b) is help- tends to ensure public safety and reduce ing communities evaluate their progress youth violence and victimization, it must and results under this program. make a greater commitment to a juvenile justice system that holds juvenile offend- In partnership with the Bureau of Justice ers immediately accountable (before they Assistance, OJJDP will be providing addi- become hardened criminals) and re- tional information on strategies that work sponds appropriately to the issues that through a public information campaign. bring young people to the courtroom in Using the Comprehensive Strategy and the first place. All young people should Action Plan as guides, community leaders be guaranteed the opportunity to be and other concerned citizens will have healthy, safe, and able to learn in school access to information on effective delin- and to engage in positive, productive ac- quency prevention; gang, gun, and drug tivities. This requires the targeted and violence reduction; and juvenile justice coordinated use of new and existing re- reform strategies and programs. sources. The research-based goals and

Volume III • Number 2 19 Juvenile Justice

objectives of the Action Plan and the model Kelley, B.T., T.P. Thornberry, and C.A. Smith. established by OJJDP’s Comprehensive 1997 (August). In the Wake of Childhood Maltreat- ment. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department Strategy can be successfully implemented, of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of but only if a long-term commitment is Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. made to work together to achieve them. Marans, S., and M. Berkman. 1997 (March). Child Development–Community Policing: Partnership in a Climate of Violence. Bulletin. Washington, References DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and De- quency Prevention. linquency Prevention. 1996 (March). Combating Violence and Delinquency: The National Juvenile National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Justice Action Plan. Report. Washington, DC: 1997. Child Maltreatment 1995: Reports From the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Pro- States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data grams, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency System. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Prevention. Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Crawford, D., and R. Bodine. 1996 (October). Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implement- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- ing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organiza- vention. 1995a (June). Delinquency Prevention tions, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings. Works. Program Summary. Washington, DC: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Pro- Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile grams, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and U.S. Prevention. Department of Education, Safe and Drug-Free Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre- Schools Program. vention. 1995b. Title V Delinquency Prevention Grossman, J.B., and E.M. Garry. 1997 (April). Program Community Self-Evaluation Workbook. Mentoring—A Proven Delinquency Prevention Strat- Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, egy. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven- Henggeler, S.W. 1997 (May). Treating Serious tion. 1997 (March). Court Appointed Special Advo- Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: The MST Approach. cates: A Voice for Abused and Neglected Children Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of in Court. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juve- ment of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office nile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Howell, J.C., ed. 1995 (June). Guide for Implement- Thornberry, T.P., and J.H. Burch II. 1997 (June). ing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior. Bulletin. and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Pro- Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Jus- grams, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency tice and Delinquency Prevention. Prevention. Torbet, P., R. Gable, H. Hurst IV, I. Montgomery, Hsia, H.M. 1997 (June). Allegheny County, PA: L. Syzmanski, and D. Thomas. 1996 (July). State Mobilizing To Reduce Juvenile Crime. Bulletin. Responses to Serious and Violent Crime. Washington, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delin- Justice and Delinquency Prevention. quency Prevention. Kelley, B.T., D. Huizinga, T.P. Thornberry, and Wilson, J.J., and J.C. Howell. 1993 (December). R. Loeber. 1997 (June). Epidemiology of Serious Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Violence. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Program Summary. ment of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

20 IN BRIEF

ICALHIGH What’s Behind the Recent ST LIG JUSTICE MATTERSTI H A T T S Drop in Juvenile Violent S Crime?

For the first time in nearly the nature of the decline gives hope The decline in juvenile 10 years, arrests of juveniles for the future. murders in 1995 was for violent crime declined The decline in violent crime arrests mostly in gun-related in 1995 was driven by decreases in in 1995. arrests of younger juveniles. Overall, murders by black males. The FBI’s Crime in the United States violent crime arrests of juveniles ages While juvenile arrests for all violent 1995 series shows that juvenile ar- 15 to 17 fell by 2% between 1994 crime offenses declined, the decline rests for violent crime increased and 1995, while arrests of younger was largest in juvenile arrests for annually, and substantially, in the juveniles dropped 5%. If delinquency murder, which dropped 14% between United States between 1988 and at a younger age is correlated with 1994 and 1995. Murder arrests had 1994. These increases led many to similar behavior as youth grow older, also declined (3%) between 1993 and predict a future wave of juvenile the lower number of violent crime 1994. If murder arrests can be used violence as the youth population arrests of younger juveniles in 1995 as a barometer of future violence, increases into the next century. But suggests that their levels of violence this large decline over the past 2 in 1995, with a growing juvenile at ages 15 to 17 are likely to be be- years also signals that the country population, violent juvenile crime low those of today’s 15- to 17-year- may have stemmed the growth of arrests—contrary to predictions— olds. If so, more declines in juvenile juvenile violence. declined. In relative terms, the de- violence should be expected in up- cline was small (only 3 percent), but coming years.

The juvenile arrest rate for murder declined between 1993 and 1995.

Murder Arrests per 100,000 juveniles ages 10 to 17 ◆ The rate at which juveniles were arrested for murder increased by nearly 170% between the low year of Murder 1984 and the peak year of 1993.

◆ The juvenile murder arrest rate declined in both 1994 and 1995, with the 1995 rate more than 20% below the peak 1993 rate and at its lowest level in the 1990’s.

◆ Between 1994 and 1995, while cities experienced a 17% decline in juvenile murder arrests, murder arrests of juveniles in suburban counties increased 6%.

Source: Snyder, H.N. 1997. Juvenile Arrests 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Volume III • Number 2 21 IN BRIEF JUSTICE MATTERS committed by males, and 80% in Five out of six youth referred to juvenile court for a violent offense murders committed by black juve- had no subsequent violent offense referrals—a pattern that changed niles. Therefore, the large reduc- little from 1980 through 1995. tion in murders by juveniles between 1994 and 1995 was in gun-related Proportion of all violent careers with only one violent offense homicides by black males. 100%

90% For More Information 80% Interested readers may obtain a copy 70% of Crime in the United States 1995 by contacting the U.S. Government 60% Printing Office or its local bookstore. 50% With funds from OJJDP, the Na- 40% tional Center for Juvenile Justice 30% (NCJJ) has prepared a user-friendly software package that presents an- 20% nual juvenile and adult arrest statis- 10% tics for every county and State in 0% the United States for the past 5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 years. Easy Access to FBI Arrest Sta- Year juveniles turned age 18 tistics: 1991–1995 (and two other Note: This study of 151,000 court-involved youth who turned 18 years of age between data sets in the series) can be down- 1980 and 1995 found that 8% had at least one violent offense referral in their court loaded from the Highlights section careers. of OJJDP’s home page: http:// Source: Snyder, H.N. 1997. The Prevalence of Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile www.ncjrs.org/ojjhome.htm. Copies Offenders in a Delinquent Population. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice. also can be obtained by calling NCJJ at 412–227–6950 or by writing to Analyses of the FBI’s Supplementary reduction in murders involving juve- the National Center for Juvenile Homicide Report data for 1994 and niles indicates that the 400-murder Justice, 710 Fifth Avenue, Third 1995 show that juveniles were in- decrease can be broken down in the Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15219–3000. volved in 2,300 (or 9.9% of all) mur- following overlapping categories: 95% ders in 1994 and 1,900 (or 8.9%) in of the decline was in gun-related This section was written by Howard N. Snyder, Project Director of the Juvenile 1995—a drop of 400 murders over homicides, 61% in homicides of Justice Statistics and Systems Develop- a 1-year period. An analysis of this acquaintances, 96% in homicides ment Program of NCJJ.

22 IN BRIEF S OUR OS DE Waiting for Justice: Moving Young R S C K Offenders Through the Juvenile A Court Process Jeffrey A. Butts and Gregory J. Halemba. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice, 1996.

It is said that justice delayed is justice denied. With the increase in delinquency caseloads across America, concern has grown about whether delays in processing delinquency cases are reducing the effectiveness of the juvenile courts. Yet, as Hunter Hurst, director of the National Center for Juvenile Justice (NCJJ), observes, “Despite its obvious importance, the speed of the juvenile justice process has been virtually ignored by researchers.” With the publication of Waiting for Justice: Moving Young Offenders Through the Juvenile Court Process, this is no longer the case. This unique volume reports on OJJDP’s Delays in Juvenile Justice Sanctions Project, the first major study of processing delays in the history of U.S. juvenile courts. While delays in adult criminal courts have commanded more public attention, “processing delays in the juvenile justice system may be uniquely harmful,” as the authors of Waiting for Justice note, since “adolescents are known to be socially, emotionally, and even cognitively different from adults.” The benchmark findings of OJJDP’s study are amply covered in this NCJJ publication.

Recreation Programs that Work for At-Risk Youth: The Challenge of Shaping the Future Peter A. Witt and John L. Crompton, eds. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc., 1996.

The problems posed by school dropouts, teen substance abusers, youth gang members, and juvenile offenders continue to challenge our Nation. Programs that focus on prevention and intervention are integral to combating delinquency. The 38 case studies featured in Recreation Programs that Work for At-Risk Youth are derived from a 1995 colloquium convened by the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration; the National Recreation and Park Association; the Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences at Texas A&M University; and the Fort Worth Parks and Community Services Department. Particularly helpful is the editors’ citation of common themes reflected by the di- verse programs and locales. Major themes emerging from the case studies include the stimuli underlying program initiation, program objectives, the need for collaborative efforts, and the degree of involvement of participants in program planning. Parks and recreation departments willing to go beyond what the editors describe as “fun and games” to return to their roots by serving at-risk youth and their communities would be well served by the information provided in this compendium.

Volume III • Number 2 23 IN BRIEF

PUBLICAT DP IO OJJDP Bulletins Highlight J N J S Education and Youth O Development Initiatives

OJJDP’s Bulletin series addresses a Keeping Young People in School: a grant from OJJDP and the U.S. wide variety of topics concerning Community Programs That Work Department of Education’s Safe the well-being of youth in the examines the reasons youth drop and Drug-Free Schools Program, United States. Each Bulletin pro- out of school and the long-term Pepperdine University’s National vides an overview of a particular effects on them and society, then School Safety Center (NSSC) is area of interest and describes ways describes a number of programs that helping schools, law enforcement that the government and private have responded to the challenge and social service agencies, and ju- sectors are addressing the issue. The of working with these youth. The venile justice systems across the Na- Bulletins often synthesize a large sample of programs described in tion pool their resources and create amount of information in a few Keeping Young People in School: partnerships to help young people pages, highlighting the most salient Community Programs That Work avoid the school-related risks that facts for a broad audience. Recent reflects the diversity of approaches can lead to delinquent behavior. additions to the Bulletin series in- designed to solve this problem. YOEM programs include prevention clude titles that focus on education One such program, Communities activities (mentoring, conflict reso- and youth development initiatives. In Schools (CIS), which delivers lution, peer tutoring, job training, Education comprehensive services directly to and afterschool programs) and in- troubled youth, is described in de- tervention strategies (school peace Youth who are not in school are tail, and findings from an evaluation officers, alternative schools, teen more vulnerable to delinquency, of the program’s effectiveness are courts, inschool suspensions, and drugs, and gangs. A 1992 study by presented. CIS brings businesses and school-based probation officers). the National Center for Education public and private agencies in com- Under the YOEM umbrella, NSSC Statistics found that 3.4 million munities together with welfare and provides training and technical as- young people between the ages of health professionals, employment sistance to school districts, juvenile 16 and 24 dropped out of school be- counselors, social workers, recre- and family courts, social service fore earning a high school diploma. ation leaders, the clergy, and mem- agencies, community organizations, Local, regional, and national orga- bers of community groups and puts and other service providers in 10 nizations, alone or with Federal them where they are needed—in the YOEM demonstration sites. Government assistance, are making schools. A support system of caring strides in keeping youth in school Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Edu- adults is brought together in one cation Mainstream outlines innova- and supporting them through gradu- place to ensure that students have ation and beyond. tive YOEM programs and strategies. access to resources that can help The Bulletin also examines the Two new OJJDP Bulletins, Keeping them build a sense of self-worth and many factors that can remove youth Young People in School: Community develop the skills to embark on pro- from the education mainstream and Programs That Work and Reaching ductive and constructive lives. describes promising approaches de- Out to Youth Out of the Education Reaching Out to Youth Out of the signed to address each. Mainstream, highlight such efforts Education Mainstream outlines the to keep young people in school or to Youth Out of the Education Main- help those who have left to complete stream (YOEM) initiative. With their education.

24 IN BRIEF

Youth Development Although findings from the study a closer look at chronic, violent mirror those of prior research in juvenile offenders; an examination To share new information about many ways, three research points of developmental pathways to seri- child development and delinquency, were raised that merit further dis- ous delinquency; and adolescent OJJDP has launched the Youth cussion in terms of their implica- firearms ownership, acquisition, Development Series (YDS), new tions for violence prevention. First, and use. Bulletins that will present notable involvement in serious violent be- findings from the Program of Re- havior began at a very young age For More Information search on the Causes and Correlates for some of the children in the study of Delinquency. The Causes and To find out more about the YOEM sites. Second, serious youth violence initiative and the Youth Devel- Correlates program—three coordi- is no longer committed only by boys. nated, longitudinal research projects opment Series, contact OJJDP’s Third, at the time of the data analy- Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse, supported by OJJDP since 1986—is sis, boys in the three study sites did the largest shared-measurement P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD not exhibit a decrease in serious vio- 20849–6000. The toll-free number approach ever achieved in delin- lence during their late teenage years. quency research. The research teams is 800–638–8736. The Bulletins in the three study sites—Rochester, Another YDS Bulletin, Gang Mem- highlight resources for more infor- New York; Denver, Colorado; and bers and Delinquent Behavior, presents mation and assistance. Copies of the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—have the findings from the Rochester Bulletins cited and other Bulletins interviewed 4,000 participants in Youth Development Study (RYDS) in the series can be obtained from detail at regular intervals for nearly and discusses the portion of delin- the Clearinghouse. Copies are also a decade. The research findings to quency in American society that available through fax-on-demand; date indicate that preventing the can be attributed to gang members. call the toll-free number, and select onset of delinquency requires accu- The RYDS found that gang mem- option 1 for instructions. All OJJDP rate identification of the risk factors bers account for a disproportionate Bulletins are available online from that increase the likelihood of de- share of delinquent acts, particularly OJJDP’s World Wide Web site linquent behavior and the protec- more serious offenses. These results (http://www.ncjrs.org/ojjhome.htm). tive factors that enhance positive clearly demonstrate the importance adolescent development. not only of preventing youth from becoming involved in gangs, but The first YDS Bulletin, Epidemiology of intervening with youth who are of Serious Violence, considers four already gang involved and who are key questions relating to juvenile committing delinquent and criminal violence: acts. ◆ At what ages are children and This Bulletin also describes OJJDP’s adolescents most likely to engage balanced approach to the problem in serious violent behavior? of gangs, which includes preven- ◆ How does the prevalence of tion, intervention, and suppression. violent juvenile offending vary by The Rochester study’s findings rein- gender and ethnicity? force the need for such a comprehensive, coordinated response to ◆ How frequently do violent youth reduce delinquency and crimes per- commit offenses? petrated by juvenile gang members. ◆ What portion of youth success- Future topics in this series will in- fully avoid involvement in violence clude the short- and long-term throughout the course of adolescent effects of childhood maltreatment; development?

Volume III • Number 2 25 IN BRIEF PUBLICAT DP IO J N J Teleconferences Spotlight S a Variety of Youth Issues O

Through its ◆ Preventing Drug Abuse Among videotapes of these broadcasts can Juvenile Jus- Youth (June 1997), which highlights be purchased from the Juvenile Jus- tice Telecom- three proven community-based, tice Clearinghouse. See the order munications family strengthening, and school- form on page 27 to order copies of Assistance Project based initiatives that are being the latest broadcasts, and contact (JJTAP), OJJDP works implemented to empower young the Clearinghouse at 800–638–8736 with Eastern Kentucky people to avoid drug use. for information on previous broad- University to broadcast a series of ◆ Mentoring for Youth in Schools casts. More information about the teleconferences on a variety of juve- teleconference initiative is also nile justice and delinquency preven- and Communities (September 1997), available online at OJJDP’s World tion issues. Broadcasts in 1997 have which builds on the momentum Wide Web site (http://www.ncjrs.org/ included: of the April 1997 President’s Sum- mit for America’s Future by provid- ojjhome.htm). This information in- ◆ Youth Gangs in America: An ing information and resources cludes an article from a previous issue Overview of Suppression, Interven- to develop successful mentoring of Juvenile Justice, Volume III, Num- tion, and Prevention Programs (March programs. ber 1, “Using Satellite Teleconferenc- 1997), which features national ing,” by Michael A. Jones, Bruce I. For those who missed the live presen- experts and local program directors of Wolford, and F.M. Porpotage II. promising gang-reduction initiatives. tation or want a copy for reference,

If you would like to participate in future teleconferences or have questions regarding the project, contact JJTAP by phone at: 606–622–6671; e-mail at: [email protected]; or fax at: 606–622–2333.

OJJDP Online Publications List

OJJDP’s Publications List for spring (ASCII text, PDF, and/or HTML) In addition 1997 is now available online from or add items to a virtual shopping to the online the publications section of OJJDP’s cart for convenient and efficient version, World Wide Web site (http:// ordering of printed materials. printed www.ncjrs.org/ojjhome.htm). The list copies of the can easily be searched to identify The list will be updated as new publications are released, and enhance- Publications and order publications on juvenile List for spring 1997 are available justice and delinquency prevention ments for ordering, including the use of CyberCash for orders requiring pay- from the Juvenile Justice Clear- issues. Now you can order print inghouse. Write to JJC at P.O. publications online through your ment, will continue to be incorpo- Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849– Web browser or download the full- rated. Use the online list and let us 6000; call 800–638–8736; send a text electronic versions directly. know what you think. Direct your fax to 301–519–5212; or e-mail You can access the publications comments and ideas for enhance- in a variety of electronic formats ments to the e-mail address below. [email protected]. Ask for BC 115.

26 ✄

JUVENILE Juvenile Justice Order Form JUSTICE Volume III • Number 2 September 1997

PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FREE. To order other publications listed on the inside back cover, please complete the following: ❑ NEW Allegheny County, PA: Mobilizing To Reduce Juvenile Crime (Bulletin). NCJ 164834. Qty. NCJ No. Title Price ❑ Combating Violence and Delinquency: The National ______Juvenile Justice Action Plan (Summary). NCJ 157105. ______❑ NEW A Comprehensive Response to America’s Youth Gang Problem (Fact Sheet). FS 009640. ______❑ NEW Epidemiology of Serious Violence (Bulletin). ______NCJ 165152. ______❑ NEW Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior (Bulletin). NCJ 165154. ❑ Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy International Subscribers for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. NCJ 153681. Airmail Postage Schedule All documents ordered by Canadian and other international users ❑ NEW In the Wake of Childhood Maltreatment are sent airmail. Postage is included in the cost of fee items but (Bulletin). NCJ 165257. must be paid separately for free items. Use the schedule below to compute the postage cost for your free items. ❑ NEW Juvenile Arrests 1995 (Bulletin). NCJ 163813. ❑ NEW Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update No. of free items Canada Other countries 1–2 $ 6.30 $ 5.75 on Violence. (Statistics Summary). NCJ 165703. 3–4 6.85 11.50 ❑ 5–6 7.40 17.25 NEW Mentoring—A Proven Delinquency Prevention 7–8 7.95 23.00 Strategy (Bulletin). NCJ 164834. 9–10 8.50 28.75 11–12 9.05 34.50 ❑ NEW Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education 13–14 9.60 40.25 Mainstream (Bulletin). NCJ 163920. 15–16 10.20 46.00 17–18 10.80 51.75 ❑ Reducing Youth Gun Violence: An Overview of Programs 19–20 11.30 57.50 and Initiatives (Program Report). NCJ 154303. For more than 20 items, write JJC, P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD ❑ State Responses to Serious and Violent Juvenile Crime 20849–6000, or call 301–519–5500. (Research Report). NCJ 162783. ❑ NEW Treating Serious Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: The MST Approach (Bulletin). NCJ 165151. Total $ ______❑ NEW Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems Enclose payment or provide account number. (Bulletin). NCJ 161958. All payments must be in U.S. dollars and drawn on a U.S. bank. PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR A FEE. ❑ OJJDP Satellite Teleconference Videotapes (videotapes of Check or money order enclosed, payable to Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse. broadcasts from OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Telecommunica- tions Assistance Project). VHS. Each tape is $17 (U.S.; ❑ Deduct the total from my NCJRS Deposit Account. $21 Canada and other countries) unless otherwise noted. Running time is approximately 2 hours each. Acct. No. ______❑ NEW Youth Gangs in America. NCJ 164937. Charge my ❑ MasterCard ❑ VISA March 1997. ❑ NEW Preventing Drug Abuse Among Youth. Card No. ______NCJ 165583. June 1997. Exp. Date ______❑ NEW Mentoring for Youth in Schools and Communities. NCJ 166376. September 1997. Signature______Allow 6 to 9 weeks for delivery. You will be notified by mail within 30 days if your paid order cannot be filled.

Fee orders are shipped UPS. Because UPS cannot deliver to post office boxes, please provide a street address for shipment of orders requiring payment.

Please print your name and mailing address or affix your mailing label here. ❑ Check this box if the information on Name your address label is Address incorrect and make City State ZIP corrections on your mailing label. Phone ( ) JUVENILE JUSTICE

FOLD, TAPE, BUT DO NOT STAPLE

PLACE FIRST CLASS STAMP HERE

Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse P.O. Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849–6000 Publications From OJJDP

Corrections and Detention Creating Safe and Drug-Free Schools: An Ac- Status Offenders Conditions of Confinement Teleconference tion Guide. 1996 (134 pp.), Available from the Curfew: An Answer to Juvenile Delinquency (Video). 1993, NCJ 147531 (90 min.), $14.00. U.S. Department of Education (800–624–0100). and Victimization? 1996, NCJ 159533 (12 pp.). Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Detention Keeping Young People in School: Community Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems. Practice. 1996, NCJ 161408 (218 pp.). Programs That Work. 1997, NCJ 162783 1996, NCJ 161958 (8 pp.). (12 pp.). Effective Programs for Serious, Violent and Unlocking the Doors for Status Offenders: The Chronic Juvenile Offenders Teleconference Matrix of Community-Based Initiatives. 1995, State of the States. 1995, NCJ 160803 (85 pp.), (Video). 1996, NCJ 160947 (120 min.), $17.00. NCJ 154816 (51 pp.). $16.50. Mentoring—A Proven Delinquency Prevention Evaluation of the Disproportionate Minority Violence and Victimization Confinement (DMC) Initiative. $15.00 each, Strategy. 1997. NCJ 164386 (8 pp.). $39.00 for set of five. Mobilizing Communities To Prevent Juvenile Child Development–Community Policing: Crime. 1997, NCJ 165928 (8 pp.). Partnership in a Climate of Violence. 1997. Arizona Final Report. 1996, NCJ 161564 NCJ 164380 (8 pp.). (111 pp.). Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education Mainstream. 1997. NCJ 163920 (12 pp.). Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Florida Final Report. 1996, NCJ 161563 Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth- (84 pp.). Title V Delinquency Prevention Program Serving Organizations, and Community and Iowa Final Report. 1996, NCJ 161562 Community Self-Evaluation Workbook. 1996, Juvenile Justice Settings. 1996, NCJ 160935 (115 pp.). NCJ 160125 (162 pp.). (134 pp.). North Carolina Final Report. 1996, Treating Serious Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: Conflict Resolution for Youth Teleconference NCJ 161561 (97 pp.). The MST Approach. 1997, NCJ 165151 (8 pp.). (Video). 1996, NCJ 161416 (150 min.), $17.00. Oregon Final Report. 1996, NCJ 161560 Youth Environmental Service in Action. 1996, Epidemiology of Serious Violence. 1997, (71 pp.). NCJ 159762 (38 pp.). NCJ 165152 (12 pp.). Evaluation of the Impact of Boot Camps for Youth Environmental Service Technical Assis- Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Juvenile Offenders. $19.00 each. tance Package. 1996, NCJ 159763 (72 pp.). Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Cleveland Interim Report. 1996, Youth-Oriented Community Policing Telecon- Juvenile Offenders. 1995, NCJ 153571 (6 pp.). NCJ 160928 (160 pp.). ference (Video). 1996, NCJ 160947 (120 min.), Reducing Youth Gun Violence: An Overview $17.00. Denver Interim Report. 1996, of Programs and Initiatives. 1996, NCJ 154303 NCJ 160927 (108 pp.). Gangs (74 pp.). Mobile Interim Report. 1996, 1995 National Youth Gang Survey. 1997, State Responses to Serious and Violent NCJ 160926 (119 pp.). NCJ 164728 (41 pp.). Juvenile Crime. 1996, NCJ 161565 (61 pp.). Juvenile Arrests 1995. 1997, NCJ 163813 Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior. 1997, (12 pp.). NCJ 165154 (6 pp.). OJJDP also publishes Fact Sheets, two-page Juvenile Boot Camps Teleconference (Video). General Juvenile Justice summaries on agency programs and initiatives. 1996, NCJ 160949 (120 min.), $17.00. Female Offenders in the Juvenile Justice Contact JJC for titles and further information. Juvenile Detention Training Needs Assessment. System. 1996, NCJ 160941 (28 pp.). 1996, NCJ 156833 (60 pp.). The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Juvenile Justice, Volume III, Number 2. 1997, Prevention Brochure (1996, NCJ 144527 (23 Juvenile Probation: The Workhorse of the NCJ 165925 (32 pp.). pp.)) offers more information about the agency. Juvenile Justice System. 1996, NCJ 158534 Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update (6 pp.). The OJJDP Publications List (BC000115) offers on Violence. 1997, NCJ 165703 (32 pp.). a complete list of OJJDP publications and is Juveniles Taken Into Custody: Fiscal Year Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National 1993 Report. 1995, NCJ 154022 (195 pp.). also available online. Report. 1995, NCJ 153569 (188 pp.). A Resource Manual for Juvenile Detention Through OJJDP’s Clearinghouse, these publi- State Challenge Activities. 1996. NCJ 163055 and Corrections: Effective and Innovative Pro- cations and other information and resources (8 pp.). grams. 1995, NCJ 155285 (164 pp.), $15.00. are as close as your phone, fax, computer, or mailbox. Courts Missing and Exploited Children Addressing Confidentiality of Records Beyond the Bench: How Judges Can Help Phone: in Searches for Missing Children. 1995, Reduce Juvenile DUI and Alcohol and Other NCJ 155183 (284 pp.), $15.00. 800–638–8736 Drug Violations (Video and discussion guide). (Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m.–7:00 p.m. ET) 1996, NCJ 162357 (16 min.), $17.00. The Compendium of the North American Symposium on International Child Abduction: Fax: Juvenile Court Statistics 1994. 1996, How To Handle International Child Abduction 301–519–5212 NCJ 163709 (95 pp.). Cases. 1993, NCJ 148137 (928 pp.), $17.50. Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1994. 1996, Fax-on-Demand: Court Appointed Special Advocates: A Voice NCJ 162423 (12 pp.). 800–638–8736, select option 1 for for Abused and Neglected Children in Court. Fax-on-Demand instructions Delinquency Prevention 1997. NCJ 164512 (4 pp.). 1996 Report to Congress: Title V Incentive Federal Resources on Missing and Exploited Online: Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Children: A Directory for Law Enforcement OJJDP Home Page: Programs. 1997, NCJ 165694 (100 pp.). and Other Public and Private Agencies. 1996, http://www.ncjrs.org/ojjhome.htm Allegheny County, PA: Mobilizing To Reduce NCJ 161475 (126 pp.). E-mail: Juvenile Crime. 1997, NCJ 165693 (12 pp.). In the Wake of Childhood Maltreatment. 1997, [email protected] Combating Violence and Delinquency: The NCJ 165257 (16 pp.). JUVJUST Mailing List: National Juvenile Justice Action Plan (Report). Obstacles to the Recovery and Return of Par- e-mail to [email protected] 1996, NCJ 157106 (200 pp.). entally Abducted Children. 1994, NCJ 143458 leave the subject line blank type subscribe juvjust (your name) Combating Violence and Delinquency: The (21 pp.). National Juvenile Justice Action Plan (Sum- Portable Guides to Investigating Child Abuse: Mail: mary). 1996, NCJ 157105 (36 pp.). An Overview. 1997, NCJ 165153 (8 pp.). Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse/NCJRS, Communities Working Together Teleconfer- Using Agency Records To Find Missing P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849–6000 ence (Video). 1996, NCJ 160946 (120 min.), Children: A Guide for Law Enforcement. $17.00. 1995, NCJ 154633 (20 pp.). Order OJJDP Publications Online

Search and order OJJDP publications online from OJJDP’s World Wide Web page (http://www.ncjrs.org/ojjhome.htm). See page 26 for more information.

U.S. Department of Justice BULK RATE Office of Justice Programs POSTAGE & FEES PAID Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention DOJ/OJJDP Permit No. G–91 Washington, DC 20531 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300

NCJ 165925