Proactive Botnet Countermeasures – an Offensive Approache
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Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic
Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh A Thesis in The Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Concordia University Montréal, Québec, Canada July 2014 c Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh, 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY Division of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh Entitled: Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy complies with the regulations of this University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Christian Moreau External Examiner Dr. Nadia Tawbi Examiner to Program Dr. Lingyu Wang Examiner Dr. Peter Grogono Examiner Dr. Olga Ormandjieva Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. Mourad Debbabi Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. Amr Youssef Approved by Chair of the CSE Department 2014 Dean of Engineering ABSTRACT Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh Concordia University, 2014 Malicious domains host Command and Control servers that are used to instruct in- fected machines to perpetuate malicious activities such as sending spam, stealing creden- tials, and launching denial of service attacks. Both static and dynamic analysis of malware as well as monitoring Domain Name System (DNS) traffic provide valuable insight into such malicious activities and help security experts detect and protect against many cyber attacks. Advanced crimeware toolkits were responsible for many recent cyber attacks. In order to understand the inner workings of such toolkits, we present a detailed reverse en- gineering analysis of the Zeus crimeware toolkit to unveil its underlying architecture and enable its mitigation. -
MODELING the PROPAGATION of WORMS in NETWORKS: a SURVEY 943 in Section 2, Which Set the Stage for Later Sections
942 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 16, NO. 2, SECOND QUARTER 2014 Modeling the Propagation of Worms in Networks: ASurvey Yini Wang, Sheng Wen, Yang Xiang, Senior Member, IEEE, and Wanlei Zhou, Senior Member, IEEE, Abstract—There are the two common means for propagating attacks account for 1/4 of the total threats in 2009 and nearly worms: scanning vulnerable computers in the network and 1/5 of the total threats in 2010. In order to prevent worms from spreading through topological neighbors. Modeling the propa- spreading into a large scale, researchers focus on modeling gation of worms can help us understand how worms spread and devise effective defense strategies. However, most previous their propagation and then, on the basis of it, investigate the researches either focus on their proposed work or pay attention optimized countermeasures. Similar to the research of some to exploring detection and defense system. Few of them gives a nature disasters, like earthquake and tsunami, the modeling comprehensive analysis in modeling the propagation of worms can help us understand and characterize the key properties of which is helpful for developing defense mechanism against their spreading. In this field, it is mandatory to guarantee the worms’ spreading. This paper presents a survey and comparison of worms’ propagation models according to two different spread- accuracy of the modeling before the derived countermeasures ing methods of worms. We first identify worms characteristics can be considered credible. In recent years, although a variety through their spreading behavior, and then classify various of models and algorithms have been proposed for modeling target discover techniques employed by them. -
An Analysis of the Asprox Botnet
An Analysis of the Asprox Botnet Ravishankar Borgaonkar Technical University of Berlin Email: [email protected] Abstract—The presence of large pools of compromised com- motives. Exploitable vulnerabilities may exist in the Internet puters, also known as botnets, or zombie armies, represents a infrastructure, in the clients and servers, in the people, and in very serious threat to Internet security. This paper describes the way money is controlled and transferred from the Internet the architecture of a contemporary advanced bot commonly known as Asprox. Asprox is a type of malware that combines into traditional cash. Many security firms and researchers are the two threat vectors of forming a botnet and of generating working on developing new methods to fight botnets and to SQL injection attacks. The main features of the Asprox botnet mitigate against threats from botnets [7], [8], [9]. are the use of centralized command and control structure, HTTP based communication, use of advanced double fast-flux service Unfortunately, there are still many questions that need to networks, use of SQL injection attacks for recruiting new bots be addressed to find effective ways of protecting against the and social engineering tricks to spread malware binaries. The threats from botnets. In order to fight against botnets in future, objective of this paper is to contribute to a deeper understanding of Asprox in particular and a better understanding of modern it is not enough to study the botnets of past. Botnets are botnet designs in general. This knowledge can be used to develop constantly evolving, and we need to understand the design more effective methods for detecting botnets, and stopping the and structure of the emerging advanced botnets. -
Common Threats to Cyber Security Part 1 of 2
Common Threats to Cyber Security Part 1 of 2 Table of Contents Malware .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Viruses ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Worms ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Downloaders ................................................................................................................................... 6 Attack Scripts .................................................................................................................................. 8 Botnet ........................................................................................................................................... 10 IRCBotnet Example ....................................................................................................................... 12 Trojans (Backdoor) ........................................................................................................................ 14 Denial of Service ........................................................................................................................... 18 Rootkits ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Notices ......................................................................................................................................... -
Detecting Botnets Using File System Indicators
Detecting botnets using file system indicators Master's thesis University of Twente Author: Committee members: Peter Wagenaar Prof. Dr. Pieter H. Hartel Dr. Damiano Bolzoni Frank Bernaards LLM (NHTCU) December 12, 2012 Abstract Botnets, large groups of networked zombie computers under centralised control, are recognised as one of the major threats on the internet. There is a lot of research towards ways of detecting botnets, in particular towards detecting Command and Control servers. Most of the research is focused on trying to detect the commands that these servers send to the bots over the network. For this research, we have looked at botnets from a botmaster's perspective. First, we characterise several botnet enhancing techniques using three aspects: resilience, stealth and churn. We see that these enhancements are usually employed in the network communications between the C&C and the bots. This leads us to our second contribution: we propose a new botnet detection method based on the way C&C's are present on the file system. We define a set of file system based indicators and use them to search for C&C's in images of hard disks. We investigate how the aspects resilience, stealth and churn apply to each of the indicators and discuss countermeasures botmasters could take to evade detection. We validate our method by applying it to a test dataset of 94 disk images, 16 of which contain C&C installations, and show that low false positive and false negative ratio's can be achieved. Approaching the botnet detection problem from this angle is novel, which provides a basis for further research. -
Pax Technica
pax technica YY6658.indb6658.indb i 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM YY6658.indb6658.indb iiii 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM philip n. howard pax technica how the internet of things may set us free or lock us up new haven & london YY6658.indb6658.indb iiiiii 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM Published with assistance from the Mary Cady Tew Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2015 by Philip N. Howard. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. An online version of the work is made available under a Creative Commons license for use that is noncommercial and not derivative. The terms of the license are set forth at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For more information about a digital copy of the work, please see the author’s website: http://philhoward.org/. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail sales.press@yale .edu (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Joanna type by Newgen North America, Austin, Texas. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-0-300-19947-5 (cloth : alk. paper) Catalogue records for this book are available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Containing Conficker to Tame a Malware
#5###4#(#%#5#6#%#5#&###,#'#(#7#5#+###9##:65#,-;/< Know Your Enemy: Containing Conficker To Tame A Malware The Honeynet Project http://honeynet.org Felix Leder, Tillmann Werner Last Modified: 30th March 2009 (rev1) The Conficker worm has infected several million computers since it first started spreading in late 2008 but attempts to mitigate Conficker have not yet proved very successful. In this paper we present several potential methods to repel Conficker. The approaches presented take advantage of the way Conficker patches infected systems, which can be used to remotely detect a compromised system. Furthermore, we demonstrate various methods to detect and remove Conficker locally and a potential vaccination tool is presented. Finally, the domain name generation mechanism for all three Conficker variants is discussed in detail and an overview of the potential for upcoming domain collisions in version .C is provided. Tools for all the ideas presented here are freely available for download from [9], including source code. !"#$%&'()*+&$(% The big years of wide-area network spreading worms were 2003 and 2004, the years of Blaster [1] and Sasser [2]. About four years later, in late 2008, we witnessed a similar worm that exploits the MS08-067 server service vulnerability in Windows [3]: Conficker. Like its forerunners, Conficker exploits a stack corruption vulnerability to introduce and execute shellcode on affected Windows systems, download a copy of itself, infect the host and continue spreading. SRI has published an excellent and detailed analysis of the malware [4]. The scope of this paper is different: we propose ideas on how to identify, mitigate and remove Conficker bots. -
Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press ETHICAL HACKING ETHICAL HACKING Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press 2019 The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse” by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French or in English. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Ethical hacking / Alana Maurushat. Names: Maurushat, Alana, author. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190087447 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019008748X | ISBN 9780776627915 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776627922 (PDF) | ISBN 9780776627939 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776627946 (Kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Hacking—Moral and ethical aspects—Case studies. | LCGFT: Case studies. Classification: LCC HV6773 .M38 2019 | DDC 364.16/8—dc23 Legal Deposit: First Quarter 2019 Library and Archives Canada © Alana Maurushat, 2019, under Creative Commons License Attribution— NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Printed and bound in Canada by Gauvin Press Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Robert Ferguson Typesetting CS Cover design Édiscript enr. and Elizabeth Schwaiger Cover image Fragmented Memory by Phillip David Stearns, n.d., Personal Data, Software, Jacquard Woven Cotton. Image © Phillip David Stearns, reproduced with kind permission from the artist. The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa. -
Ethical Hacking
Official Certified Ethical Hacker Review Guide Steven DeFino Intense School, Senior Security Instructor and Consultant Contributing Authors Barry Kaufman, Director of Intense School Nick Valenteen, Intense School, Senior Security Instructor Larry Greenblatt, Intense School, Senior Security Instructor Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Official Certified Ethical Hacker © 2010 Course Technology, Cengage Learning Review Guide ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Steven DeFino may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means Barry Kaufman graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Nick Valenteen recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Larry Greenblatt or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Vice President, Career and written permission of the publisher. Professional Editorial: Dave Garza Executive Editor: Stephen Helba For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, Senior Product Manager: submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Michelle Ruelos Cannistraci Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Editorial Assistant: Meghan Orvis [email protected] -
THE CONFICKER MYSTERY Mikko Hypponen Chief Research Officer F-Secure Corporation Network Worms Were Supposed to Be Dead. Turns O
THE CONFICKER MYSTERY Mikko Hypponen Chief Research Officer F-Secure Corporation Network worms were supposed to be dead. Turns out they aren't. In 2009 we saw the largest outbreak in years: The Conficker aka Downadup worm, infecting Windows workstations and servers around the world. This worm infected several million computers worldwide - most of them in corporate networks. Overnight, it became as large an infection as the historical outbreaks of worms such as the Loveletter, Melissa, Blaster or Sasser. Conficker is clever. In fact, it uses several new techniques that have never been seen before. One of these techniques is using Windows ACLs to make disinfection hard or impossible. Another is infecting USB drives with a technique that works *even* if you have USB Autorun disabled. Yet another is using Windows domain rights to create a remote jobs to infect machines over corporate networks. Possibly to most clever part is the communication structure Conficker uses. It has an algorithm to create a unique list of 250 random domain names every day. By precalcuting one of these domain names and registering it, the gang behind Conficker could take over any or all of the millions of computers they had infected. Case Conficker The sustained growth of malicious software (malware) during the last few years has been driven by crime. Theft – whether it is of personal information or of computing resources – is obviously more successful when it is silent and therefore the majority of today's computer threats are designed to be stealthy. Network worms are relatively "noisy" in comparison to other threats, and they consume considerable amounts of bandwidth and other networking resources. -
Defending Against Cybercrime: Advances in the Detection of Malicious Servers and the Analysis of Client-Side Vulnerabilities
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA´ DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INFORMATICOS´ Defending Against Cybercrime: Advances in the Detection of Malicious Servers and the Analysis of Client-Side Vulnerabilities PH.D THESIS Antonio Nappa Copyright c February 2016 by Antonio Nappa DEPARTAMENTAMENTO DE LENGUAJES Y SISTEMAS INFORMATICOS´ E INGENIERIA DE SOFTWARE ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INFORMATICOS´ Defending Against Cybercrime: Advances in the Detection of Malicious Servers and the Analysis of Client-Side Vulnerabilities SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF: Doctor en Inform´atica Author: Antonio Nappa Advisor Dr. Juan Caballero February 2016 Jury: Somesh Jha, Professor of Computer Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison Lorenzo Cavallaro, Senior Lecturer of Computer Sciences - Royal Holloway University of London Juan Manuel Est´evez Tapiador, Profesor Titular de Universidad - Universi- dad Carlos III de Madrid Victor A. Villagr´a, Profesor Titular de Universidad - Universidad Polit´ecnica de Madrid Boris K¨opf, Assistant Research Professor - IMDEA Software Institute Carmela Troncoso, Researcher - IMDEA Software Institute Manuel Carro, Profesor Titular de Universidad - Universidad Polit´ecnica de Madrid Resumen de la tesis Esta tesis se centra en el an´alisisde dos aspectos complementarios de la ciberdelin- cuencia (es decir, el crimen perpetrado a trav´esde la red para ganar dinero). Estos dos aspectos son las m´aquinasinfectadas utilizadas para obtener beneficios econ´omicosde la delincuencia a trav´esde diferentes acciones (como por ejemplo, clickfraud, DDoS, correo no deseado) y la infraestructura de servidores utiliza- dos para gestionar estas m´aquinas(por ejemplo, C & C, servidores explotadores, servidores de monetizaci´on,redirectores). En la primera parte se investiga la exposici´ona las amenazas de los orde- nadores victimas.