Buceros Mindanensis, Southern Rufous Hornbill

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22727029A94938778 Scope: Global Language: English

Buceros mindanensis, Southern Rufous Hornbill

Assessment by: BirdLife International

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Buceros mindanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22727029A94938778. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Aves Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae

Taxon Name: Buceros mindanensis Tweeddale, 1877

Common Name(s): • English: Southern Rufous Hornbill Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Taxonomic Notes: Buceros hydrocorax and B. mindanensis (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) were previously lumped as B. hydrocorax following Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993).

Identification Information: 60-65 cm. A large mostly rufous hornbill with a black face and dark brown wings contrasting against the white tail. The huge bill is crimson at the base but the distal half is yellow, and there is a large casque. Similar spp. B. hydrocorax is similar but slightly larger with the whole bill crimson, and the skin surrounding the eye is yellow; in B. mindanensis this is mostly black with a small yellow area below the eye. Voice. Clear resonant "honk", repeated. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2cd+3cd+4cd ver 3.1

Year Published: 2016

Date Assessed: October 1, 2016

Justification: This newly-split, forest-dependent species has been classified as Vulnerable as it is suspected to be declining rapidly throughout its range as a result of habitat loss and persecution by hunters and trappers.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2014 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22727029A40802867.en

Geographic Range

Range Description: Buceros mindanensis is endemic to the Philippines where it occurs on nine main islands: Samar, Leyte,

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en Bohol, Panaon, Biliran, Calicoan and Buad (race semigaleatus), Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao (plus Balut, Bucas and Talicud) and Basilan (race mindanensis; Collar et al. 1999). It is likely to be declining across much of its range (del Hoyo et al. 2001). Samar and West Mindanao now represent strongholds for the species, which is likely to have been extirpated on some smaller islands within its range (Panaon, Balut, Talicud) and is thought to be barely surviving in some others (Basilan, Dinagat; J-C. Gonzalez in litt. 2013).

Country Occurrence: Native: Philippines

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en Population The population size of this species has not been quantified, but it has been described as locally common.

Trend Justification Data on precise population trends are lacking, but a rapid decline over three generations (c.55 years) is suspected as a result of widespread habitat loss and degradation, as well as mortality from hunting and trapping. Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This species occurs largely in primary evergreen forests up to 2,100 m. It is also known to occur locally in mature secondary and selectively-logged forests. Feeds in tall fruiting trees in gatherings of up to 12, and will join groups of 20 or more Mindanao Wrinkled Hornbill Aceros leucocephalus. Mostly feeds on seeds and fruit with up to 94% of the diet comprised of fruit (Kinnaird and O'Brien 2007); also takes insects (Kemp 1995).

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) This species suffers from substantial hunting pressure and widespread loss of habitat as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture. Continued subsistence hunting, felling of remnant dipterocarp forests for agriculture, and petty trade in remote places in Mindanao are thought to be further depressing population numbers, and the range is now highly fragmented and likely suffering from an acute lack of suitable nesting trees, at least in parts of the range (J-C. Gonzalez in litt. 2013, J. Ibanez in litt. 2014).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation and research actions underway CITES Appendix II. Conservation and research actions proposed Monitor populations across the range to determine the magnitude of declines and rates of range contraction. Campaign for the protection of remaining tracts of lowland forest throughout the range. Ensure any conservation strategies address lack of suitable nesting sites. Build on local ecological knowledge to enhance local engagement to hornbill conservation (J. Ibanez in litt. 2014). Credits

Assessor(s): BirdLife International

Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A.

Contributor(s): Allen, D., Sarenas, I., Gonzalez, J.C. & Ibanez, J.

Facilitators(s) and Benstead, P., Gilroy, J., Taylor, J. & Symes, A. Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en Bibliography Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City. del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. 2001. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016).

Kemp, A. 1995. The hornbills. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Kinnaird, M. F.; O'Brien, T. G. 2007. The ecology and conservation of Asian Hornbills: farmers of the forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA.

Citation BirdLife International. 2016. Buceros mindanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22727029A94938778. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en

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Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Resident Suitable Yes

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant Low impact: 5 perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder declines farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry 90%) declines impact: 6 farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium & ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching 90%) declines impact: 6 or farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is 90%) declines impact: 6 the target) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium harvesting -> 5.3.3. Unintentional effects: 90%) declines impact: 6 (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing Majority (50- Slow, significant Medium harvesting -> 5.3.4. Unintentional effects: (large 90%) declines impact: 6 scale) [harvest] Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: No

Invasive species control or prevention: No

In-Place Species Management

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 248000

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en Distribution Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Continuing decline in number of locations: Yes

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Upper elevation limit (m): 2100

Population Number of mature individuals: U

Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Yes

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Generation Length (years): 18.4

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Buceros mindanensis – published in 2016. 8 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727029A94938778.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22727029A94938778 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™