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11-312 Syallbus 2014 Syllabus 11.312 Engaging Community: Models and Methods for Designers and Planners Time: Wednesday 2-5, Room 9-450B Instructor: Ceasar McDowell [email protected] As professionals, designers and planners often find themselves struggling to find the "right" way to engage with residents of a community. In practice, designers and planners may use multiple models and methods, even in a single project. This course will review a range of models for engaging communities, from a client- consultant relationship to advocacy, community organizing, consensus building, capacity building, and knowledge building and the they ways these different models have been used in design and planning practice and community building. We will begin the semester with a discussion of definitions: what is a “community,” what is planning, what is design? Throughout the semester we will continue to discuss these definitions and related themes. What does it mean to be a professional planner/designer who aspires to engage community? How can one offer expert professional knowledge and also honor the knowledge of others? What implicit values are embodied in various approaches to engaging community? What needs to be accomplished for a project to be deemed successful? In a succession of five classes, we will study a range of approaches to engaging community: through readings and through cases presented each week by DUSP faculty and visitors whose work exemplifies a particular approach. In practice, however, professionals often employ a hybrid mixture of diverse approaches. In the next part of the course, therefore, we will examine four hybrid cases (one per week), evaluate their successes and failures, and discuss whether and how they might have deployed methods of engaging community more effectively. Some of these cases are well known to the DUSP community for they include our own practice: the West Philadelphia Landscape Project (www.wplp.net ) and the MIT-Springfield collaboration. Requirements include weekly readings and/or looking assignments, a weekly journal, a mid-semester sketch problem, and a final project in which students will reflect on their own practice. For the final project, each student will reflect on a case of their own experience (a practicum, studio, or professional project) where engaging community was or could have been part of the project and will propose a strategic process of community engagement which integrates a variety of models and methods. We will conclude the semester with two final classes consisting of presentation and discussion of students’ cases. The class actively uses the class site (http://engagingcommunity.mit.edu). Students are expected to use this sign for submitting work and online discussions. Required readings are on reserve at Rotch Library and/or are available on Stellar for those registered in the class. Some are accessible directly from the links provided in the reading list below. Course Schedule February 5. Introduction Required Reading: Peter Hall, “Planning, Planners, and Plans,” in Urban and Regional Planning, 4th edition (Routledge, 2002), 1-9; Donald Schon, et al., “Comments on Educating Planners, AIP Journal (July 1970), 220-228; Kevin Lynch, “Urban Design,” from Encyclopedia Britannica (1974), in Tridib Banerjee and Michael Southworth, eds., City Sense and City Design (MIT Press, 1990); Allan Jacobs and Donald Appleyard, “Toward an Urban Design Manifesto,” APA Journal (winter 1987), 112-120. Further Reading: Herbert Gans, The Urban Villagers (Free Press, 1962) and People and Plans (Basic Books, 1968); Mario Luis Small, ” Can Social Capital Last?: Lessons from Boston’s Villa Victoria,” Rappaport Institute Policy Brief, Volume 1, No. 1 (2004); Lee Farrow, et al., Boston Community Learning Project, (MIT, Center for Reflective Community Practice, 2006); Peter Medoff, Streets of Hope (South End Press, 1994); Anne Whiston Spirn, “Reclaiming Common Ground: Water, Neighborhoods, and Public Spaces,” in Robert Fishman, ed., The American Planning Tradition (Woodrow Wilson Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); Robert Goodman, After the Planners (Simon and Schuster, 1971); Anne Vernez Moudon, “A Catholic Approach to Organizing What Urban Designers Should Know,” Journal of Planning Literature (6:4), 331-348. February 12. Engaging Community Required Reading: Raymond Williams, “Community,” in Keywords (Oxford, 1976); Tony Bennett, et al., “Community,” in New Keywords (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005); Anthony Schuman, “The Pedagogy of Engagement,” in M. C. Hardin, ed., From the Studio to the Streets: Service Learning in Planning and Architecture (Stylus, 2006), 1-15; Henry Sanoff, “Participatory Design and Planning,” in Encyclopedia of Housing, Willem Van Vliet, ed. (Sage, 1998), 416-418; Sherry R. Arnstein, “A Ladder of Citizen Participation,” JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216‑224. Further Reading: Amitai Etzioni, “Creating Good Communities and Good Societies,” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 29, Issue 1 (January 2000), 188-195; Henry Sanoff, Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning (John Wiley, 2000); John Forester, The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes (MIT Press, 1999); John Forester, Planning in the Face of Power (University of California Press, 1989); Archon Fung, “Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance,” Public Administration Review (December 2006), 66-75. February 19. Participatory Design and Planning Guest: TBA Required Reading: Wendy Sarkissian, “Stories in a Park” and two videos; Stanley Stein and Thomas Harper, “Power, Trust and Planning,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 23 (2003), 125-13. Further Reading: Patsy Healey, P. (2009). “In Search of the “Strategic” in Spatial Strategy Making”. Planning Theory & Practice, Vol.10: 4 (2009), 439-457; Henry Sanoff, Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning (John Wiley, 2000); Randolph Hester, Planning Neighborhood Space with People (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984) and Design for Ecological Democracy (MIT Press, 2006); Randolph Hester,” Democratic Drawing,” in Jeffrey Hou, Mark Francis, and Nathan Brightill, eds., Reconstructing Communities: Design Participation in the Face of Change (Center for Design Research, UC Davis, 2005); Lawrence Halprin, Taking Part (MIT Press, 1974) and RSVP Cycles (Braziller, 1969); Edmund Burke, A Participatory Approach to Urban Planning (Human Sciences Press, 1979); Mark Francis, “Proactive Practice,” Places 12:2, 60-68; Mark Francis, ed., Participatory Planning and Neighborhood Control (Center for Human Environments, 1979); Mary Comerio, “Community Design: Idealism and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Architecture and Planning Research (1984), 227-243, and “Design and Empowerment: 20 Years of Community Architecture,” Built Environment 13:1, 15-27 ; Desmond Connor, “A New Ladder of Citizen Participation,” National Civic Review 77:3 (1988), 249-257; Michael Rios, “Envisioning Citizenship: Toward a Polity Approach in Urban Design,” Journal of Urban Design 13:2, 213-229; Jeffrey Hou, Mark Francis, and Nathan Brightill, eds., Reconstructing Communities: Design Participation in the Face of Change (Center for Design Research, UC Davis, 2005); National Endowment for the Arts, University-Community Design Partnerships (NEA, 2002); Johann Albrecht, “Towards a Theory of Participation in Architecture,” J. Architectural Education 42:1 (1988), 24-31; Roger Hart, Children’s Participation (Earthscan, 1997); Chu-joe Hsia, “Theorizing Community Participatory Design in a Developing Country: The Historical Meaning of Democratic Design in Taiwan,” in Randolph Hester and C. Kweskin, eds., Democratic Design in the Pacific Rim (Ridge Times Press, 1999). February 26. Advocacy Guest: TBA Required Reading: Pietro Garreau, Elliott Sclar, and Gabriella Carolini, “Executive Summary,” A Home in the City (Earthscan, 2005); Gabriella Carolini, “Organizations of the Urban Poor,” in George Martine, et al., eds. The New Global Frontier (Earthscan, 2008) ; Gabriella Carolini, “Mobilizing for Adequate, Accessible, and Affordable (A3) Water and Sanitation Systems in Mozambique,” proposal (2013); Paul Davidoff, “Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning,” JAIP, 1965. Further Reading: Lisa Peattie, “Reflections on Advocacy Planning,” JAIP (March 1968), 80-88; Allan David Heskin, “Crisis and Response: A Historical Perspective on Advocacy Planning,” JAPA (January 1980), 50-63; Barry Checkoway, “Paul Davidoff and Advocacy Planning in Retrospect,” JAPA 60:2 (Spring 1994), 139 ‑ 143; Pierre Clavel, “The Evolution of Advocacy Planning,” JAPA60:2 (Spring 1994), 146-149; Penda Hair, Louder than Words: Lawyers, Communities, and the Struggle for Justice (Rockefeller Foundation, 2001); Myron Weiner, The Struggle for Equality: Caste in Indian Politics in the Success of India’s Democracy (Atul Kohli, 2001). Community Organizing and Advocacy (Jossey-Bass, 2003); Mel King, Chain of Change(South End Press, 1981). March 5. Capacity Building and Knowledge Building Guest: TBA Required Reading: Engage the Power Web site. Joy Amulya, Christie O’campbell, and Ceasar McDowell, Vital Difference: The Role of Race in Building Community (CRCP, 2004); The Right to the City (Tides Foundation, 2007); Ceasar McDowell et al., “Building Knowledge from the Practice of Local Communities,” KM4Dev Journal 1:3 (2005), 30-40; Xavier Godinot and Quentin Wodin, Participatory Approaches to Attacking Extreme Poverty, World Bank Working Paper No. 77, (The World Bank, 2006). Further Reading: Michael Rios, “Where Do We Go from Here? An Evaluative
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