In the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ______

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ______ Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 No. 14-20128 In the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ________________________________________ JUAN RAMON TORRES; EUGENE ROBISON Plaintiffs-Appellees, V. SGE MANAGEMENT, LLC; ET AL., Defendants-Appellants. ________________________________________ On Interlocutory Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division, No. 4:09-CV-02056 ________________________________________ PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC ________________________________________ Andrew Kochanowski Thomas C. Goldstein SOMMERS SCHWARTZ, P.C. Eric F. Citron One Towne Square, Suite 1700 GOLDSTEIN & RUSSELL, P.C. Southfield, MI 48076 7475 Wisconsin Avenue Telephone: (248) 355-0300 Suite 850 Facsimile: (248) 936-2140 Bethesda, MD 20814 Telephone: (202) 362-0636 Matthew J.M. Prebeg Facsimile: (888) 574-2033 Brent T. Caldwell PREBEG, FAUCETT & ABBOTT PLLC 8441 Gulf Freeway, Suite 307 Houston, TX 77017 Telephone: (832) 742-9260 Facsimile: (832) 742-9261 Jeffrey W. Burnett JEFFREY W. BURNETT PLLC 12226 Walraven Huffman, Texas 77336 Telephone: (281)324-1400 Facsimile: (713) 583-1221 Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 CERTIFICATE OF INTERESTED PERSONS The undersigned counsel of record certifies that the following listed persons or entities as described in the fourth sentence of Fifth Circuit Local Rule 28.2.1 are known to have an interest in the outcome of this case. These representations are made in order that the judges of this Court may evaluate possible disqualification or recusal. Plaintiffs-Appellees Counsel for Plaintiffs-Appellees Juan Ramon Torres Thomas C. Goldstein Eric F. Citron Eugene Robison GOLDSTEIN & RUSSELL, P.C. 5225 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Suite 404 Washington, DC 20015 Telephone: (202) 362-0636 Facsimile: (888) 574-2033 Matthew J.M. Prebeg Brent T. Caldwell PREBEG, FAUCETT & ABBOTT PLLC 8441 Gulf Freeway, Suite 307 Houston, TX 77017 Telephone: (832) 742-9260 Facsimile: (832) 742-9261 Jeffrey W. Burnett JEFFREY W. BURNETT PLLC 12226 Walraven Huffman, Texas 77336 Telephone: (281)324-1400 Facsimile: (713) 583-1221 Andrew Kochanowski SOMMERS SCHWARTZ, P.C. One Towne Square, Suite 1700 Southfield, MI 48076 Telephone: (248) 355-0300 Facsimile: (248) 936-2140 i Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 Defendants-Appellants Counsel for Defendants-Appellants SGE Management, LLC Robert C. Walters (whose parent company Defendants- James C. Ho Appellants represent to be PointHigh Prerak Shah Partners, LP) GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP 2100 McKinney Avenue, Suite 1100 Stream Gas & Electric, Ltd. Dallas, Texas 75201-6912 (whose parent company Defendants- Telephone: (214) 698-3100 Appellants represent to be SGE Manage- Facsimile: (214) 571-2934 ment, LLC) Michael K. Hurst Stream SPE GP, LLC John F. Guild (whose parent company Defendants- GRUBER HURST JOHANSEN HAIL SHANK LLP Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & 1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 2500 Electric, Ltd.) Dallas, Texas 75202 Telephone: (214) 855-6800 Stream SPE, Ltd. Facsimile: (214) 855-6808 (whose parent company Defendants- Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & Vanessa J. Rush Electric, Ltd.) STREAM ENERGY 1950 Stemmons Freeway, Suite 3000 Ignite Holdings, Ltd Dallas, TX 75207 (whose parent company Defendants- Telephone: (214) 800-4464 Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & Electric, Ltd.) SGE Energy Management, Ltd. SGE IP Holdco, LLC (whose parent company Defendants- Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & Electric, Ltd.) SGE Georgia Holdco, LLC SGE Serviceco, LLC SGE Consultants, LLC Stream Georgia Gas SPE, LLC ii Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 (whose parent company Defendants- Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & Electric, Ltd.) Stream Texas Serviceco, LLC SGE Ignite GP Holdco, LLC SGE Texas Holdco, LLC SGE North America Serviceco, LLC (whose parent company Defendants- Appellants represent to be Stream Gas & Electric, Ltd.) PointHigh Partners, LP PointHigh Management Company, LLC Chris Domhoff Rob Snyder Pierre Koshakji Douglas Witt Steve Flores Michael Tacker Darryl Smith Trey Dyer Donny Anderson Steve Fisher Randy Hedge Brian Lucia iii Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 Logan Stout Presley Swagerty Mark Dean La Dohn Dean A.E. “Trey” Dyer III Sally Kay Dyer Dyer Energy, Inc. Diane Fisher Kingdom Brokerage, Inc. Fisher Energy, LLC Susan Fisher Mark Florez The Randy Hedge Companies, Inc. Murlle, LLC Robert L. Ledbetter Greg McCord Heather McCord Rose Energy Group, Inc. Timothy W. Rose Shannon Rose LHS, Inc. Haley Stout iv Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 6 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 Property Line Management, LLC Property Line, LP Swagerty Management, LLC Swagerty Energy, Ltd. Swagerty Enterprises, LP Swagerty Enterprises, Inc. Swagerty, Inc. Swagerty Power, Ltd. Jeannie E. Swagerty Sachse, Inc. Terry Yancey Paul Thies Respectfully submitted, /s/ Thomas C. Goldstein Thomas C. Goldstein Counsel of Record v Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF INTERESTED PERSONS ......................................................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................5 REASONS FOR GRANTING REHEARING EN BANC ........................................ 9 I. This Decision Fundamentally Undermines Pyramid-Scheme Law ................ 9 II. The Majority’s Decision Is Irreconcilable With The Unanimous View In The Circuits Regarding Classwide Inferences Of Reliance. ........... 11 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................15 ADDENDUM: PANEL OPINION CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE vi Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 8 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591 (1997) .............................................................................................................. 1 Beattie v. CenturyTel, Inc., 511 F.3d 554 (6th Cir. 2007) .............................................................................................15 CGC Holding Co. v. Broad & Cassel, 773 F.3d 1076 (10th Cir. 2014) ..........................................................................1, 3, 12, 13 FTC v. BurnLounge, Inc., 753 F.3d 878 (9th Cir. 2014) ............................................................................................... 9 Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2398 (2014) .......................................................................................................... 4 In re U.S. Foodservice Inc. Pricing Litig., 729 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2010) .................................................................................. 12, 13, 14 In re Koscot Interplanetary, Inc., 86 F.T.C. 1106 (1975) .............................................................................................. 3, 10, 11 In re Nassau Cnty. Strip Search Cases, 461 F.3d 219 (2d Cir. 2006) ...............................................................................................15 Klay v. Humana, Inc., 382 F.3d 1241 (11th Cir. 2004) .................................................................................. 12, 13 Minter v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 274 F.R.D. 525 (D. Md. 2011) ..........................................................................................12 Nguyen v. FundAmerica, Inc., 1990 WL 165251 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 1990)..................................................................... 1 Piambino v. Bailey, 610 F.2d 1306 (5th Cir. 1980) ............................................................................................. 2 Reyes v. Netdeposit, LLC, 802 F.3d 469 (3d Cir. 2015) ...............................................................................................12 vii Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 9 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 Rikos v. Procter & Gamble Co., 799 F.3d 497 (6th Cir. 2015) .............................................................................................1 1 Sandwich Chef of Tex., Inc. v. Reliance Nat'l Indemnity Ins. Co., 319 F.3d 205 (5th Cir. 2003) ..............................................................................4, 5, 14, 15 SEC v. Int’l Loan Network, Inc., 968 F.2d 1304 (D.C. Cir. 1992) ........................................................................................... 9 United States v. Gold Unlimited, Inc., 177 F.3d 472 (6th Cir. 1999) ............................................................................................... 9 Waste Mgmt. Holdings, Inc. v. Mowbray, 208 F.3d 288 (1st Cir. 2000) ..............................................................................................15 Webster v. Omnitrition Int'l, Inc., 79 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 1996) .................................................................................... 2, 3, 6, 9 viii Case: 14-20128 Document: 00513281189 Page: 10 Date Filed: 11/20/2015 In my professional judgment, the panel decision conflicts directly with recent de- cisions from other circuits—including CGC Holding Co. v. Broad & Cassel, 773 F.3d 1076 (10th Cir. 2014)—and raises the following important precedent-setting question: Can the victims
Recommended publications
  • July 18, 2017 the Honorable Paul Ryan Office of the Speaker United
    July 18, 2017 The Honorable Paul Ryan The Honorable Nancy Pelosi Office of the Speaker Office of the Democratic Leader United States House of Representatives United States House of Representatives H-232, The Capitol H-204, The Capitol Washington, D.C. 20515 Washington, DC 20515 RE: Consumer groups’ opposition to Moolenaar amendment to the Financial Services appropriations bill Dear Speaker Ryan and Leader Pelosi, The undersigned consumer organizations wish to express our strong opposition to an amendment offered by Congressman Moolenaar that was included in the FY18 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill, which is currently pending before the House.i This amendment, based on the “Anti-Pyramid Scheme Promotion Act of 2016,”ii would rob the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) of its ability to protect consumers from all but the most egregiously fraudulent pyramid schemes. This amendment is problematic for a number of reasons: ● First, it eliminates the need for direct selling companies to establish their product with a retail customer base other than distributors themselves. It relieves distributors of any responsibility to sell to retail customers, other than those that they recruit to pursue the business opportunity, who in turn recruit others for the purpose. This would relieve direct selling businesses of the need to operate a viable retail business, as opposed to a fraudulent or deceptive recruitment scheme.iii ● Second, it allows direct selling companies to profit off a churning base of recruits who are incentivized and often required to continually repurchase product directly from the company in order to qualify for rewards, rather than meeting legitimate retail demand for the product or service on offer.
    [Show full text]
  • FTC V. Burnlounge
    12-55926, 12-56197 and 12-56288 (Consolidated) IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, Plaintiff-Appellee v. BURNLOUNGE, INC., JUAN ALEXANDER ARNOLD, AND JOHN TAYLOR, Defendants-Appellants and ROB DEBOER, Defendant On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California No. 2:07-03654 – Honorable George Wu SECOND CROSS-APPEAL AND ANSWERING BRIEF OF PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION Of Counsel: DAVID C. SHONKA CHRIS M. COUILLOU Acting General Counsel DAMA J. BROWN Federal Trade Commission JOHN F. DALY Atlanta, GA Deputy General Counsel for Litigation BURKE W. KAPPLER Attorney Federal Trade Commission 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20580 (202) 326-2043 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF AUTHORITIES......................................... iv JURISDICTION ...................................................1 ISSUES PRESENTED ..............................................2 STATEMENT OF THE CASE........................................3 A. Nature of the case, the course of proceedings, and the disposition below..................................................3 B. Facts and proceedings below ...............................5 1. Introduction ........................................5 2. BurnLounge Background .............................6 3. Bonuses ...........................................8 a. Mogul Team Bonuses ...........................9 b. Concentric Retail Rewards......................12 4. BurnLounge’s Promotion and Marketing ................14
    [Show full text]
  • No. 16-1309 S.G.E. MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., Petitioners, V
    No. 16-1309 IN THE S.G.E. MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., ET AL.. Petitioners, v. JUAN RAMON TORRES, ET AL. Respondents. On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit BRIEF IN OPPOSITION Eric F. Citron GOLDSTEIN & RUSSELL, P.C. 7475 Wisconsin Ave. Suite 850 Bethesda, MD 20814 (202) 362-0636 [email protected] QUESTION PRESENTED The class certified in this interlocutory appeal con- sists of the victims of an alleged pyramid scheme. Un- der the unchallenged, substantive law applicable to such cases, pyramid schemes are deemed “inherently deceptive” and “per se illegal,” and thus constitute “schemes to defraud” as a matter of law for purposes of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. §1961; see, e.g., See Webster v. Omnitrition Corp., 79 F.3d 776, 788 (9th Cir. 1996). Both lower courts here found as a matter of fact that: (1) participation in the scheme a plausible proximate cause of the victims’ injuries; and (2) “the record is de- void of evidence that a single putative class member joined [the scheme] despite having knowledge of the fraud,” or “would have paid to [join] knowing of the fraud.” Pet.App. 24a. Both lower courts further con- cluded that petitioners never “even attempted” to show that class members’ injuries were attributable to any- thing other than reliance on the defendants having falsely held out their operation as a legitimate business rather than an inherently fraudulent pyramid scheme. Id. 25a. Accordingly, the question presented is: Whether a plausible allegation, supported by exten- sive proof, that defendants operated an inherently de- ceptive and illegal pyramid scheme, and thereby caused a class of victims to inevitably lose money by paying to participate, can support class certification under Fed- eral Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3)—at least where “the Defendants produced no evidence that a single class member even knew of the fraud or would have paid to become [a part of the scheme] knowing of the fraud.” Pet.App.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pyramid Scheme Industry
    THE PYRAMID SCHEME INDUSTRY: Examining Some Legal and Economic Aspects of Multi-Level Marketing Douglas M. Brooks Robert L. Fitzpatrick Bruce Craig The announcement on March 12, 2014, that Herbalife Ltd. (NYSE: HLF) had received a Civil Investigative Demand from the Federal Trade Commission caps a twenty-two month period during which persistent questions have been raised concerning the purported business opportunity known as multi-level marketing (MLM). While much of the financial media has recently been focused on the Herbalife story, the problems with MLM are not new, and they are not limited to Herbalife. As we explain in this paper, there are fundamental problems at the core of the MLM business model, and with the efforts of the FTC to regulate the MLM “industry.” The authors of this paper are all members of an international coalition of consumer advocates which, on October 24, 2013, filed a formal petition with the FTC requesting that it investigate the MLM industry and promulgate regulations to protect consumers from unfair and deceptive MLM business opportunities.1 This paper is intended to build on the Petition and to assist legislators, regulators and interested persons to understand the MLM industry and the need for further action. Why all the fuss over MLM? Why are Wall Street billionaires fighting very public battles over MLM? Is MLM merely a form of direct, person-to-person selling in which independent distributors can earn money both by selling products directly to consumers or by 1 See http://pyramidschemealert.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Petition-of-Ad-Hoc-
    [Show full text]
  • July 18, 2017 the Honorable Paul Ryan Office of The
    July 18, 2017 The Honorable Paul Ryan The Honorable Nancy Pelosi Office of the Speaker Office of the Democratic Leader United States House of Representatives United States House of Representatives H-232, The Capitol H-204, The Capitol Washington, D.C. 20515 Washington, DC 20515 RE: Consumer groups’ opposition to Moolenaar amendment to the Financial Services appropriations bill Dear Speaker Ryan and Leader Pelosi, The undersiGned consumer orGanizations wish to express our stronG opposition to an amendment offered by ConGressman Moolenaar that was included in the FY18 Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill, which is currently pending before the House.i This amendment, based on the “Anti-Pyramid Scheme Promotion Act of 2016,”ii would rob the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) of its ability to protect consumers from all but the most eGreGiously fraudulent pyramid schemes. This amendment is problematic for a number of reasons: ● First, it eliminates the need for direct sellinG companies to establish their product with a retail customer base other than distributors themselves. It relieves distributors of any responsibility to sell to retail customers, other than those that they recruit to pursue the business opportunity, who in turn recruit others for the purpose. This would relieve direct selling businesses of the need to operate a viable retail business, as opposed to a fraudulent or deceptive recruitment scheme.iii ● Second, it allows direct sellinG companies to profit off a churning base of recruits who are incentivized and often required to continually repurchase product directly from the company in order to qualify for rewards, rather than meetinG leGitimate retail demand for the product or service on offer.
    [Show full text]
  • House Energy and Commerce Committee “Oversight of the Federal Trade Commission” July 18, 2018 Questions for Joseph Simons, Chairman, Federal Trade Commission
    House Energy and Commerce Committee “Oversight of the Federal Trade Commission” July 18, 2018 Questions for Joseph Simons, Chairman, Federal Trade Commission The Honorable Robert E. Latta 1. In your testimony you noted the importance of the FTC’s antitrust authority, and the filings which are submitted to the agency under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (“HSR”). Investors point out that the extent of shareholder monitoring and communication with management of companies has increased significantly over the last 20 years, and this activity, in their view, has been productive and beneficial to the marketplace. My understanding is that there is growing concern across the investment community that the FTC needs to update its interpretation that only passive investors can use the HSR “investment-only exemption” from filing requirements. These investors suggest that without HSR reform, there is a chilling effect on investors being able to engage with companies, and there are unnecessary filing burdens for investments of 10 percent or less that raise no substantive antitrust concerns. a. Do you believe it is now time for the FTC to consider the merits of HSR reform? b. Would you consider exploring this topic as part of upcoming FTC hearings, and provide this committee with your thoughts on the results of those hearings? Response: In passing the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, Congress decided not to require premerger notification for all acquisitions, believing that the burden of complying with the file-and-wait requirements was not justified for small parties or small deals.1 Congress also provided that the FTC, with the concurrence of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), could exempt from HSR filing categories of transactions that are not likely to violate the antitrust laws—authority we have occasionally used to exempt transactions that pose little antitrust risk.2 It is worthwhile to consider whether changes in the economy may warrant a reassessment of current filing requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10: LEGAL and REGULATORY ISSUES – PREFACE
    10-1 The Case (for and) against Multi-level Marketing By Jon M. Taylor, MBA, Ph.D., Consumer Awareness Institute Chapter 10: LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES – When is an MLM (multi-level marketing program) a fraudulent business opportunity? Or an illegal pyramid scheme? Are all MLMs technically illegal? What are the most significant legal precedents for MLM cases? Where are the regulators in all this? PREFACE manifested in hundreds of MLM programs currently operating, and – by extension – in Let me begin by admitting I am not an thousands of defunct and future MLMs. attorney and make no pretense about this Substantial evidence for these flaws has being an exhaustive legal treatise on this been summarized. New evidence is also thorny issue. I am a qualified business presented in this book for the first time. analyst, teacher, and entrepreneur-turned Secondly, this book demonstrates that consumer advocate. This career change the degree of unfairness and deceit of MLM came after witnessing what I believe to be as an industry, as well as harm to the most unfair, deceptive, viral, and participants, strongly suggests that MLM is as predatory business practice ever foisted on bad as or worse than any classic, no-product unsuspecting home-based business pyramid scheme. At least, if MLMs were opportunity seekers (and many victims who classified as pyramid schemes, they would be 1 were not seeking anything) – most of whom illegal per se, according to FTC guidelines. had no idea how damaging to their personal Though it is not my primary objective in and financial well-being it can be to commit this book to prove that any given MLM is an 2 to an MLM program.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 12-55926 Consolidated with Case No
    Case: 12-55926 01/04/2013 ID: 8462489 DktEntry: 21-1 Page: 1 of 69 No. 12-55926 Consolidated with Case No. 12-56197 and Case No. 12-56288 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT Federal Trade Commission, Plaintiff and Cross-Appellant, v. BurnLounge, Inc., Juan Alexander Arnold, and John Taylor, Defendants and Appellants. and Rob DeBoer, Defendant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Case No. 2:07-03654 Hon. George Wu APPELLANTS’ OPENING BRIEF BY BURNLOUNGE, INC. AND JUAN ALEXANDER ARNOLD BUCHALTER NEMER, P.C. Lawrence B. Steinberg (State Bar No. 101966) Efrat M. Cogan (State Bar No. 132131) 1000 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1500 Los Angeles, California 90017-2457 Telephone: (213) 891-0700 Facsimile: (213) 896-0400 Attorneys for Defendants and Appellants BURNLOUNGE, INC. and JUAN ALEXANDER ARNOLD Case: 12-55926 01/04/2013 ID: 8462489 DktEntry: 21-1 Page: 2 of 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. SUMMARY OF FACTS AND ARGUMENT ......................... 1 II. STATEMENT OF ISSUES...................................................... 3 III. STATEMENT OF FACTS ...................................................... 5 A. Multi-Level Marketing ................................................... 5 B. The Appellants ............................................................... 7 1. BurnLounge, Inc. ................................................. 7 2. Juan Alexander Arnold ........................................ 8 C. BurnLounge’s Products and Their Costs. ....................... 9 1. The Customizable
    [Show full text]
  • Zou-V-Marketamerica-Complaint.Pdf
    Case 3:19-cv-01282 Document 1 Filed 03/08/19 Page 1 of 56 1 LINDEMANN LAW FIRM, APC BLAKE J. LINDEMANN, SBN 255747 2 433 N. Camden Drive, 4th Floor Beverly Hills, CA 90210 3 Telephone: (310)-279-5269 Facsimile: (310)-300-0267 4 E-mail: [email protected] 5 -and- 6 DAREN M. SCHLECTER, SBN 259537 LAW OFFICE OF DAREN M. SCHLECTER, APC 7 1925 Century Park East, Suite 830 Los Angeles, CA 90067 8 Telephone: (310)-553-5747 9 Attorneys For Plaintiffs Jinhua Zou, Yu Xia Lu, Chuanjie Yang, Ollie 10 Lan, Liu Liu, And All Those Similarly Situated 11 12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 13 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 14 15 Case No. JINHUA ZOU, an individual; YU XIA LU, an 16 individual; CHUANJIE YANG, an individual; OLLIE LAN aka RUONING LAN, an individual; 17 LIU LIU, an individual, and all those similarly situated, ORIGINAL COMPLAINT – CLASS ACTION 18 Plaintiffs, 19 v. 20 MARKET AMERICA, INC., a North Carolina [DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL] 21 Corporation; MARKET AMERICA WORLDWIDE, INC., a North Carolina 22 Corporation; SHOP MA, INC., a Florida Corporation; JAMES HOWARD RIDINGER, an 23 individual; LOREN RIDINGER, an individual; 24 MARC ASHLEY, an individual; MARTY WEISSMAN, an individual; DENNIS FRANKS, 25 an individual; JOE BOLYARD, an individual; ANTHONY AKERS, an individual; EDDY 26 ALBERTY, an individual; STEVE ASHLEY, an individual; MICHAEL BRADY, an individual; 27 KEVIN BUCKMAN, an individual; PETER 28 ORIGINAL COMPLAINT – CLASS ACTION 1 Case 3:19-cv-01282 Document 1 Filed 03/08/19 Page 2 of 56 GOLD, an individual; VINCE HUNT, an 1 individual; CHRIS PEDDYCORD, an individual; 2 BRANDI QINN, an individual; SAM RITCHIE, an individual; EUGENE WALLACE, an 3 individual; JIM WINKLER, an individual; ELIZABETH WEBER, an individual; JOANNE 4 HSI, an individual; BENJAMIN GINDER, JR., an individual; DOLLY KUO, an individual; MING- 5 CHU KUO, an individual; FRANK J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Economics of Multilevel Marketing Heidi Liu
    Hastings Business Law Journal Volume 14 | Number 1 Article 3 Winter 2018 The Behavioral Economics of Multilevel Marketing Heidi Liu Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_business_law_journal Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Heidi Liu, The Behavioral Economics of Multilevel Marketing, 14 Hastings Bus. L.J. 109 (2018). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal/vol14/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Business Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 3_LIU_FINAL.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 4/26/2018 12:16 PM The Behavioral Economics of Multilevel Marketing Heidi Liu* Abstract Multilevel marketing companies (MLMs) — sales organizations that compensate independent consultants based on the sales and recruitment of other consultants — form a significant part of the American economy. Yet, MLMs provide little information to regulators and potential participants regarding potentially material information. Although MLMs are often compared to pyramid schemes, consultants argue that participation in a MLM allows them to make money outside of the traditional full-time labor force. This paper examines the law, economics, and psychology of MLMs, suggesting that MLMs may draw on prospective consultants’ cognitive biases in persuading consultants to join and continue a MLM. Consultants may be led to focus on unlikely benefits and to conform to notions of success that seem consistent with the “American dream” — even to their financial loss. * Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Using a Hybrid Securities Test to Tackle the Problem of Pyramid Fraud
    Fordham Law Review Volume 88 Issue 5 Article 17 2020 Using a Hybrid Securities Test to Tackle the Problem of Pyramid Fraud Corey Matthews Fordham University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Securities Law Commons Recommended Citation Corey Matthews, Using a Hybrid Securities Test to Tackle the Problem of Pyramid Fraud, 88 Fordham L. Rev. 2045 (). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol88/iss5/17 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. USING A HYBRID SECURITIES TEST TO TACKLE THE PROBLEM OF PYRAMID FRAUD Corey Matthews* This Note examines federal securities law as a tool to deter and regulate illegal pyramid schemes. Pyramid schemes are among the most prevalent forms of consumer fraud in the United States and they victimize thousands of individuals every year. The rise of the internet and social media has made it even easier for pyramid promoters to target potential recruits, often those who are already particularly vulnerable to consumer fraud. The federal securities laws have proven to be robust regulatory tools against pyramid schemes. However, the test used by federal courts to determine whether a scheme meets the definition of a security has produced uncertainty and inconsistency in the law. This Note proposes that when pyramid schemes are alleged, federal courts should apply a hybrid securities test that incorporates aspects of risk capital analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyramid Politics: the FTC’S Long History of Protecting “Multi-Level Marketing” by Robert L
    Pyramid Politics: The FTC’s Long History of Protecting “Multi-Level Marketing” by Robert L. FitzPatrick Introduction: An overview and history of the political power of “multi-level marketing” to prevent regulation and law enforcement must begin at the end, with the election of Donald Trump. Yet, the appearance of a dramatic breakthrough is an illusion. MLM has controlled the Federal Trade Commission and prevented criminal fraud prosecutions for at least 30 years and its influence- buying is bi-partisan. The Trump election, however, does signify an extraordinary surge in political influence. Previous administrations have shown disregard for the damage and deception caused by MLMs on Main Street, yet the Trump presidency represents the first time that the president himself is a MLM leader and promoter. And whereas past presidents made appointments or their appointees made appointments that protected pyramids, the Trump presidency has appointed individuals who are themselves involved in MLM as major owners or spouses of owners, spokesmen of MLMs or major shareholders and aggressive defenders of these types of schemes, from which they are directly profiting. • President-elect Donald Trump himself owned an MLM. It was called Trump Network and promoted so-called health products.1 It collapsed and its assets were sold in less than two years. This is in addition to his ownership of the MLM-like “Trump University” (a close cousin to Herbalife's Latino-targeting “Universidad del Exito”, (Success University). For Trump University's deceptions and consumer losses, Donald Trump agreed in a court settlement to pay $25 million in restitution to victims (Herbalife was required to pay $200 million for deceiving its victims).
    [Show full text]