FORTUNE OF WAR & RUSSELL HOTELS, THE ROCKS: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT & RESEARCH DESIGN FOR JEFF MADDEN & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD
Photograph of the Russell Hotel (left) and Fortune of War (right) hotels with number 139 George Street in between
Final Report June 2009
FORTUNE OF WAR & RUSSELL HOTELS HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT & RESEARCH DESIGN
CONTENTS
List of Tables ...... 2 Appendices ...... 2 Abbreviations ...... 3 Executive Summary...... 4 1. Background & Project Initiation...... 6 1.1 Project Aims and Objectives...... 6 1.2 Report Structure ...... 7 1.3 Limitations...... 8 1.4 Study Team & Acknowledgments ...... 8 2. Project Description ...... 9 2.1 The Study Area ...... 9 2.2 Project Description ...... 9 3. Applicable Policy, Legislation & Heritage Listings...... 11 3.1 Heritage Act 1977 (NSW) ...... 11 3.1.1 The State Heritage Register...... 11 3.2 Non-Statutory Heritage Listings & Planning Documents...... 12 3.2.1 National Trust of Australia ...... 12 3.2.2 The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan ...... 12 4. Site History ...... 14 4.1 Preamble ...... 14 4.2 Historical Sequence...... 14 4.2.1 Early Hospital ...... 14 4.2.2 Quarry ...... 16 4.2.3 Hotel/Commercial Occupation...... 17 4.3 NSW Historical Themes...... 21 5. Physical Analysis...... 23 5.1 Previous Archaeological Investigation of the Study Area ...... 23 5.2 Current Site Configuration ...... 23 5.3 Archaeological Potential ...... 25 5.4 Archaeological Integrity...... 29 6. Significance Assessment ...... 31 6.1 Principles and Evaluation Criteria ...... 31 6.2 Assessment of Significance ...... 32 6.3 Summary Statement of Significance...... 36 7. Potential Impacts...... 39 7.1 Proposed Development ...... 39 7.2 Discussion ...... 40 8. Management Strategy ...... 42
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8.1 Management Discussion ...... 43 8.2 Recommendations...... 43 9. Proposed Impact Mitigation Plan ...... 45 9.1 Background and Introduction ...... 45 9.2 General Strategy and Approach to the Investigation ...... 45 10. Research Questions ...... 46 10.1 General Research Questions ...... 46 10.2 Site Specific Questions ...... 46 11. Excavation Methodology ...... 48 11.1 Monitoring ...... 48 11.2 Timing of Archaeological Works...... 49 11.3 Proposed Excavation Methodology...... 49 11.4 Recording ...... 50 References...... 51
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Historic Themes relevant to archaeological evidence in the Study Area....22 Table 2. Relics likely to survive and their heritage significance ...... 38 Table 3. Impact Assessment to Likely Relics...... 39 Table 4. Relics likely to survive and recommended management strategy ...... 42
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Report Figures 54
Appendix 2. Current (existing) Ground Floor Plans 71
Appendix 3. Proposed Changes to the Ground Floor 75
Appendix 4. RMAMP Inventory Sheets 84
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ABBREVIATIONS
AHC Australian Heritage Council
CHL Commonwealth Heritage List
DEH Department of Environment and Heritage
DOP Department of Planning (NSW)
EP&A Environmental Planning & Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)
EPBC Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
GSV Ground surface visibility
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
LEP Local Environmental Plan
LGA Local Government Area
MGA Map Grid of Australia – unless otherwise specified all coordinates are in MGA
NHL National Heritage List
REP Regional Environment Plan
RMAMP Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan
RNE Register of the National Estate
SHI State Heritage Inventory
SHR State Heritage Register
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In late 2008 AHMS was commissioned to prepare an historical Archaeological Assessment for properties known as the Fortune of War (FOW), 137 George Street and Russell Hotels, 137-143 George Street, Sydney in the Rocks. Following the results of this Assessment, AHMS was engaged to prepare a Research Design and Excavation Methodology to accompany the Integrated Development Application (IDA) to the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA).
This report addresses a requirement of the Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan (RMPAMP) which identified the site as having potential to contain historical archaeological remains and recommended that an assessment be prepared prior to any development of the site.
The Assessment has identified the following key points regarding the Archaeological potential of the FOW, 139-141 George Street and the Russell Hotel:
• There were three main phases of historical occupation within the Study Area dating from the 1790s to present day. These include the early hospital; quarrying activities and hotel/commercial usage;
• An assessment of the potential archaeological resource of the phases of occupation has concluded that it is unlikely that physical evidence of the early hospital and quarrying activities would survive on the site, and if they did, it is unlikely that they would be in any intact or archaeologically meaningful context. However, in the unlikely event that they survive in context, these remains (i.e. of the early hospital and/or quarrying activities) would be of state heritage significance;
• It is most likely that any surviving evidence of the Early Hospital and Quarrying activities will be truncated, ephemeral and to lack context;
• The assessment concluded that the archaeological remains associated with the hotel/commercial occupation circa 1830s-present day will be the most likely to survive archaeologically within the Study Area and that those relating to 1830s – 1860s occupation would have higher heritage significance;
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• An assessment of the proposed development against the archaeological relics likely to remain within the Study Area has identified that impact to archaeological remains (should they survive) would on the whole be minor;
• The Assessment, in conjunction with advice from SHFA, recommends archaeological monitoring of remains should take place for the proposed development during an early stage of the works, i.e. prior to the commencement of development works within the Study Area;
• In the event that archaeological monitoring identifies remains of the Hotel/commercial occupation phase; or ephemeral/truncated deposits and disturbed contexts associated with the Early hospital and/or quarrying activities, these remains would be archaeologically recorded and removed;
• In the event that the archaeological monitoring of the Study Area identifies that physical remains associated with the Early Hospital and/or the Quarrying activities are found to retain sufficient material and contextual integrity to be meaningful, works should cease and discussions with the SHFA and Heritage Branch, Department of Planning (DoP) should occur to determine an appropriate outcome for the in situ retention of these remains within the Study Area. In situ retention may mean modification of the existing development design; and
• The Research Design and Excavation Methodology to guide the archaeological monitoring within the Study Area are presented in Sections 9 to 11 of this report. This outlines a series of questions to guide the excavation, the method to be employed during the archaeological monitoring and the timing for these activities to occur during the proposed development.
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1. BACKGROUND & PROJECT INITIATION
In late 2008 Jeff Madden Associates commissioned Archaeological & Heritage Management Solutions Pty Ltd (AHMS) to prepare a historical Archaeological Assessment to inform the proposed development of the Fortune of War (FOW) and Russell Hotels, George Street, The Rocks.
The subject land (hereafter referred to as ‘the site’) is currently used for two hotels and a commercial business. It includes the properties known as 137-143 George Street, Sydney.
The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan (RMAMP) identifies the site as having potential to contain historical archaeological remains and that an archaeological assessment (this report) be prepared prior to any development of the site.
This report also includes a Research Design and Excavation Methodology which Jeff Madden and Associates commissioned in May 2009. This document has been added to the Assessment as Sections 9 to 11 of this report.
1.1 Project Aims and Objectives
The objectives of the archaeological assessment are to:
• Determine whether or not the proposed development has potential to impact on historic archaeological resources or relics by identifying whether there is a potential for buried (sub-surface) sites or objects at the site;
• Identify potential historical heritage constraints for the proposal and provide appropriate management recommendations to mitigate possible impacts on the archaeological deposits at the site (if any);
• Identify legislative requirements and recommendations for managing any archaeological resource that may be on the site and which may be impacted by the proposal in accordance with the statutory requirements of the Heritage Act, 1977 (NSW).
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1.2 Report Structure
This historical archaeological assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the NSW Heritage Council guidelines ‘Archaeological Assessments’ (1996), ‘Assessing Heritage Significance’ (2001) and the NSW Heritage Manual (1996). The report is divided into the following sections:
• Section 2 – provides an overview of the Study Area and a description of the project;
• Section 3 – summarises relevant heritage legislation and presents the results of a search of Statutory and non-Statutory heritage registers for any heritage listed items within the site;
• Section 4 – presents the development and occupation history of the site;
• Section 5 – outlines the results of previous archaeological excavations within the subject site, discusses previous disturbance at the site, summarises the results of a site inspection and includes an analysis and discussion of the site’s potential to contain relics;
• Section 6 – documents the evaluation of the cultural significance of the potential relics (if any) indicated at the site;
• Section 7 – identifies the potential historical archaeological development constraints and opportunities at the site (if any);
• Section 8 – forms conclusions and makes specific recommendations for managing the potential historical archaeological resource and its constraints and opportunities;
• Section 9 – outlines the background to the research design and excavation methodology and the general strategy and approach to the investigation;
• Section 10 –provides the research questions to be used to guide the excavation of the site; and
• Section 11 –outlines the methodology and timing of archaeological works recommended for the site.
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1.3 Limitations
Historical research for the report focused on historical documentation that would provide information about the development and occupation of the site over time. It was sufficiently comprehensive to inform the assessment, however it was not exhaustive. Further historical research may provide additional information regarding past uses, change and development at the site.
1.4 Study Team & Acknowledgments
This report was written by Felicity Barry (Archaeologist, AHMS) and reviewed by Lisa Newell (Associate Director, AHMS) who also wrote parts of the significance assessment and recommendation. Matthew Kelly (Senior Archaeologist, AHBS) undertook the site inspection and prepared information for certain sections of the report.
All land title information has been sourced from a series of Conservation Management Plans for all three sites prepared by Nick Jackson in 20071.
The assistance of Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) Staff Lynda Kelly (Archivist and Library), Wayne Johnson (Archaeologist) and Jeff Madden (Jeff Madden Associates Pty Ltd) during the preparation of this report is acknowledged and appreciated.
1 Jackson 2007a, 2007b, 2007c
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 The Study Area
The Study site is located at the northwestern corner of Globe Street and Lower George Street in the Rocks, Sydney (Figures 1 and 2 – see Appendix 1 for all report figures). The site incorporates three allotments known as:
• The Russell Hotel (143 & 143a George Street);
• 139-141 George Street; and
• The Fortune of War Hotel (137 George Street).
The real property description of these sites is Lot 1, DP 790997.
2.2 Project Description
The proposed works to the existing FOW, 139-141 George Street and Russell Hotel buildings will involve at ground or below ground levels:
• Installation of a new toilet block at the rear of 139 George Street with associated services;
• Installation of a new lift block at the rear of the Russell Hotel;
• Establishment of a new cool room at the FOW Hotel;
• Installation of new drainage in the cellar of the FOW;
• New access to a grease trap in the FOW;
• Installation of hydraulic services associated with the new lift;
• Demolition of select features within the extant buildings;
• Installation of new fire services throughout all three buildings; and
• Internal refits to all three buildings.
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Appendix 2 shows the current ground floor plans for all three buildings. Appendix 3 shows the proposed changes to the ground floor of these buildings.
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3. APPLICABLE POLICY, LEGISLATION & HERITAGE LISTINGS
Current and future management of the historical archaeological values of the site is proscribed by a number of statutory instruments. The primary instrument is the Heritage Act 1977 (NSW) which is summarised below.
3.1 Heritage Act 1977 (NSW)
3.1.1 The State Heritage Register
The SHR is a statutory list of places and items of State heritage significance. The Register lists a diverse range of places, including archaeological sites, that are particularly important to the State and which enrich our understanding of the history of NSW.
Places and items listed on the SHR are legally protected under the Act and require approval from the Heritage Council of NSW prior to undertaking work that results in their alteration or modification. Archaeological relics located within the curtilage (boundary) of the listed item are also protected by this statutory listing. Relics are defined under the Act as:
‘any deposit, object or material evidence relating to the settlement of the area that comprises NSW, not being an aboriginal settlement, and which is fifty or more years old.’
All items within the Study Area are listed on the State Heritage Register:
• 137 George Street (Fortune of War Hotel) SHR #1547
• 139-141 George Street (Shops and Residences - stone)SHR #1595
• 143-143a George Street (Russell Hotel and Shop)SHR #1575
Any proposed works must be undertaken in accordance with approvals issued under section 60 or 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977 (NSW). Any proposed impact to archaeological relics found within the SHR listed curtilage for these items will also require approval under the Act.
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3.2 Non-Statutory Heritage Listings & Planning Documents
3.2.1 National Trust of Australia
The National Trust of Australia maintains a non-statutory register of historic heritage sites, buildings, landscapes, places and objects. Listing by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) constitutes an authoritative statement regarding a site’s heritage significance, and while it does not impose any legal constraints upon future use or development of a site or place, a National Trust listing is a strong indication of the community’s recognition of that site or place’s heritage significance and the need for its conservation.
All items within the Study Area are listed on the National Trust Register as 137- 143 George Street as part of the George Street Business Precinct.
3.2.2 The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan
The RMAMP was undertaken to identify and provide a framework for the management of the historical archaeological resources situated within The Rocks area. The RMAMP Study Area included all properties within The Rocks and Millers Point and outlined in a figure associated with this study2.
The site includes three units identified in the RMAMP including 71, 72 and 73 (Figure 3)
A copy of the data sheets for these inventory units is included in Appendix 4. Information relevant to the site and outlined in Inventory items 71, 72 and 73 are as follows:
Information relevant to the site and contained in the listing for Inventory Item 71 (137 George Street) includes:
2 Higginbotham et al. 1991b: 4 (Figure 1.1)
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• The below ground archaeological remains are likely to be mostly disturbed due to cellars and recent renovation (as identified in 1991); and
• The Management Recommendations for the below ground archaeological remains are to undertake an archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme.
Information relevant to the site and contained in the listing for Inventory Item 72 (139-141 George Street) includes:
• The below ground archaeological remains are likely to be mostly disturbed due to cellars under 139, recent renovation (as identified in 1991) and floors terraced into the hillslope; and
• The management recommendations for the below ground archaeological remains are to undertake an archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme.
Information relevant to the site and contained in the listing for Inventory Item 73 (143-143a George Street) includes:
• The below ground archaeological remains are likely to be partly disturbed as the floors are level with the street but slightly terraced into the hillslope; and
• The management recommendations for the below ground archaeological remains includes undertaking an historical and archaeological assessment prior to archaeological investigation.
It is noted that none of the recommendations identified in the RMAMP are for in situ retention of ‘relics’
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4. SITE HISTORY
4.1 Preamble
Historical research undertaken for this assessment was based on primary and secondary source material. This material was predominately obtained from several Conservation Management Plans which have been prepared for theses heritage items. Additional information was obtained from the SHFA Library including detailed plans, images and archaeological reports for the site (where available).
The historical investigation was site specific and examined development of the site within the local historical and social context of which it formed a part. This research also sought to determine factors that may have contributed to or limited the survival of relics at the site, i.e. taphonomic or site formation processes. The history below provides contextual background to subsequent assessments of the sites potential to contain relics (Section 5) and the cultural significance of these potential archaeological remains (Section 6).
4.2 Historical Sequence
The following history summarises past use and occupation of the site from the period of early European settlement through to the present. In general terms historic use of the site may be divided into three phases:
• Early hospital
• Quarry
• Hotel/Commercial Occupation circa 1830s to present
4.2.1 Early Hospital
Three days after the arrival of the first fleet at Sydney Cove, the colony’s first hospital was established. 3 This hospital consisted of a series of tents. The outbreak of dysentery and scurvy a short time after the arrival of the First Fleet created a need for a more permanent hospital and it was situated towards the head of the
3 White 1790 [2003]: entry 29 January 1788
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Cove within the Rocks (Figures 4 and 7). Maps dating to 1788 indicate that this structure may have been located within the Study Area. It consisted of a timber structure constructed of dimensions 84 feet long x 23 feet wide and a shingled roof, an area was also set aside for a permanent garden and wells were also intended to be sunk. 4
In 1790 the Justinian arrived with a prefabricated (purpose built) hospital building which had been designed by Samuel Wyatt in 1787. This structure measured 84 feet long x 20 feet, 6 inches wide and 12 feet high. It was also made of timber but included a copper panelled roof in addition to a cross partition and porches in the design5.
In 1794 Governor John Hunter assigned a gang or gangs of convicts to patch and plaster several government buildings in the colony. This work included the hospital. 6 This indicates that the buildings had been plastered, likely with wattle and daub and that its upkeep (as with many structures in the early colony) required continuous labour.
By 1802 the hospital consisted of three buildings which extended along the George Street frontage (then known as High Street, opposite the Wharf (Figure 5).7 These buildings are depicted with both gabled and hipped rooves, as shown by the red arrow in Figure 5, the prefabricated structure is identifiable by the roof style. One of the major factors in the increase in the size and extent of the hospital at this time would have been the arrival of the Second Fleet in 1790. This is because a large number of the fleet’s passengers fell ill over the course of the voyage and required treatment when they landed in the colony. This may explain the size of the hospital which Lesueur depicted between 1802 and 1804.
The location of the early hospital positioned along George Street is shown in an 1807 town plan (Figure 6).8 These images (Figures 5 and 6) show that the hospital steadily increased in size and extent until it was replaced by the ‘Rum Hospital’ in 1814. The Rum Hospital was constructed at the direction of Governor Lachlan
4 Bridges 1995: 11 5 Colonial Office Papers, 201. 4 f. 60 as cited in Bridges 1995: 16 6 Bridges 1995: 33 7 The 1802 image is attributed to the French naval officer Charles Alexandre Lesueur 8 Meehan 1807
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Macquarie and re-located away from the Rocks to Macquarie Street on the opposite side of town.9
Prior to 1792 the colony did not have a designated burial ground. However a plan prepared by Dawes in 1788 indicates land intended for a Church within the colony, which was situated much further south than the hospital grounds (Figure 7). While it is likely that Christian burials in or around a church would be expected in the colony, the first church was not constructed until 1793 (St. Philips). This church was reportedly erected at the corner of Bligh and Hunter Streets10. From 1792, the first official burial ground was established at the site of the current Sydney Town Hall (St Andrews). This left a period of time within the colony where the location of burials may not have been as structured as in later times.
While it seems likely that some form of burial ground would have been established in the 4 years before 1792, limited documentary evidence is available to confirm the location of such an area. The lack of official mention in letters back to England suggests that locations other the proposed church yard shown in Figure 7 may have been used. Sainty and Johnson have identified four alternatives (or additional locations) to the proposed church yard noted above. One of these sites was identified by Mrs Eliza Walker in 1901 as being situated close to the early hospital on George Street ‘11.
4.2.2 Quarry
Following the decommissioning and removal of the early hospital to its new location on Macquarie Street, the Study Area was used as a government quarry12. The Rocks contained a ready source of the viable building material, sandstone. Although the quality of that material is likely to have varied, sandstone extraction activities are known to have occurred along the length of the Rocks, especially near Millers Point.13
The sandstone extracted from this site and others nearby was used as part of a major building program for the city which was instigated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. While few details are available to indicate the extent of the quarrying
9 Bridges 1995: 98-100 10 Parish Church of St. Philip, Sydney. 2008 11 Walker 1930: 297 as cited in Johnson and Sainty 2001: 10 12 Jackson 2007b: 17 13 Fitzgerald and Golder 1994: 15
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4.2.3 Hotel/Commercial Occupation
The system of early land settlement in NSW involved both a formalised system of land grants issued by the Crown in addition to a less formalised system known as permissive occupancy. Permissive occupancy was basically a system of land acquisition or transfers which were based on leases from the Crown and were often not formally recorded14. The system of permissive occupancy is predominately seen prior to the 1820s in places such as Parramatta, Sydney, Liverpool and Newcastle.
In the early 1820s Governor Brisbane instigated a change to this informal system by increasing the level of land regulation within the colony. Under Brisbane’s direction occupiers of land without formal title were identified in the colony and were later offered the option of either a proper lease or to give up the claim to that land. In Parramatta and Sydney these leases were issued circa 1822 and 1823 for 21 year periods.
The Study Area formed a town allotment which was leased from the government by Samuel Terry through one of these leases in 1823 for a period of 21 years15. In the 1830s the formal boundaries of allotments in the Town of Sydney were formalised and the Study Area became known as allotment 7 in Section 84 of the Town Plan (of Sydney).
During the mid to late 1820s Terry constructed the three terrace buildings now known as137-143 George St16 This structure is also shown in an 1843 survey by Russell (Figure 9) in more detail.
Samuel Terry arrived in Sydney as a convict on 12 June 1801 on the Earl Cornwallis to serve a 7 year sentence for theft. By the time his sentence had ended Terry had established himself as a merchant in Parramatta and owned a farm on the
14 Kass et al. 1996: 112-116 15 LTO 1823 Town Allotments (SRNSW Reel 2667. 9/2648) as cited in Jackson 2007: 18 16 Hoddle, Larmer and Mitchell 1831 in Ashton and Waterson 2000: 20-21
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Hawkesbury River17. He married Rosetta Marsh in 1810 and in the 1828 census he is listed as residing at 4 Pitt Street, Sydney18.
Terry died in 1838, however the Study Area was officially granted to the trustees of his Estate in 1841. Terry’s trustees included his widow (Rosetta), his nephew and son-in-law (John Terry Hughes), a family friend and businessman (Tom White Melville Winder of Windermere, Maitland) and his solicitor (James Norton).19
Terry’s business interests were broad including working as a publican, merchant and landowner. On his death he held vast sums of money as a result of business interests involving mortgages, land ownership and rental income20.
Rosetta, as principle trustee, continued to manage the premises of the Study Area until her death in 1858. The property was then managed until 1860 by Mrs. Rebecca Fox at which time it was partitioned21.
It was following the partitioning of the estate of Rosetta Terry that the ownership of the three properties became separate entities. In 1860, Thomas White Smart (who had previously been involved in a mortgage for this property) formally acquired the FOW Hotel. This was followed in the early 1860s by William Whaley Billyard who acquired the property later known as 139-141 George St.22 143-143a George St was purchased by William Reilly in 1861 and he retained ownership until 1880.23
Both buildings now known as the Russell Hotel and the Fortune of War were used as public houses from early on in their use continuously until their demolition in 1887 and 1920 respectively. 139-141 George Street was used for a variety of commercial purposes prior to its demolition in the mid 1860s.
THE RUSSELL HOTEL
17 Dow 1967: 508-509 18 Sainty and Johnson 1985: 364 19 Land Title Office (LTO) Town Grants, Serial 51, page 178, as cited in Jackson 2007b: 18. It is noted that the land grant register indicates that portions of the allotments which formed the Study Area had originally been granted to Thomas Willis and John Grimes in 1823, both grants were rescinded by the later 1841 grant to Samuel Terry. 20 Jackson 2007b: 18-19 and Dow 21 Jackson 2007b: 23 22 LTO vol 1, Fol 112, as cited in Jackson 2007b: 23 23 Jackson 2007a: 23
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Prior to its acquisition by Reilly in 1861, the building now known as 143-143a
George Street is understood to have been used intermittently as a hotel24. It is perhaps not until 1845 when Isaac Moore first leased the premises (and which he held until the early 1860s) that the building was more permanently used as a public house, referred to the Patent Slip Tavern’.25
Early on during Reilly’s ownership (between 1863 and1865) he demolished several weatherboard buildings fronting Globe Street. These buildings were replaced by a two storey stone terrace located at the rear of the Patent Slip Hotel in 1864 which were likely used for residential purposes.26.
Following Moore’s lease of the building, he was followed by several tavern managers. These are listed in some detail in the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for this site27. In 1880 the property was purchased by Thomas Brennan and in 1887 the buildings on 143-143a George Street were demolished and replaced with the current (extant) structure28. The new building continued to be used as a hotel and public house and was known as the ‘Port Jackson Hotel’. The building was sold in 1894 following Brennan’s death and purchased following a brief ownership of Alfred Powell and Thomas Read before Tooth & Company Pty Ltd (Tooth & Co.) purchased the property in 1896. Although the building was acquired by the government as part of resumptions in 1900, Tooth and Co. continued to lease the property from that time.
Tooth & Co. ran the hotel (as the Port Jackson Hotel) under a series of licensees until a decision was made by the company, following an amendment to the Liquor Act of 1919 to de-license the hotel. This occurred in the 1920s. The building was then converted by 1927 to a commercial lease which predominately involved use as a café and restaurant29. The building has continued to function as a commercial retail outlet since that time.
24 Jackson 2007a: 19
26 Jackson 2007a:23 27 Jackson 2007a: 23-25 28 LTO Vol 1, Fol 106 and Jackson 2007a: 23 29 NSW Licensing Branch and Licensing Reduction Board, ‘Report of operations under the Liquor Laws’ 1923, p.13 as cited in Jackson 2007a:27
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139-141 GEORGE STREET
Following the acquisition of the property by Billyard in 1860, it was sold shortly afterwards (in 1861) to William Reilly (the owner at the time of the Patent Slip Hotel now known as 143-143a George St). It is possible that this building was used in conjunction with Patent Slip or potentially left vacant until 186630.
However by 1866 the building had been demolished. The land was then left vacant for several years during which time the ownership of the property changed in 1877, followed by another sale in 1881 to Leo Ferdinand Sachs. During this time the site is shown as a vacant block of land containing two sheds which were located at the rear of the property (Figure 10)31.
Sachs constructed the new (now extant) building on the site in 1882 (Figure 11)32. The site was sold in 1885, again in 1886 and once more in 1888 prior to its purchase as part of the government resumptions in 190033.
Following its construction in 1882, 139-141 George St was used as commercial premises which involved a variety of tenants who used the property for a number of trades including a tailor/clothier; confectioner, pawnbroker, restaurant, chemist, a butcher, accountant, fruit shop and an optometrist34.
THE FORTUNE OF WAR HOTEL
The first recorded licensee for the FOW hotel was John Boreham in 1830.35 Boreham was also a former convict who arrived on the ship Marquis of Wellington in 1815 to serve a 14 year sentence36. From 1833 Walter Nottingham Palmer held the lease continuously until 1843. The following year the lease was acquired by Robert White Moore who held it until 1858. During this time (1860) Thomas W. Smart purchased the property and in 1861 Robert W. Moore purchased the property from Smart.
30 This is suggested by the fact that Reilly also owned the adjoining Russell Hotel building and that Council rate assessment records indicate the building was vacant during this time. Jackson 2007b:23 31 Dove 1880: NLA MAP F 902, Part 47 32 Jackson 2007b:24 and several mortgages obtained by Sachs in the 1880s are likely to have funded this new building. 33 LTO Vol 808, Fol 237 as cited in Jackson 2007b:24 34 As cited in Jackson 2007b:24 & 27 35SRNSW 4/61, No 122, 30/6/1830 as cited in Jackson 2007c: 18 36 NSW Land and Stock Muster 1822 as cited in Jackson 2007c: 20
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Moore held the license for the FOW Hotel from 1844 continuously until his death in 1870. Following his death, Moore’s nephew Thomas Moore acquired the property during the 1870s and held it during the 1880s. In the 1890s another of Thomas Moore’s nephews; Benjamin Robert Moore (a former Leichhardt Councillor and Mayor) purchased and held the property37. The Hotel continued in use as a public house during the Thomas’ nephew’s ownership with several different licensees38. Following its acquisition by the government in 1900, the FOW continued again under a number of licensees until 1920 when Tooth & Co. leased the property from the Sydney Harbour Trust (the government agency managing the Rocks at that time) for a long term lease (until 1965).
It was in 1920 that Tooth & Co. demolished the FOW Hotel and the extant building was constructed in its place. This structure was completed by the end of 1921. This building included the introduction of the cellar and it has remained in use as a hotel trading under the name FOW from that time and under a variety of licensees. Tooth & Co. relinquished their lease of the FOW in 1976 and since that time the building has been run by a number of leasers through a successive series of government agencies who have been responsible for the buildings in the Rocks.
It was not until the 1980s-1990s that the buildings known as the Russell Hotel, 139- 141 George St and the FOW Hotel were reunited under a common lessee.39
4.3 NSW Historical Themes
The Heritage Council of NSW published a list of historical themes to provide direction and guidance for heritage assessments in NSW. The historical themes relevant to the documented historical occupation of the subject site are listed below. Details of the phases of occupation associated with each theme are also included in Table 1:
37 Jackson 2007c: 21 38 Jackson 2007c:22 39 Jackson 2007c: 26
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Table 1. Historic Themes relevant to archaeological evidence in the Study Area
NSW Theme Notes Relevant Occupation Phase Aboriginal Activities associated with maintaining, developing, Hospital (1788-1814) cultures and experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural interactions with identities and practices, past and present; with other cultures demonstrating distinctive ways of life; and with interactions demonstrating race. Convict Activities relating to incarceration, transport, reform, Hospital (1788-1814); hospital accommodation and working during the Quarry (c.1814-1830) convict period in NSW. Agriculture Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging Hotel - Residential/ goods and services. Commercial (1830s- present day) Commerce Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging Hotel - Residential/ goods and services Commercial (1830s- present day) Health Activities associated with preparing and providing Hospital (1788-1814) medical assistance and/or promoting the well being of humans Mining Activities associated with the identification, Quarry (c.1814-1830) extraction, processing and distribution of mineral ores, precious stones and other such inorganic substances. Towns, suburbs Activities associated with creating, planning and Hotel - Residential/ and villages managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in Commercial (1830s- towns, suburbs and villages present day) Accommodation Activities associated with the provision of Hotel - Residential/ accommodation, and particular types of Commercial (1830s- accommodations present day) Utilities Activities associated with the provision of services, Hotel - Residential/ especially on a communal basis. Commercial (1830s- present day) Labour Activities associated with work practices and organised Hotel - Residential/ and unorganised labour Commercial (1830s- present day) Domestic Life Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living Hotel - Residential/ in and working around houses and institutions Commercial (1830s- present day)
Leisure Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Hotel - Residential/ Commercial (1830s- present day)
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Persons Activities of, and associations with, identifiable Hotel - Residential/ individuals, families and communal groups Commercial (1830s- present day) Birth and Death Activities associated with the initial stages of human Hospital (1788-1814) life and the bearing of children, and with the final stages of human life and disposal of the dead
5. PHYSICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Previous Archaeological Investigation of the Study Area
In 1990, 139-141 George Street was archaeologically investigated. This involved a watching brief to monitor the disturbance of deposits located underneath the room which fronts George Street and the room immediately west of it. This work was undertaken by Wendy Thorp.
This investigation did not reveal any evidence of the earlier structures or use of the site. Most of the underfloor deposits related to the construction of the extant (1881-present day) building and its associated occupation40.
5.2 Current Site Configuration
A site inspection was undertaken to assess the sub-floor areas of both the FOW and the Russell Hotels in March 2009.
Both the cellar area and the ground floor public areas of the FOW were examined.
The cellar is a narrow concrete slab floored space accessed below the front public bar of the hotel. It is currently a very cramped space with stored beer kegs, coolers, ice machines and stored beverages lining the walls (see Figure 12). Access and visibility are restricted. The western most area of the cellar is currently used as a store with the eastern most section beneath the footpath (George Street) with an access hatch for loading and unloading of beer kegs.
As already noted, the cellar is floored with a concrete surface consisting of hard grey cement with blue metal inclusions. The floor within the store area has an
40 Thorp 1990: 7
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Many areas of the wall are lined with machine pressed brick bonded with hard grey sandy cement. However some areas of the walls are exposed solid bedrock with drill/pneumatic hammer marks evident (see Figure 14). This is most apparent in the western store area where the bedrock has been excavated into by up to a metre. Adjacent to the store at the back is a section of coarse earthenware (cew) sewer pipe exposed a meter and a half above the floor in an attached pier (see Figure 14). The position of this former drain further suggests that the current floor is the result of relatively recent excavation.
The available evidence form this inspection suggests that existing cellar has been excavated into bedrock, to a depth of up to 1200 mm in the early 20th Century.
The inspection of the remainder of the ground floor area was not able to observe any sub-floor spaces. However inspection of the rear of the property indicates that much of the western (rear) of the hotel sits above areas of bedrock which are exposed in section in Nurses Walk (see Figure 15).
The ground floor of the Russell Hotel is currently being used as commercial food preparation and service areas (see Figures 16). There is no existing cellar and the inspection was not able to inspect any other sub-floor spaces. The floor level of the hotel rises to the rear (west) of the property in three levels. The rear (western) kitchen area’s floor level is below that of the outside footpath in Globe Street (see Figure 17).
The area at the rear of the kitchen consists of an open small courtyard connected to the rear lane through a number of steps (see Figure 18). The surface of this courtyard is concrete but it is possible to see exposed bedrock in a small dish drain in this area (see Figure 19).
The available evidence from the inspection suggests that the floor levels generally reflect the rise in level from east to west shown in Globe Street (see Figure 20). However the western portions of each of the three levels are likely to have been excavated into the slope, possibly with a corresponding dumping of fill on the eastern portion of each level to provide platforms for supporting the floor.
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5.3 Archaeological Potential
EARLY HOSPITAL
Several phases of construction can be identified for the early hospital at Sydney Cove. These phases, and the potential material remains that may reflect them in the archaeological resource of the site, are outlined in Table 2 below:
Date Range Hospital Likely Associated Physical Remains
(1788): The Tent While the exact location of the tent hospital is unclear, its location January – at Hospital may have included some parts of the Study Area. Because its least May location is unclear, it is included in this assessment. 1788 Archaeological remains associated with the Tent Hospital are unlikely to survive. This is because tents do not leave traceable remains such as post holes or foundations and canvas putrefies leaving little or no trace in soils or deposits. Additionally, it is likely that all materials associated with the Tent Hospital would have been heavily re-used, rather than left on-site including wooden pegs, rope and general chattels. .
There is a very slight probability that deeper parts of garbage and cesspits provenanced to this phase of occupation may survive at depth, however, it is not known where on the site these features occurred or whether any part of them may have survived the impact of subsequent developments on the site.
1788-1790 The First The first constructed hospital on the site is likely to have been (Finished and Constructed constructed of timber, or wattle and daub with lath-and-plaster occupied Hospital walls41 and a shingled roof with an earthen or possibly wooden after May floor. Its dimensions were 84 feet long x 23 feet wide. A garden is 1788) noted in association with it, and wells were also intended42.
The materials and construction details noted in historical records indicate that there is some potential for archaeological remains associated with this phase of hospital use to survive. Post holes associated with the timber uprights of the support frame for the large wooden structure may survive as they would have needed to be fairly substantial and embedded at depth. Remains of wells or cesspits at depth may also survive perhaps with rubbish deposits.
41 Proudfoot et al. 1991: 73 and Bridges 1995: 11,. The lath-and-plaster walls were identified by Daniel Paine (1794-1797: 33-34) in the 1790s for non-government buildings, it is very possible this was used for government buildings also to ensure the building lasted longer and to stop wind and rain from entering the building through cracks in the walls. 42 Phillip 1789: June 1788-July 1788
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1790-1814 The The prefabricated structure is identified in historical resources as Prefabricated timber with a timber frame with dimensions 84 feet long x 20 feet, Hospital 6 inches wide and 12 feet high). The walls were plastered likely with lath-and-plaster43 with a copper panelled roof, cross partition and porches. Other features associated with it include a garden likely in the northern end of the hospital, store buildings, cesspits, garbage pits, wells (also likely near the gardens) and possibly burials. Three buildings are depicted in the 1802 Lesueur image and subsequent drawings by Eyre in 1810.
The materials and construction details noted in historical records indicate that there is some potential for archaeological remains associated with this phase of hospital use to survive. Post holes associated with the timber uprights of the support frame for the large wooden structure may survive as they would have needed to be fairly substantial and embedded at depth. Remains of wells or cesspits at depth may also survive perhaps with rubbish deposits. The hospital remains should they exist, could occur across the Study Area (i.e.139, 137-141 and 143, 143a George Street, The Rocks).
Relics that may survive in cesspits or wells associated with Hospital occupation could include personal objects owned by patients and hospital staff and/or medical instruments and equipment and crockery which may have been broken and discarded.
Informal burials or surgical discard human remains can be found in archaeological resources associated with early hospitals. Human remains dating to the 1790s have been unearthed at recent excavations of part of the Parramatta Hospital site. These remains included two infant burials and a disarticulated human hand44.
Given the ambiguity associated with areas where the dead were buried prior to the formal establishment of a church and burial ground in Sydney, little knowledge about surgical discard practice and the recent identification of human remains at the former Parramatta hospital dating to 1790s, there is some potential for human remains surviving from the early hospital in Sydney to be present at the site.
However the survivability of this early archaeological evidence (based on the often ephemeral and fragile nature of remains) is dependant to a large degree on impacts from later occupation and development of the site. This is discussed in Section 5.3 below.
43 Bridges 1995: 33 44 Heritage Office Department of Planning, 2006 vol 13:10
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SUMMARY
There is some potential for physical evidence of the early hospital occupation in the form of structural features from the wooden building and verandahs (e.g. post holes and holes for timber beams, privies, rubbish pits and water holes or wells to survive at the site. While highly unlikely, it is not impossible, based on evidence at similar sites elsewhere, that evidence of early burials and/or surgical discard of partial human remains may also be found.
QUARRYING
Archaeological evidence of quarrying activities from circa 1814-circa 1830 may survive in specific locations at the site and may include:
• Square cut marks visible within extant sandstone deposits within the subject land;
• Marks to indicate where metal poles were used to start a hole or wedge in the rock that would assist or initiate fracture lines for vertical rock shearing; and
• Residual platforms that indicate the base to which stone had been removed visible.
The extent of previous quarrying activities across the site, however, has not been established from previous records and plans and it is likely that quarrying remains/evidence would have severely impacted by subsequent development. This is discussed further in Section 5.3
IN SUMMARY
Physical evidence of the previous quarrying activities at the site (should they survive) may include cuts into the rock to assist extraction of stone blocks; holes in a row to lever out blocks of stone along natural or man made fracture lines in the stone.
HOTEL AND COMMERCIAL OCCUPATION 1830S-PRESENT DAY
The buildings constructed by Samuel Terry in circa 1830s (which encompassed the entire site of 137-143a George St) are described in plans as:
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• A substantial stone terraced structure with a shingled and later iron roof; and
• Several weatherboard structures which fronted Globe Street (located in association with 143 George St) which were demolished in the early 1860s and replaced in 1864 by a single two storey stone terrace.
These structures are understood to have been used for both domestic (residential) and commercial purposes as hotels and for a number of other businesses outlined in Section 4 above. As a result of the type of occupation identified above, the following associated archaeological deposits could occur:
• Privies, cesspits, rubbish pits and areas to house animals (such as stables) behind the main building;
• Hard (cobbled) or soft (compacted earth or dirt) courtyard surfaces;
• Services associated with for example early water connection45; and
• Occupation deposits beneath underfloor spaces (pre tongue in groove flooring which was introduced circa the 1860s).
The cesspits and rubbish pits located at the rear of the main buildings, could also contain household discard which may provide evidence of wares bought and sold, personal links to the tenants within the buildings, information relating to diet, gender and living conditions of the inhabitants and particularly during periods such as the plaque in the early 1900s within the Rocks.
Occupational deposits related to the extant buildings constructed in the 1860s, 1880s and 1920s are unlikely. This is because tongue in groove floor boarding is likely to have been used in these buildings, limiting opportunities for the creation of underfloor deposits. Each successive phase of building would have also removed or highly disturbed evidence of former buildings and structures at the site.
It is likely that services for the installation of water, sewerage and electricity would have been installed during the life of the current buildings and changed and updated over time. Remains associated with initial or early service installation and
45 Indicated at least within 139-141 George Street within a sketch plan entitled ‘Riley’s drainage’ dated 30 March 1865 as cited in Jackson 2007b: 35
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IN SUMMARY
Physical evidence associated with the hotel, residential and commercial occupations associated with the 1830s-1860s, 1830s-1880s and 1830s-1920s buildings may include (but may not be limited to) the following: evidence of a hard (cobbled) or soft (compacted dirt) surfaced courtyard, privies, rubbish pits and under-floor deposits dating to pre 1860s46. The stables appear to have been located in the allotment immediately behind the Study Area (now occupied by NSW State Records and the NSW police).
The features and deposits likely to be identified in the buildings and at the rear of these structures may contain evidence of wares bought and sold, personal links to the tenants within the buildings, information relating to diet, gender and living conditions of the inhabitants and particularly during periods such as the plaque in the early 1900s within the Rocks.
5.4 Archaeological Integrity
The location where remains associated with the early hospital may survive is shaded blue in Figure 21. Based on the likely fragile nature of these remains and the likely impact of quarrying activities, shown shaded grey in Figure 21, it is unlikely that any substantial remains of the early hospital occupation and use would remain and if present, the remains are likely to be highly fragmentary and ephemeral with limited archaeological integrity.
The construction of the FOW and Russell hotels and the commercial building at 139- 141 George Street is most likely to have impacted and destroyed much of the archaeological evidence of the two earlier (hospital and quarry) phases of occupation. However, evidence of the 1830, 1860, 1880 and 1920 hotel and commercial phases of occupation have a high likelihood of surviving. The development of the buildings within this time is shown in Figure 22 with an earlier
46 Prior to the increasingly common application of tongue in groove floor boards which are likely to have reduced underfloor deposits.
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6. SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT
The following evaluation of the cultural heritage significance of the potential relics at the site (Section 5.3) was made using the NSW heritage evaluation criteria and State historical themes. The evaluation was based on the results of historical research (Section 3), discussion of the comparative archaeological context (Section 4), and physical analysis and modelling of the site discussed in Section 5.
6.1 Principles and Evaluation Criteria
“Heritage significance” and “cultural significance” are terms used to describe an item’s value or importance to our society. The Australian ICOMOS Burra Charter defines cultural significance as:
Aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present or future generations
This value may be contained in the fabric of the item, its setting and relationship to other items, the response that the item stimulates in those who value it now, or the meaning of that item to contemporary society. Accurate assessment of the cultural significance of sites, places and items is an essential component of the NSW heritage assessment and planning process. A clear determination of a site’s cultural significance allows informed planning decisions to be made for places, in addition to ensuring that their heritage values are maintained, enhanced, or at least minimally affected by development.
Assessments of significance are made by applying standard evaluation criteria. These criteria are as follows:
a) An item is important in the course or pattern of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area);
b) An item has strong or special associations with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in NSW’ cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area);
c) An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in NSW (or the local area);
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d) An item has strong or special associations with a particular community or cultural group in NSW (or the local area) for social, cultural or spiritual reasons;
e) An item as potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area);
f) An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area);
g) An item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSW’s cultural or natural places; or cultural and natural environments.
The archaeological significance of a site may be seen as directly linked to the scientific or research value of the relics that are present. In Australia this concept is commonly defined as a set of questions that are used as a means of assessing the significance of an archaeological site within a relative framework:
• Can the site contribute knowledge that no other resource can?
• Can the resource contribute knowledge that no other site can?
• Is this knowledge relevant to general questions about human history or other substantive questions relating to Australian history, or does it contribute to other major research questions? 47
6.2 Assessment of Significance
The following evaluation identifies the cultural significance of relics indicated at site using the above mentioned criteria, and taking into consideration information about the site presented in preceding sections of this report.
The assessment of significance has been grouped in to phases of occupation as previously outlined in this report, i.e. the early Hospital, quarry and hotel/commercial occupation.
47 Bickford & Sullivan 1984:23
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The Study Area contains three extant buildings (the Fortune of War Hotel, Russell Hotel and 139-141 George St) that have been assessed as having state heritage significance. Their significance is dealt with within the existing CMPs for these sites. However the significance of the potential archaeological resources related to the various phases of occupation of the Study Area, including the occupation of the current structures is not included in existing CMPs and is identified below.
EARLY HOSPITAL
Criterion a)
Archaeological evidence of the earliest permanent hospital within the colony of NSW, should it survive at the site with sufficient integrity, form and fabric to be meaningful and in provenceable contexts, would be important material evidence of colonial infrastructure investment established to specifically address the well-being and health of the convict, free and on occasion, the indigenous inhabitants of early Sydney. Surviving archaeological resources would be important embodiments and reflections of an important activity and place in NSW’s early non-indigenous cultural history.
Criterion b)
The site has associative significance as the early hospital that had direct links to prominent people and the general population of early colonial Sydney. However, it is unlikely that the (likely compromised) archaeological resource could demonstrate or embody a strong or special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in NSWs’ cultural history,
Criteria f) and e):
Archaeological evidence associated with the period 1788 to 1814 is significant in Sydney and in NSW and usually very rare. This is because this period in the colony’s history was not well recorded, which means that the archaeological evidence which might survive from this phase of Sydney’s occupation has a greater potential to inform us about past activities not recorded elsewhere. This evidence is also rare because the colony was limited in geographic extent during the early years of its establishment. There are few- places in NSW where archaeological resources from this early phase of the colony’s occupation could be found. In addition, most of the sites occupied and developed 1788-1814 have been subject to
ARCHAEOLOGICAL & HERITAGE 33 MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PTY LTD June 2009 FORTUNE OF WAR & RUSSELL HOTELS HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT & RESEARCH DESIGN multiple subsequent development phases. Most of these phases would have included increasingly (over time) more intensive development, larger structures and more destructive construction methods. These events would have substantially destroyed archeological remains associated with former occupation phases.
The limited number of hospitals dating to this early stage of the colony e.g. Sydney, Parramatta, Norfolk Island and Tasmania also indicates that archaeological evidence associated with the early hospital in Sydney would be a rare resource.
Consequently our knowledge about the development of the early colony and of the living conditions of early inhabitants is based on an incomplete historical record. Physical evidence associated with the early hospital, its use, development and occupation during this time is also likely to contribute to a greater understanding of activities within the site and may also assist in addressing questions related to (e.g.) early medical practise.
If present and relatively intact and in provenceable contexts, archaeological evidence associated with the early hospital would fulfill both heritage criteria ‘f’ and ‘e’ at state and national levels. However, archaeological remains associated with this occupation phase are most likely to be ephemeral and lack contextual integrity. In turn, this would compromise their significance as they would lack sufficient testable material evidence to be conclusively identified and meaningfully address any research questions or our understanding of the past.
QUARRY
Criteria a) and b)
Archaeological evidence of quarrying, should it survive at the site with sufficient integrity, form and fabric to be meaningful and in provenceable contexts, could have both historical and associative significance because of the sandstone extracted was to construct many of the major building works of Governor Lachlan Macquarie.
Criteria c) and e)
Evidence of sandstone extraction during the early colony is limited and can potentially address questions related to the development of these skills within the colony. This may be particularly interesting when comparing earlier with later use
ARCHAEOLOGICAL & HERITAGE 34 MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PTY LTD June 2009 FORTUNE OF WAR & RUSSELL HOTELS HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT & RESEARCH DESIGN of quarrying techniques (the initial years of the colony versus the 1810s and 1820s). By the 1810s to the 1830s the colony had grown in size and with it communications, skills and expertise had also increased. Archaeological analysis of an early quarry could provide evidence of technical achievement within the colony between the earliest times and later that may have particularly developed for Australian conditions and materials. This evidence is rare in Sydney due to the continued extraction of sandstone for construction purposes.. Physical evidence of sandstone extraction of this date is rare in Sydney and NSW and, if it is evident on site is likely to fulfil criterion ‘f’ at a state level.
HOTEL/COMMERCIAL OCCUPATION
Criterion a)
The economic and social prosperity of the Russell and FOW hotels during the phase circa 1830-1880s and 1920s provides evidence suggesting these businesses did well from this passing trade. The prominence of these hotels in the Rocks and Sydney is likely to have contributed to these buildings as popular places of entertainment. This can be seen in local accounts such as Forde’s and Walker’s references to old hotels and places of interest in Sydney48. However the historical significance of this phase of the Study Area is unlikely to be reflected in or embodied in the physical (archaeological) evidence of this earlier time in Sydney’s development. For this reason it is unlikely that the archaeological resources associated with the 1830s- present day occupation of the Study Area will fulfil criterion ‘a’ at a local or state level.
Criterion b)
From the 1820s to late 1850s the site was leased and later owned by Samuel Terry, a prominent emancipist convict and as a result of Terry’s ownership the circa 1830s buildings were constructed. However, there is evidence available to indicate that on his death, Terry’s Estate retained a large holding of land and properties. Given that Terry does not appear to have lived at this location and did not hold the licence for either hotel, it would appear that although he owned the property he did not have a particular connection or association to it. On this basis this phase of occupation does not hold particular significance under criterion b.
48 Jackson 2007a 23; Jackson 2007c: 21 and Walker 1930 as cited in Johnson and Sainty 2001
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Criteria f) and e)
The archaeological resources associated with the 1830s-1860s and 1830s-1880s and 1830s-1920s occupations of the site and associated with the structures built by Samuel Terry, have the potential to yield information relating to the construction, development and use of these buildings through time. The occupation deposits associated with this phase of the site’s use also have the potential to provide information about the individuals who occupied the premises, worked and lived here. This information, particularly prior to the 1850s (with the introduction of better record keeping and responsible government in the colony) has the potential to contribute to our understanding of occupation and interactions with people in the local area during this occupation phase. The earlier phase (i.e. circa 1830s to the 1850s) of the site’s occupation has higher significance that the phase 1850s- present because the archaeological evidence can provide more information about the occupants and their lives than historical evidence available during this time. For this reason the archaeological evidence of this phase of the Study Area (i.e. circa 1830s-1850s) fulfils the criterion e and f at a state level.
The physical evidence associated with later (post 1850s to 1860s/1880s) occupation within the Study Area is less significant than the phase circa 1830s-1850s due to the presence of better recording keeping and historical information likely to exist. However the archaeological evidence is still likely to provide some information to address questions related to the occupants and activities undertaken within these premises, although to a lesser degree than earlier phases. This information can in turn be compared to results from excavations previously undertaken within the Rocks area and other parts of Sydney and elsewhere in NSW to better understand the development of the inhabitants and localities within Sydney and the State during these times.
The physical evidence of this later phase of occupation can contribute to an understanding of this phase of the site’s occupation, however if present it is likely to fulfil criterion ‘e’ and ‘f’ at a local level.
6.3 Summary Statement of Significance
THE EARLY HOSPITAL Archaeological remains associated with the early hospital (circa 1790s-1814) that would provide testable and provenceable physical evidence of its occupation,
ARCHAEOLOGICAL & HERITAGE 36 MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS PTY LTD June 2009 FORTUNE OF WAR & RUSSELL HOTELS HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT & RESEARCH DESIGN development and use would be highly significant and rare. They would hold significant historical importance to both the development of Sydney in that they could potentially provide details of the health, welfare and deaths of early colonists. It is however likely that any evidence of the hospital would be significantly truncated and disturbed through later development. If present, and in meaningful contexts, intact archaeological evidence of the hospital would have state heritage significance.
If present and relatively intact and in provenceable contexts, archaeological evidence associated with the early hospital would fulfill both heritage criteria ‘f’ and ‘e’ at state and national levels. However, archaeological remains associated with this occupation phase are most likely to be ephemeral and lack contextual integrity. In turn, this would compromise their significance as they would lack sufficient testable material evidence to be conclusively identified and meaningfully address any research questions or our understanding of the past. They would have low archaeological significance.
QUARRYING The physical evidence of sandstone extraction for building materials associated with the early development of the Rocks and Sydney can show changes in techniques and understanding of how to quarry sandstone within Sydney compared to later use within the colony. This evidence is rare in Sydney due to the continued extraction of sandstone for construction purposes. Physical evidence of quarrying activities could also have historical and associated significance because of the links to buildings constructed by Governor Macquarie during the major building phase in Sydney.
If present and intact in form and fabric sufficient to enable meaningful information from provenceable contexts about the quarry process, this phase of occupation would fulfil criteria ‘f’ and ‘e’ and likely also ‘a’ and ‘b’ at a state level. However it is likely that any archaeological evidence associated with this occupation phase will not survive in suitably interpretable forms and as a result this would compromise their significance. This is because they would lack the ability to be sufficiently identified and to meaningfully address any research questions to better understand this period of the past occupation within the Study Area.
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1830S-1860/1880S AND 1830S-1920S BUILDINGS Evidence of the use and development of the site prior to the 1850s would contribute information which is not as easily obtained from written accounts for the use of the site and its inhabitants in early Sydney. Following the 1850s with the introduction of responsible government, written records of occupation within the colony improved.
Physical evidence of the use and development of the Study Area from the 1830s to 18160s and 1880s can contribute to the existing understanding of occupation within the Rocks, already established through other archaeological excavations and historic records. This occupation can address research questions raised by these previous investigations. The significance of this information can be related to both local and state heritage significance through the potential value of the archaeological evidence, the relative rarity of sites containing pre 1850s occupation evidence and the research potential based on existing information from the Rocks area.
Table 2. Relics likely to survive and their heritage significance
Phase of Significance Occupation Early Hospital High (state) significance (if present and with sufficient 1790s-1814 material and contextual integrity ) Little or no heritage significance if the remains are found to be truncated, ephemeral and to lack context Quarry Activity High (state) significance (if present and with sufficient 1814-1830 material and contextual integrity) Little or no heritage significance if the remains are found to be truncated, ephemeral and to lack context Hotel & Commercial Occupation 1830s- Moderate (local) to High (state) Significance present day (if present and with sufficient material and contextual integrity) High likelihood of surviving in certain part of the site.
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7. POTENTIAL IMPACTS
7.1 Proposed Development
The current development involving the Study Area will involve a number of subsurface impacts to the archaeological remains likely within the site. These include the introduction of a new lift well and toilets with associated services for hydraulics, water and sewerage (Table 5 and Appendix 3).
Based on the assessment of the likely survival of the archaeological remains within the Study Area, these impacts have the potential to affect the following remains (as summarised in Table 5 and shown in Figure 23):
Table 3. Impact Assessment to Likely Relics
Modification to Detail/works Impact to archaeology Study Area 1)Installation of Toilet block to The new toilet block would not impact potential New Toilet Block remain at same level archaeological relics & associated as extant room services Services however, are likely to require subsurface Excavation for excavation and may involve minimal impact to installation of archaeological relics associated with occupation from the services 1830s-1880s and 1880s-present. If they survive, excavations may also impact archaeological evidence of the 1790s-1814 hospital. 2)Installation of Excavation for lift Will impact surviving archaeological relics within lift well new Lift block shaft area (minimal impact to archaeological relics associated with occupation from 1840s-1880s and 1880s-present) 3)Establishment No excavation into No impact to archaeological relics of new cool room subsoil required 3) Installation of Excavation required Unlikely to impact archaeological relics, but excavation new drainage in into existing concrete may uncover evidence of rock cut features (associated cellar at FOW floor likely with the 1830s-present occupation) 4)New Access to Access through vent No impact to archaeological relics grease trap shaft which will not require excavation for establishment
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7.2 Discussion
The impacts proposed above (Table 3 and Figure 23) demonstrate a minor impact to the archaeological resources within the Study Area. This is because they require limited ground disturbance, predominately for service installation in a small portion of the site. The remaining impact related to the lift is also limited to a specific area which is only associated with the 1830 to present day occupation of the Study Area. Given that archaeological remains are likely to be disturbed to some degree by the proposed development but in limited areas, archaeological monitoring in the first instance is recommended. This is because the intactness of the remains, and so their significance cannot be clarified with any certainty except through physical inspection.
If the remains of the early hospital and quarrying activities are found to be present and retain sufficient integrity of form and fabric that they can meaningfully provide information about the phases of occupation to which they relate these phases will be of state heritage significance. Any evidence of archaeological remains from these phases which are identifiable in this manner and of state heritage significance should be retained in situ within the Study Area. This may mean modification of the existing design to ensure the inclusion and in situ retention of this significant fabric.
However this assessment has identified that it is highly unlikely that the remains associated with the early hospital and quarrying activities will retain sufficient integrity in either form or fabric to provide meaningful information to interpret these phases of occupation. It is expected that any evidence of these remains will be truncated, peripheral and unlikely to survive in meaningful deposits. As a result they would therefore not be of high archaeological, associative or historical archaeological significance. However the disparate relics may of themselves be of some curiosity or collectible value. Evidence which relates to these early phases which lacks this archaeological integrity would not warrant in situ retention on archaeological grounds.
The physical remains associated with the 1830s- 1850s/1860s hotel/commercial building phase of the Study Area is likely to be the most intact archaeologically throughout the site, although the extent to which the most recent buildings has
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Archaeological monitoring and recording of the 1830s-present day occupation would be suitable with the understanding that the remaining archaeological evidence of this phase would be retained unaffected by the development within the site.
In summary, the type of disturbance proposed by this development is most likely to require the removal of some physical evidence associated with the 1830s- 1850s/1860s occupation of the site in specific places. However on balance, these impacts are minor in nature, i.e. confirmed to small portions of the Study Area. In addition the remaining evidence within the site will be retained undisturbed within the site and the opportunity to investigate the assessed intactness of all phases of occupation within the Study Area may be achieved through some archaeological investigation of these areas during the development.
It is highly unlikely that physical evidence associated with the early hospital or quarry in the Study Area will survive in any meaningful and intact contexts, however this can only be determined through an activity such as archaeological monitoring. In the event intact evidence of the phases of the early hospital and/or quarry on the site were identified in anything other than an ephemeral and/or truncated state, a re-evaluation of the management strategy would be required.
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8. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Preceding sections of this report have identified the Study Area is likely to retain evidence of the following past occupation and have summarised the heritage significance of this occupation in Table 6 below.
Table 4. Relics likely to survive and recommended management strategy
Phase of Significance Management Occupation Early hospital If present with sufficient material Monitoring 1790s-1814 and contextual integrity this would be of high archaeological If intact, with interpretable fabric and significance (State) form, cease work and discuss with the Heritage Branch, DOP and SHFA a suitable If heavily truncated and disparate retention policy. Modification of the design partial and disturbed remains. may be required to enable the in situ This phase would be retention of these remains. of Low or no archaeological significance If not intact with interpretable fabric and form, record and remove.
Quarry Activity If present with sufficient material Monitoring 1814-1830 and contextual integrity this would be of high archaeological If intact, with interpretable fabric and significance (State) form, cease work and discuss with the Heritage Branch, DOP and SHFA a suitable If heavily truncated and disparate retention policy. Modification of the design partial and disturbed remains. may be required to enable the in situ This phase would be retention of these remains. of Low or no archaeological significance If not intact with interpretable fabric and form, record and remove.
Hotel & If present and with sufficient Monitoring Commercial material and contextual integrity Occupation (which is likely). This deposit Record and remove in accordance with 1830s – would range from moderate to Research Design. No need to retain due to present day high archaeological significance retention of remaining fabric throughout (state to local) the remainder of the site.
(State 1830s-1860s and local – 1860s to present)
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While relics with different levels of significance present different constraints and opportunities for proposed development at the site, the discussion below considers the level of impact from more recent levels of disturbance and occupation of the Study Area.
8.1 Management Discussion
This Study has concluded the following:
• The Study Area contains potential to retain archaeological evidence assessed as having both State and local heritage significance; and
• The proposed development as outlined in Section 7 of this report and identified in Table 5 and Figures within Appendix 3 of this report will have a minor impact on the archaeological relics within the Study Area.
Based on the level of impact (outlined in Section 7) to the likely archaeological resources identified it is recommended that archaeological monitoring and photographic recording of the proposed impacts should be undertaken. .
This document is an historical archaeological assessment, which was required by the RMAMP for the Russell Hotel (143-143a George Street). The recommendations of this report are consistent with the RMAMP recommendations for 137 and 139-141 George Street, which indicate that archaeological monitoring is appropriate in these locations.
In summary, based on the results from the Assessment and the currently proposed development for the FOW, 139-141 George St and Russell Hotel sites has potential to impact relics of state heritage significance, however these remains are unlikely to survive in meaningful deposits and the proposed development represents minor impact to these archaeological resources and to relics assessed as having local heritage significance.
8.2 Recommendations
Based on the assessment presented in this report of the likely archaeological remains anticipated within the Study Area and the impacts outlined in Section 7 (and shown in Appendix 3) this report recommends the following actions:
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1. Prior to undertaking archaeological monitoring, a research design should be prepared which identifies appropriate research questions and a methodology for monitoring the excavation for the proposed development works; This report and an accompanying Research Design should be included in the Section 60 application (under the Heritage Act 1977 (NSW) being prepared for the overall works for the proposed development within the Study Area;
2. Where the impact to these resources will be minor in nature and not materially affect the heritage significance of these aspects of the Study Area, that archaeological monitoring of the areas proposed to be impacted with photographic recording should be undertaken;
3. The archaeological investigation and recording should be undertaken by a suitably qualified historical archaeologist;
4. The archaeologist should document the results of the investigations in the form of a short letter report. This document should include, but not be limited to a report of the subsurface integrity (or otherwise) of existing soils and archaeological evidence investigated within the Study Area to guide any future works within the Study Area;
5. An appropriate catalogue of finds should be prepared and provided with the letter report no more than 6 months following the completion of the archaeological works;
6. Any photographic recording should be undertaken in accordance with current Heritage Branch, DoP guidelines current at the time of that work.
7. Copies of the letter report documenting the results of this investigation should be provided to the following:
a. Two copies to the Heritage Branch, DoP for the file and their library;
b. One copy to the SHFA for inclusion in their library.
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9. PROPOSED IMPACT MITIGATION PLAN
9.1 Background and Introduction
In May 2009 Archaeological and Heritage Management Solutions Pty Ltd (AHMS) was commissioned by Jeff Madden and Associates to provide a Research Design and Excavation Methodology for the proposed development of the Fortune of War (FOW) and Russell Hotel Site, 137-143a George Street, Sydney.
The SHFA requires this report to accompany a Section 60 Application for the site.
This report contains a methodology for mitigation of physical impacts on the potential historical archaeological relics during proposed development of the site.
This report will be attached to an historical archaeological assessment also prepared by AHMS in 2009.
9.2 General Strategy and Approach to the Investigation
The proposed archaeological investigation at the site is, at this staged focused on the assessment of the survival of relics on a site that has demonstrated levels of disturbance. To this end it is proposed that the work consist of monitoring within portions of the site outlined below which will suffer impact from the proposed development of this site. These areas are shown in pink in Figure 23 and include:
• Installation of a new toilet block and associated services;
• Installation of a new lift well; and
• Installation of new drainage within the cellar of the Fortune of War Hotel.
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10. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
10.1 General Research Questions
An archaeological research design can be formulated to answer general questions about any deposits or features exposed during the work. These general questions are applicable to most archaeological sites investigated. These general questions are:
• What features or deposits are present on the site;
• What is the nature and extent of these;
• What date ranges/phases of occupation can be assigned to them;
• How does this information compare to available historical information relating to the site;
10.2 Site Specific Questions
The investigation of archaeological sites also enables us to ask more specific questions related to the available historical/archaeological information known for the site.
Site specific questions related to the 137-143a George St site include:
• What evidence is there for activities and occupation which pre dates the 1830s Hotel/Commercial structures and occupation of the site? If present, is this evidence interpretable?
• What evidence (if any) is there for other activities on the site prior to the construction of the Early Hospital (i.e. contact period)?
• Does evidence associated with past quarrying activity exist within this portion of the site and if so what (if any) information can this phase of occupation tell us about early quarrying activities within the Rocks area when compared to later phases of sandstone extraction (e.g. other examples evident in the Rocks and the later Great North Road)?
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• Does evidence associated with the Early Hospital exist within this portion of the site and if so what (if any) information can this phase of occupation tell us about the early occupation of the site when compared to historical documentation?
• What evidence exists for former materials, structures and features in this area dating from the 1830s period of construction and subsequent occupation? If present, what information can this evidence tell us about the prosperity of the Hotels on this site and links to the local (working class) community of the Rocks?
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11. EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY
11.1 Monitoring
The objective of the monitoring is therefore to determine via observation during excavation, the nature, extent and condition of relics within the proposed subsurface excavation (outlined in Figure 23).
Should any relics remain from previous occupation then the significance of the relics will be assessed by the archaeologist. Any proposed disturbance of significant relics will be discussed with the archaeologist at SHFA.
A number of general questions are set out below.
• Does the area contain any historic relics?
• What phase of occupation are they likely to relate to?
• What is their condition and their archaeological potential to yield new information about the history of the site and its surrounding area?
• Will they be affected by proposed development?
• What options for interpretation are there?
• Do they warrant in situ retention and/or
• Do they warrant further investigation, and if so why?
In brief, the proposed monitoring is designed to identify any relics remaining on site, assess their significance and record them archaeologically.
Note that in situ retention may require the modification of the existing design to retain the archaeology in situ. The potential for this contingency is the reason for the early timing of archaeological works as outlined in Section 11.2 below.
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11.2 Timing of Archaeological Works
The SHFA has requested that the ground disturbance works (and associated) archaeological program take place ahead of the proposed construction/ modification of the Study Area. This means that archaeological investigation will need to be staged early on in this process to occur in the areas of impact prior to the installation of the above elements identified in Table 5 and shown in Figure 23.
11.3 Proposed Excavation Methodology
In general terms, it is proposed to undertake archaeological work on-site in the following manner.
• Any existing surfaces such as floors and slabs, within impact areas will be removed as appropriate (i.e. by hand tools, using pneumatic hammers etc).
• The debris from this process will be removed by hand.
• The archaeologist will then assess the nature and significance of any deposit exposed beneath these surfaces.
• If further excavation is required then the archaeologist will monitor this excavation to determine if any relics are being exposed.
• If relics and/or deposits or features are being exposed then their significance and integrity will be assessed. If their assessed significance is local and/or they have a low level of integrity then they will be recorded prior to removal.
• If their significance is assessed as State and they have a high level of integrity and do not relate to the Hotel/Commercial occupation of the Study Area, then work will cease and a suitable retention policy will be discussed with the archaeologist at SHFA in conjunction with the Heritage Branch, DoP.
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11.4 Recording
The archaeological recording of the site will be conducted according to the following methods:
• A survey datum, keyed to Australian Height Datum will be established to record the levels of extant deposits and features;
• Scaled site plans and profile or cross-section drawings will be prepared showing the location of all archaeological deposits and features revealed by excavation. These will be keyed to the site datum;
• The location, dimensions and characteristics of all archaeological features and deposits will be recorded on sequentially numbered pro-forma context recording sheets. This form of written documentation will be supplemented by preparation of a Harris Matrix showing the stratigraphic relationships between features and deposits;
• Photographic recording of all phases of the work on site will be undertaken;
Cultural artefacts uncovered during the excavation will be retained, cleaned and archived according to the contexts from which they were recovered. This will be undertaken in accordance with the catalogue system employed by SHFA and artefacts recovered will be retained by SHFA in the long term.
At the conclusion of the investigation, results of the excavation and any post- excavation analysis will be documented in a report, as required by standard conditions attached to excavation permits.
On-site archaeological project management will be undertaken by Felicity Barry of Archaeological & Heritage Management Solutions Pty Ltd.
Monitoring of all excavation and sub-surface investigative work will be undertaken jointly by Senior Archaeologist, Matthew Kelly (as the primary Excavation Director) with the assistance of Felicity Barry (Co-Excavation director in a secondary capacity).
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12. REFERENCES
Ashton, P. and D. Waterson. 2000. Sydney takes shape: a history in maps. Hema Maps, Brisbane.
Bickford, A. and S. Sullivan. 1984. ‘Assessing the Research Significance of Historical Site’. In S. Sullivan and S. Bowdler, Site surveys and Significance Assessment in Australian Archaeology. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Canberra.
Bridges, P. 1995. Foundations of Identity: Building early Sydney 1788-1822. Hale and Iremonger, Sydney
Clive Lucas Stapleton & Associates Pty Ltd. 1999. The Fortune of War Hotel 137 George Street, Sydney Conservation Management Plan. Prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, NSW
Dow, G. M. 1967. ‘Terry Samuel (1776? – 1838)’, In the Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 2, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp 508-509
Dove, P. H. 1880. ‘A new and complete wharf, street and building plan directory of the city of Sydney 1880’, NLA online Map F 902 Part 47. http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.map-f902-s47- sd&rgn=0.3318385650,0.2835497835,0.6681614350,0.7164502165&width=1200&cmd =pan&x=1200 Last retrieved 11 May 2009.
Fitzgerald, S. and H. Golder. 1994. Pyrmont and Ultimo under siege. Hale and Iremonger, Sydney
Heritage Office NSW Department of Planning. 2006. ‘Uncovering Colonial Hospitals’ in Heritage NSW Vol 13, No. 2, pp10-11
Higginbotham, E, T. Kass and M. Walker. 1991a. The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. Vol 1: Management Plan. Report for the Sydney Cove Authority and the Department of Planning, NSW.
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Higginbotham, E, T. Kass and M. Walker. 1991b. The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. Vol 2: History and Archaeology. Report for the Sydney Cove Authority and the Department of Planning, NSW.
Higginbotham, E, T. Kass and M. Walker. 1991c. The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. Vol 3: Part 2, Inventory, The Rocks. Report for the Sydney Cove Authority and the Department of Planning, NSW.
Hunt, S and G. Davison. 2007. Sydney Views 1788-1888 from the Beat Knoblauch Collection. Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Sydney
Jackson, N. 2007a. Conservation Management Plan: The Russell Hotel 143 & 143a George Street, The Rocks. Report compiled for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, NSW
Jackson, N. 2007b. Conservation Management Plan: 139-141 George Street, The Rocks. Report compiled for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, NSW
Jackson, N. 2007c. Conservation Management Plan: The Fortune of War Hotel 137 George Street, The Rocks. Report compiled for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, NSW
Karskens, G. 1999. Inside the Rocks: The Archaeology of a Neighbourhood. Hale and Iremonger, Sydney
Karskens, G. 1998. ‘The Construction of the Great North Road, NSW, 1826-1836’. In Four Essays about the Great North Road, Convict Trail Project Occasional Monographs, Wirrimbirra Workshop, Kulnura, pp27-49
Kass, T., C. Liston and J. McClymont. 1996. Parramatta: a past revealed. Parramatta City Council , Parramatta
Paine, D. 1974-1797 [1983]. The Journal of Daniel Paine 1794-1797, (ed). E. J. B. Knight and A. Frost, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England and the Library of Australian History, Sydney.
Parish Church of St. Philip, Sydney, 2008. The Original St. Philip’s. Last retrieved 10 October 2008. http://www.stphilips-sydney.org.au/history.html
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Phillip, A. 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay with an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island. John Stockdale, Piccadilly. Web publication from Project Guttenberg, last retrieved 10 October 2008.
Proudfoot, H, A. Bickfood, B. Egloff and R. Stocks. Australia’s First Government House. Allen & Unwin and the NSW Department of Planning, Sydney
Sainty, M and K. A. Johnson (eds). 1985. Census of New South Wales November 1828. Library of Australian History, Sydney
Smith, B. and A. Wheeler (eds). 1988. The Art of the First Fleet and other early Australian drawings. Oxford University Press in association with the Australian Academy of the Humanities and the British Museum of Natural History, Canberra.
Thorp, W. 1990. Archaeological Report Sub-Floor Deposits, 139 George Street, The Rocks. Report prepared for the Sydney Cove Authority
Walker, E. (1930). ‘Old Sydney in the Forties: recollections of Lower George Street and “the Rocks”’, dictated by Mrs Eliza Walker, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society (JRAHS) Vol 16, pt 4, pp292-320
White, J. 1790 [2003]. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. Web publication from Project Guttenberg last retrieved 10 October 2008.
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APPENDIX 1: REPORT FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Site Location coloured red (base map: googlemaps)...... 57 Figure 2. Site Boundary indicated by red outline (base map: googlemaps) ...... 57 Figure 3. Map indicating boundaries of RMAMP inventory units 71, 72 and 73. The site boundary is indicated by the red outline ...... 58 Figure 4. ‘New South Wales Port Jackson from the Entrance up to Sydney Cove’ Dated October 1788, Anon. Area circled red depicted the first permanent hospital. Source: Smith and Wheeler 1988: Plate 71...... 59 Figure 5. The Western side of Sydney Cove as depicted by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur during his visit to Sydney between 1802 and 1804. ‘Nouvelle-Hollande, Nourvelle Galles du Sud, c1807’as reproduced in Hunt and Davison 2007: 64, Plate 36. The study area is indicated in red (the prefabricated hospital)...... 59 Figure 6. Plan of the Town of Sydney in NSW, dated 31 October 1807 by James Meehan. Source: Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners 1999: A.13 The hospital (including the study area) is circled in red...... 60 Figure 7. Sketch of Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, in the County of Cumberland, NSW, July 1788 by William Dawes. Source: Ashton & Waterson 2000: 9. The hospital is circled red and the ground set aside for the Church is circled Green...... 60 Figure 8. Plan of the town and Suburbs of Sydney, August 1822, unattributed, Ashton and Waterson 2000: 18 ...... 61 Figure 9. The study area shown (outlined in red) dated 1843from surveyor Robert Russell’s Detail survey. The site is owned by Samuel Terry. Source: ‘Survey of Town Allotments, Section 84, 1834 (Detail)’ as cited in Jackson 2007: 19 ...... 61 Figure 10. The study area shown (outlined in red) Dated 1880. Source: Percy Dove NLA MAP F 902, Part 47 ...... 62 Figure 11. The study area shown (outlined in red) Dated 1887. Source: The Trigonometrical survey of Sydney ...... 62 Figure 12. Steel stairs to the ground floor bar. Note the exposed bedrock behind. 63 Figure 13. East (front) cellar area. Note open drainage sumps beneath grates...... 63
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Figure 14. Rear store area with concrete floor and surface drain. Note the cew pipe exposed, at left, in the attached pier supporting the upper floor and the bedrock at right. 64 Figure 15. Bedrock exposed in Nurses Walk, behind the FoW. Note the relative level of the floor to the top of the bedrock...... 64 Figure 16. Interior of Russel Hotel at ground level. The rear kitchen area sits at a higher level than the service area in the foreground...... 65 Figure 17. Kitchen area at the rear (west end) of the ground floor. The approximate level of the footpath level outside is indicated...... 65 Figure 18. Figure 10 Rear courtyard area of the Russell Hotel. The stairs at right connect the rear of the hotel to Nurses Walk...... 66 Figure 19. Figure 11 Bedrock visible in open drain at rear of hotel...... 66 Figure 20. Russell Hotel from the east. Note the slope up Globe Street from the George St frontage...... 67 Figure 21. Archaeological Sensitivity for the pre circa 1830s occupations of the Study Area ...... 68 Figure 22. Archaeological Sensitivity for circa 1830s-1880s, 1860s and 1920s building 69 Figure 23. Location of Archaeological relics and impacts to those relics by the current proposal...... 70 Figure 24. Existing Ground Floor Plan 143 George Street (Russell Hotel). Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007a: 8 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.71 Figure 25. Existing Ground Floor Plan 139-141 George Street. Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007b: 7 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003...... 72 Figure 26. Existing Cellar Plan 137 George Street (Fortune of War Hotel). Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007c: 6 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.73 Figure 27. Existing Ground Floor Plan 137 George Street. Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007c: 7 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003...... 74 Figure 28. Demolition Plan of Ground Floor Dated May 2004 690-D-136A ...... 75 Figure 29. Proposed Ground Floor Dated 24 April 2009 issue C 690-DA-130O ...... 76 Figure 30. Toilet Layout showing elevations and sections Dated September 2008 690-DA-400A ...... 77 Figure 31. Elevations for Lift Dated 1 September 2008 Plan No. 690-DA-431B ...... 78 Figure 32. Light well details Dated September 2008 Plan No. 690-DA-432 ...... 79
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Figure 33. Fire Services Plan of Ground Floor and Cellar 137 George Street Dated 3 April 2009...... 80 Figure 34. Fire Services Plan for proposed ground floor all buildings Dated 3 April 2009 Plan No. FS-05 ...... 81 Figure 35. Hydraulic Services Plan Dated 3 April 2009 SK-H 01-P1 ...... 82 Figure 36. Mechanical Services Concept Sketch Dated 26 March 2009 Plan No. SK-01 83
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Figure 1. Site Location coloured red (base map: googlemaps)
Figure 2. Site Boundary indicated by red outline (base map: googlemaps)
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Figure 3. Map indicating boundaries of RMAMP inventory units 71, 72 and 73. The site boundary is indicated by the red outline
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Figure 4. ‘New South Wales Port Jackson from the Entrance up to Sydney Cove’ Dated October 1788, Anon. Area circled red depicted the first permanent hospital. Source: Smith and Wheeler 1988: Plate 71
Figure 5. The Western side of Sydney Cove as depicted by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur during his visit to Sydney between 1802 and 1804. ‘Nouvelle-Hollande, Nourvelle Galles du Sud, c1807’as reproduced in Hunt and Davison 2007: 64, Plate 36. The study area is indicated in red (the prefabricated hospital).
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Figure 6. Plan of the Town of Sydney in NSW, dated 31 October 1807 by James Meehan. Source: Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners 1999: A.13 The hospital (including the study area) is circled in red.
Figure 7. Sketch of Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, in the County of Cumberland, NSW, July 1788 by William Dawes. Source: Ashton & Waterson 2000: 9. The hospital is circled red and the ground set aside for the Church is circled Green.
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Figure 8. Plan of the town and Suburbs of Sydney, August 1822, unattributed, Ashton and Waterson 2000: 18
Figure 9. The study area shown (outlined in red) dated 1843from surveyor Robert Russell’s Detail survey. The site is owned by Samuel Terry. Source: ‘Survey of Town Allotments, Section 84, 1834 (Detail)’ as cited in Jackson 2007: 19
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Figure 10. The study area shown (outlined in red) Dated 1880. Source: Percy Dove NLA MAP F 902, Part 47
Figure 11. The study area shown (outlined in red) Dated 1887. Source: The Trigonometrical survey of Sydney
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Figure 12. Steel stairs to the ground floor bar. Note the exposed bedrock behind.
Figure 13. East (front) cellar area. Note open drainage sumps beneath grates.
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Figure 14. Rear store area with concrete floor and surface drain. Note the cew pipe exposed, at left, in the attached pier supporting the upper floor and the bedrock at right.
Figure 15. Bedrock exposed in Nurses Walk, behind the FoW. Note the relative level of the floor to the top of the bedrock.
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Figure 16. Interior of Russel Hotel at ground level. The rear kitchen area sits at a higher level than the service area in the foreground.
Figure 17. Kitchen area at the rear (west end) of the ground floor. The approximate level of the footpath level outside is indicated.
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Figure 18. Figure 10 Rear courtyard area of the Russell Hotel. The stairs at right connect the rear of the hotel to Nurses Walk
Figure 19. Figure 11 Bedrock visible in open drain at rear of hotel.
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Figure 20. Russell Hotel from the east. Note the slope up Globe Street from the George St frontage.
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rca 1830s rca 1830s occupations of the Study Area Archaeological SensitivityforArchaeological the pre ci
Figure 21.
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Archaeological Sensitivity for circa 1830s-1880s, 1860s 1920s and building
Figure 22.
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lics and to impacts those relics by the current proposal Location of Archaeological re of Archaeological Location
Figure 23.
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APPENDIX 2: CURRENT (EXISTING) GROUND FLOOR PLANS
Figure 24. Existing Ground Floor Plan 143 George Street (Russell Hotel). Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007a: 8 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.
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Figure 25. Existing Ground Floor Plan 139-141 George Street. Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007b: 7 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.
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Figure 26. Existing Cellar Plan 137 George Street (Fortune of War Hotel). Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007c: 6 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.
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Figure 27. Existing Ground Floor Plan 137 George Street. Drawing Sourced from Jackson 2007c: 7 from the Foreshore Authority ROZ-410-AR-1003.
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LOOR F
75 ROUND ROUND
G
HANGES TO THE C ROPOSED ROPOSED P
3: Demolition Plan of Floor Ground Dated May 2004 690-D-136A
Figure 28. PPENDIX
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Proposed Ground Floor Dated 24 April 2009 issue C 690-DA-130O 24 issue April 2009 Floor Dated Ground Proposed
Figure 29.
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Toilet Layout showing elevations and sections Dated September 2008 690-DA-400A
Figure 30.
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Elevations forLift Dated Plan 1 September No. 2008 690-DA-431B
Figure 31.
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Light well details Dated September 2008 Plan No. 690-DA-432 Plan No. 2008 September details wellDated Light
Figure 32.
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Fire Services Plan ofFloor Ground and Street 137 George Cellar 3 AprilDated 2009
Figure 33.
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Fire Services Plan forfloor ground all proposed buildings Dated 3 April 2009 Plan No. FS-05
Figure 34.
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Hydraulic PlanServices Dated 3 April 2009 01-P1 SK-H
Figure 35.
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Mechanical Services Concept Sketch 26 Plan No. March Dated Sketch Concept Mechanical Services SK-01 2009
Figure 36.
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NVENTORY SHEETS I
RMAMP
4: PPENDIX A
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