Chapter 1 the Copernican Revolution

Chapter 1 Opener Chapter 1

The Copernican • Prehistoric Cultures • Puzzling Motion of the Planets Revolution • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, Telescope, and Science •Newton

• Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

Abu Simbel

1 Mayan Calendar Long Count

1 Day

Started Aug 14, 3114 BC Tzolkin = 260 days 1 Baktun = 395 years On Dec 21, 2012… The 13th Baktun ends!

•Mercury • Prehistoric Cultures •Venus • Puzzling Motion of the Planets •Mars • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus •Jupiter • Kepler figures it out •Saturn • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

• Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

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2 Aristotle Summary: Aristotle Summary: •Different laws for us on Earth vs. Objects in sky. •Earth is at the center (geocentric) •Sky objects are “perfect” •Sky objects move in perfect circles at constant speeds

• Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas Ptolemy • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

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Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3

3 Copernicus Summary:

Copernicus •Sun at center - Earth is a planet •Earth orbits sun once a year, and rotates on its axis once a day •Couldn’t make it work – still used epicycles. Related vocabulary words: Heliocentric

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• Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

Figure 1.11

Kepler

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4 Figure 1.13

Kepler Summary: • Correctly determined the way the planets orbited the sun 3 laws: 1) Planets have elliptical orbits, Sun at one focus 2) The Closer a planet is to the Sun, the faster it moves 3) Mathematical relationship between time to make one orbit, and average distance from Sun

• An “Astronomical Unit” (AU) = the average distance between the Earth and Sun. • (Today, we know it is approximately 93 millions miles).

2 3 Time to Ave Dist orbit the from the Sun Sun (years) (AUs)

Figure 1.14

• Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, the Telescope, and Science •Newton

5 Galileo

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Figure 1.7

6 Figure 1.8

Isaac Newton

• Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton

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Newton Summary I: Law of Gravity 1. Force between • Much progress while laid-off from work: all objects with • Came up with 3 laws of motion mass 2. The greater the • Discovered law of gravity masses, the greater the force • Invented Calculus 3. The farther apart • Discovered laws of optics the two objects are, the weaker • Invented Reflecting Telescope Newton the force

7 Newton Summary II: • With Gravity, he showed that the same laws that applied on Earth also applied to objects in sky • Among the first to express laws of nature mathematically • Laws of motion plus law of gravity are the foundation of modern Physics

Figure 1.18A Figure 1.20

Chapter Opener Chapter 2 Light and Matter