Chapter 1 Opener Chapter 1 The Copernican • Prehistoric Cultures • Puzzling Motion of the Planets Revolution • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, Telescope, and Science •Newton • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton Abu Simbel 1 Mayan Calendar Long Count 1 Day 20 18 20 20 Tzolkin = 260 days Started Aug 14, 3114 BC 1 Baktun = 395 years On Dec 21, 2012… The 13th Baktun ends! • Prehistoric Cultures • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus •Mercury • Kepler figures it out •Venus • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Mars •Newton •Jupiter •Saturn • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton 500 B.C..E. 0 500 C.E. 1000 C.E. 1500 C.E. Today 2 Aristotle Summary: Aristotle Summary: •Different laws for us on Earth vs. Objects in sky. •Earth is at the center (geocentric) •Sky objects are “perfect” •Sky objects move in perfect circles at constant speeds • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas Ptolemy • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton 500 B.C..E. 0 500 C.E. 1000 C.E. 1500 C.E. Today Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 3 Copernicus Summary: Copernicus •Sun at center - Earth is a planet •Earth orbits sun once a year, and rotates on its axis once a day •Couldn’t make it work – still used epicycles. Related vocabulary words: Heliocentric 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Today • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton Figure 1.11 Kepler 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Today 4 Figure 1.13 Kepler Summary: • Correctly determined the way the planets orbited the sun 3 laws: 1) Planets have elliptical orbits, Sun at one focus 2) The Closer a planet is to the Sun, the faster it moves 3) Mathematical relationship between time to make one orbit, and average distance from Sun • An “Astronomical Unit” (AU) = the average distance between the Earth and Sun. • (Today, we know it is approximately 93 millions miles). 2 3 Time to Ave Dist orbit the from the Sun Sun (years) (AUs) Figure 1.14 • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, the Telescope, and Science •Newton 5 Galileo 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Today Figure 1.7 6 Figure 1.8 Isaac Newton • Puzzling Motion of the Planets • Prehistoric Cultures • Aristotle’s Ideas • Ptolemy – Copernicus • Kepler figures it out • Galileo, telescope, and Science •Newton 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 Today Newton Summary I: Law of Gravity 1. Force between • Much progress while laid-off from work: all objects with • Came up with 3 laws of motion mass 2. The greater the • Discovered law of gravity masses, the greater the force • Invented Calculus 3. The farther apart • Discovered laws of optics the two objects are, the weaker • Invented Reflecting Telescope Newton the force 7 Newton Summary II: • With Gravity, he showed that the same laws that applied on Earth also applied to objects in sky • Among the first to express laws of nature mathematically • Laws of motion plus law of gravity are the foundation of modern Physics Figure 1.18A Figure 1.20 Chapter Opener Chapter 2 Light and Matter 8.